Encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all aspects to optimizing the quality and quantity of both plant and animal yield and final products, including agricultural economics and management, agricultural engineering and mechanization, agronomy and crop science, fish breeding, poultry breeding, plants and animals breeding, biotechnology, molecular biology, genetic diversity and breeding, food science and technology, land resources, land use, and remote sensing, plant pathology and pest management, microbiology, virology and bacteriology, organic agriculture, ecology and ecophysiology, physiology and nutrition, post-harvest technology, soil sciences, soilless culture, tissue culture technology, phytoremediation, and water management. Scopus (Q4)
Sustainability transitions and potential naturalization risk in the trade and cultivation of Selaginella kraussiana in tropical Indonesia
Abstract. Setyawan AD, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Dianti. 2025. Sustainability transitions and potential naturalization risk in the trade and cultivation of Selaginella kraussiana in tropical Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 925-945. Selaginella kraussiana has recently become popular as a tropical ornamental plant in Indonesia because of its attractive morphology, rapid vegetative growth, and suitability for humid shaded environments. However, information regarding the multidimensional sustainability of its cultivation and trade systems remains limited, particularly concerning ecological resilience, socio-economic performance, and potential naturalization risk associated with ornamental dissemination. This study evaluated the sustainability of S. kraussiana cultivation and trade systems in Central Java, Indonesia, using a RAPFISH-based multidimensional framework integrated with SWOT-TOWS analysis. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews, field observations, and environmental assessments involving 40 ornamental plant farmers and traders. Sustainability evaluation included ecological, economic, social, technological, and institutional dimensions. The ecological dimension achieved the highest sustainability index (83.93%), indicating highly sustainable cultivation conditions supported by humid microclimates and vegetative propagation systems. Economic sustainability was categorized as moderately sustainable (58.29%), whereas social sustainability remained low sustainable (36.70%). Technological and institutional dimensions showed unsustainable conditions (18.29%) due to limited innovation, weak institutional support, and low organizational integration. Monte Carlo validation confirmed strong RAPFISH ordination reliability with stress values below 0.25 and coefficients of determination (R²) above 0.94. The study indicates that increasing ornamental trade and repeated movement of vegetative planting materials may elevate propagule pressure and warrant precautionary ecological monitoring under favorable humid tropical environments. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrating ecological precaution, technological adaptation, institutional strengthening, and biodiversity conservation into sustainable tropical ornamental horticulture systems while minimizing potential ecological risks associated with ornamental dissemination.
Multidimensional sustainability, naturalization risk, ornamental horticulture, RAPFISH, Selaginella kraussiana
Copyright (c) 2025 AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN, SUTARNO, SUGIYARTO, SUNARTO, DIANTI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Compatibility-based selection of native fungi from oil palm empty fruit bunches for potential consortium development
Abstract. Widiani N, Irawan B, Agustrina R, Setiawan A. 2026. Compatibility-based selection of native fungi from oil palm empty fruit bunches for potential consortium development. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100169. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100169. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) are an abundant lignocellulosic biomass in tropical agroecosystems but remain underutilized due to their recalcitrant structure and slow natural decomposition. This study aimed to isolate native fungal strains from EFB and evaluate their compatibility as a basis for selecting candidates for microbial consortium development. Twelve fungal isolates were successfully obtained and morphologically characterized, predominantly belonging to the genus Aspergillus, with representatives of Penicillium and Mucor. Interactions among isolates were evaluated using a dual culture assay, revealing diverse compatibility patterns. Of the 50 pairings evaluated, 32% were classified as compatible, 24% as partially compatible, and 44% as incompatible, indicating that antagonistic interactions were prevalent among the isolates. To further investigate interaction dynamics, compatibility data were analyzed using Cooperativeness Scoring (CS), heatmap visualization, and network analysis. These approaches enabled a quantitative and structural assessment of interaction patterns, demonstrating that compatibility among isolates is selective rather than universal. Isolates such as BKR10, BKR2, and BKR3 showed relatively high compatibility and central positions within the interaction network, indicating their potential as candidates for consortium development based solely on compatibility metrics. However, it should be noted that this study was limited to in vitro interaction assays, and functional lignocellulose degradation was not evaluated. Therefore, the identified isolates should be regarded as preliminary candidates that require further functional validation. This study provides a systematic framework for compatibility-based selection of native fungal isolates associated with EFB.
Compatibility screening, dual culture assay, empty fruit bunch composting, fungal interaction network, lignocellulose biomass
Copyright (c) 2026 NURHAIDA WIDIANI, BAMBANG IRAWAN, ROCHMAH AGUSTRINA, ANDI SETIAWAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Determinants of sustainable integrated cattle-rice farming systems in Indonesia
Abstract. Malik A, Setiadi A, Mariyono J, Sutaryo S. 2026. Determinants of sustainable integrated cattle-rice farming systems in Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100168. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100168. The Agricultural System Integrated Cattle-Rice Farming (ASICRF) represents a strategic approach to promoting sustainable agricultural development through the optimization of local resource utilization and the improvement of farm performance. This study employs a Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) approach to examine the determinants of ASICRF sustainability within a performance-mediated framework. Data were collected from 280 farmers practicing ASICRF across four major rice and cattle (Bos indicus) production districts in Central Java Province, Indonesia. In the proposed model, sustainability is specified as the endogenous variable, system performance as the mediating variable, and technical production practices, farm economics, institutional systems, and environmental and resource factors as exogenous variables. The results indicate strong explanatory power, with R2 values of 0.709 for system performance and 0.742 for system sustainability. Technical production practices, institutional systems, and environmental and resource factors significantly and positively affect system performance, with environmental and resource factors exerting the strongest influence. In contrast, farm economics does not significantly affect system performance. System performance is confirmed as a key mediating variable linking upstream determinants to sustainability outcomes. These findings suggest that sustainability in ASICRF is closely associated with improvements in overall system performance rather than relying solely on technical or economic inputs. In the context of ASICRF, sustainability may reflect farmers’ perceived ability to continuously adopt the system, use resources more efficiently, maintain stable productivity, and generate long-term farm income. However, these results should be interpreted with caution because they are based on self-reported perceptual data from ASICRF farmers selected using non-probability sampling methods. Overall, the study provides empirical insight that may inform the design of context-specific policies and development strategies aimed at strengthening the long-term sustainability of integrated farming systems.
Circular agriculture, environmental resource efficiency, integrated farming systems, institutional capacity, SEM-PLS
Copyright (c) 2026 AFRIZAL MALIK, AGUS SETIADI, JOKO MARIYONO, SUTARYO SUTARYO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Determinants and allocative efficiency of milkfish (Chanos chanos) production in polyculture systems in Pangkep District, Indonesia
Abstract. Asruddin, Nadja RA, Salam M, Arief AA. 2026. Determinants and allocative efficiency of milkfish (Chanos chanos) production in polyculture systems in Pangkep District, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100159. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100159. The use of polyculture systems in milkfish (Chanos chanos) farming is implemented to increase productivity and improve farmers’ income. This study aims to analyze the technical factors affecting milkfish production and to determine the allocative efficiency of the combination of production inputs used by farmers. The research was conducted in Pangkep District, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, during the 2023 production cycle. Primary data were collected through structured interviews using questionnaires with 117 milkfish farmers applying polyculture farming systems. A Cobb-Douglas production function was employed to examine the factors influencing milkfish production per production cycle, while an allocative efficiency analysis evaluated the ratio of marginal value product to input price (MVP/Px). The variables observed included land area, seed stocking, additional feed, fertilizer, medicines, labor, and capital. The results show that land area, seed stocking, additional feed, fertilizer, and labor have a positive and statistically significant effect on milkfish production (p < 0.05), whereas medicines and capital do not show a significant effect. The allocative efficiency analysis indicates that several production inputs have not yet been utilized at economically optimal levels. The estimated optimal input levels per farm per production cycle include a land area of 2.117 ha, seed stocking of 15,874 fish, additional feed of 978.528 kg, fertilizer of 318.991 kg, and labor of 45.447 man-days. These findings suggest that improving the allocation of key production inputs could enhance production performance and economic efficiency in milkfish polyculture farming systems
Allocative efficiency, aquaculture economics, Cobb-Douglas production function, input use, resource allocation
Copyright (c) 2026 ASRUDDIN, RAHMAWATY A. NADJA, MUSLIM SALAM, ANDI ADRI ARIEF https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Principal component analysis-based soil quality assessment of agronomic management practices in Marawi City, Philippines
Abstract. Ouano AC, Escomen EO. 2026. Principal component analysis-based soil quality assessment of agronomic management practices in Marawi City, Philippines. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100141. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100141. Soil Quality (SQ) is essential for agricultural sustainability and food security. This study evaluated 17 agricultural areas at the Mindanao State University Main Campus in Marawi City, Lanao del Sur, Philippines (MSU Main), using a Principal Component Analysis-based Soil Quality Index (PCA-SQI). Composite soil samples (0-20 cm depth) were analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological properties to identify associations with historical management practices. The PCA accounted for 78.00% of the cumulative variance. Ten indicators were retained from 17 measured parameters using PCA-based minimum data set selection criteria (silt, organic matter, pH, porosity, void ratio, volumetric moisture content, total nitrogen, clay, sand, and earthworm density) to formulate the SQI. Fifteen areas exhibited SQI values between 0.50 and 0.80 (medium suitability), while two severely degraded areas had indices of 0.4733 and 0.4932. Descriptive analysis revealed that areas subjected to continuous monocropping, conventional tillage, and exclusive synthetic fertilizer use were associated with lower SQI values, whereas sites employing integrated nutrient management and reduced tillage practices exhibited relatively higher soil functional capacity. Although statistical comparisons showed no significant differences across management categories (p>0.05), observable trends suggest that localized agronomic practices are descriptively associated with soil quality dynamics. Overall, the PCA-SQI framework provides a practical, site-specific diagnostic approach to evaluate soil functional status and highlights that integrating organic amendments and reducing tillage are vital for localized rehabilitation, though causal inferences remain limited by the observational study design.
Conservation tillage, organic fertilizer, soil degradation, sustainable soil management, upland agriculture
Copyright (c) 2026 ANALIZA C. OUANO, EDGEL O. ESCOMEN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Transformational leadership and field-level accountability in smallholder beef cattle development under environmental uncertainty
Abstract. Fathurohman F, Ekowati T, Gayatri S, Adiwinarti R, Nurtanti I, Fajri NA, Mukminah N, Rahmawati R. 2026. Transformational leadership and field-level accountability in smallholder beef cattle development under environmental uncertainty. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100143. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100143. Accountability within Indonesia’s smallholder beef cattle development program (SIKOMANDAN) is crucial for ensuring national meat security, yet program implementation frequently faces complex field-level challenges such as biological risks and resource instability. This study investigates the institutional determinants of program accountability, focusing on the direct effects of System Integrity (SI), Internal Control Systems (ICS), and Transformational Leadership (TL), alongside the moderating roles of Organizational Commitment (OC) and Environmental Uncertainty (EU). A quantitative survey was conducted using a purposive sampling technique in Subang District, West Java, Indonesia, involving 125 local government officials and agricultural extension workers. Empirical data were evaluated using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to test both direct and interaction effects. The results show that Transformational Leadership (β = 0.458, p < 0.001) and System Integrity (β = 0.392, p < 0.001) significantly enhance accountability, with the model explaining 76.4% of variance (R² = 0.764). In contrast, the Internal Control System has no significant direct effect (β = -0.017, p = 0.814). Organizational Commitment emerges as a significant independent predictor (β = 0.512, p < 0.001) rather than a moderator. Environmental Uncertainty shows no direct effect but indicates a borderline negative effect on internal controls (β = -0.135, p = 0.058). These findings highlight that accountability in livestock governance is driven more by leadership and system integrity than by formal control mechanisms alone. Strengthening adaptive governance through leadership development and flexible operational procedures is essential for program effectiveness in volatile agricultural contexts.
Adaptive governance, animal disease outbreaks, beef cattle, program accountability, transformational leadership
Copyright (c) 2026 FERDI FATHUROHMAN, INA NURTANTI, NEFI ANDRIANA FAJRI, NURUL MUKMINAH, RAHMI RAHMAWATI, TITIK EKOWATI, SIWI GAYATRI, RETNO ADIWINARTI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sodium alginate-coconut oil edible coating delayed postharvest senescence and enhanced antioxidant capacity of lemon (Citrus latifolia) fruit
Abstract. Truc NT, Nhung DTC. 2026. Sodium alginate-coconut oil edible coating delayed postharvest senescence and enhanced antioxidant capacity of lemon (Citrus latifolia) fruit. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100156. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100156. Postharvest quality deterioration of lemon fruit is closely associated with physiological metabolism and oxidative stress during storage. This study investigated the efficacy of Sodium Alginate (SA) and Coconut Oil (CO) coatings, applied individually or in combination, in regulating physiological metabolism, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense responses of lemon fruit during ambient storage. Fruits were assigned to four treatments (Control, SA, CO, and SA-CO) using a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment. Coated and uncoated fruits were stored at 25℃ for 18 days, and key physiological (moisture loss, color), biochemical (vitamin C, total phenolics), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidant enzyme indicators were periodically evaluated. Relative to the control, the combined SA-CO coating markedly delayed deterioration. By day 18, SA-CO treated fruit showed weight loss of about 14%, which was roughly 2.5 percentage points lower than the control. Chlorophyll degradation was reduced, with SA-CO fruit retaining around 185 mg kg-1 chlorophyll, approximately 40 mg kg-1 higher than the control. Antioxidant compounds were better preserved, with vitamin C maintained at nearly 0.29 g kg-1 and total phenolics reaching about 0.15 g GAE kg-1, both slightly higher than the control. The coating also improved antioxidant enzyme regulation. At the end of storage, SOD activity in SA-CO fruit was close to 29 U mg-1 protein, substantially lower than the control, whereas APX and CAT activities increased by about 12 U mg-1 and 25 U mg-1 protein, respectively. Correspondingly, reactive oxygen species decreased, with superoxide radicals recorded at around 1.5 mmol NO₂ kg-1 s-1 and hydrogen peroxide at about 0.8 µmol H₂O₂ kg-1, both noticeably lower than the control. Overall, the combined SA-CO coating most effectively mitigated physiological degradation, improved antioxidant defense responses, and reduced oxidative stress, thereby supporting better retention of postharvest quality in lemon fruit stored under ambient conditions.
Alginate coating, antioxidant enzymes, coconut oil, lemon fruit, reactive oxygen species
Copyright (c) 2026 NGUYEN TRUNG TRUC, DUONG THI CAM NHUNG https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Characterization, classification, and crop suitability of selected soils in the Ramain Subwatershed, Philippines
Abstract. Escomen EO, Mapandi ARM, Ambos AJA, Jose FKNJS, Ouano AC, Ambos AL, Jalova Jr. MC. 2026. Characterization, classification, and crop suitability of selected soils in the Ramain Subwatershed, Philippines. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100153. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100153. Sustainable agricultural development requires site- and soil-specific technologies. This study aimed to characterize, classify, and assess the land suitability of select soils in the Ramain Subwatershed, Philippines, derived from three representative pedons. Reconnaissance surveys, soil pedon identification and preparation, soil sampling, and physico-chemical analyses were conducted on select areas within the Ramain Subwatershed. Three representative pedons were analyzed through field characterization and physico-chemical analyses, followed by classification using the USDA Soil Taxonomy and land evaluation based on the FAO framework coupled with the parametric square-root method. Land suitability assessment of the three representative pedons indicated that no areas were highly suitable (S1) for the selected crops. Oil palm and banana showed moderate suitability (S2; LSI up to 67.19 and 56.68, respectively), primarily limited by drainage and soil texture. Several crops, including sugarcane and mango, were classified as marginally suitable (S3) due to constraints in texture and organic carbon. Meanwhile, Arabica coffee and cocoa were not suitable within the evaluated pedons because of combined climatic and physico-chemical limitations. These overarching constraints-particularly poor drainage, strong soil acidity, and low phosphorus availability-highlight the limitations of blanket agricultural recommendations and emphasize the necessity of targeted amelioration strategies to enhance productivity and sustainability.
FAO framework, Lanao del Sur, parametric land evaluation, pedon characterization, soil taxonomy
Copyright (c) 2026 EDGEL O. ESCOMEN, ABDUL RACMAN M. MAPANDI, ALLYSA JOIE A. AMBOS, FELIX KENT NEIL J. SAN JOSE, ANALIZA C. OUANO, ALBERTO L. AMBOS, MELENCIO C. JALOVA JR. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Bacillus cereus bioinoculants for biocontrol of bacterial leaf blight and growth promotion in shallots
Abstract. Prihatiningsih N, Arifianto RA, Istiqomah D, Irwandhi. 2026. Evaluation of Bacillus cereus bioinoculants for biocontrol of bacterial leaf blight and growth promotion in shallots. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100136. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100136. Bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii) is a major disease of shallots (Allium cepa) that requires continuous control. The use of rhizobacterial bioinoculants is an environmentally friendly strategy that serves a dual role, as a biocontrol and a plant growth promoter. This study aims to evaluate the bioinoculant Bacillus cereus in controlling bacterial leaf blight and increasing shallot growth. This research was conducted using a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 2 factors (cropping pattern and biofertilizer) and 3 replications. All B. cereus treatments inhibited the pathogen's growth in vitro via a bacteriostatic mechanism, with isolate Bm3 producing the largest inhibition zone (14.75 mm). In addition, each B. cereus isolate can produce siderophores and proteases, as well as dissolve phosphate. In field tests, B. cereus treatment can significantly reduce disease development compared to the control. The consortium treatment tended to show the highest efficacy, with low disease intensity (8.33%), control effectiveness of 51.93%, reduced AUDPC (23.50%), and increased nutrient uptake of shallot. These results indicate that the B. cereus bioinoculant, in the form of a consortium, has the potential to be an effective multifunctional inoculant for controlling bacterial leaf blight and enhancing growth in sustainable shallot cultivation.
Bacillus cereus, bacterial leaf blight, shallot, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii
Copyright (c) 2026 NUR PRIHATININGSIH, ROBI AZIS ARIFIANTO, DINA ISTIQOMAH, IRWANDHI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Determinants of paddy farmers' market information-seeking behavior in Soppeng District, Indonesia as implications for adaptive decision making toward sustainable agriculture
Abstract. Ardiansyah MFP, Salam M, Jamil MH, Rukka RM, Darma R, Akzar R. 2026. Determinants of paddy farmers' market information-seeking behavior in Soppeng District, Indonesia as implications for adaptive decision making toward sustainable agriculture. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100152. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100152. Access to accurate and timely agricultural market information is essential for improving farmers' decision-making, market participation, adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, biodiversity conservation, and their ability to respond to economic and environmental uncertainty, ultimately promoting sustainable agriculture. However, many farmers remain reluctant to seek such information actively. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of paddy farmers' market information-seeking behavior, explicitly distinguishing it from general agricultural information access that dominates existing studies. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 190 paddy farmers in Soppeng District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, selected using Cochrans' sampling method. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. Descriptive results show that farmer groups (30.43%) are the primary source of market information, followed by independent searching (20.11%), extension workers (19.02%), and fellow farmers (18.48%). Logistic regression results indicate that age (β = -0.080; p < 0.05) and farming experience (β = -0.045; p < 0.10) negatively influence information-seeking behavior, while education (β = 0.325; p < 0.01), crop diversification (β = 2.790; p < 0.01), extension contact (β = 0.148; p < 0.10), market distance (β = 0.515; p < 0.10), and credit access (β = 1.273; p < 0.05) have positive effects. The model demonstrates good fit (Hosmer-Lemeshow p = 0.881) and strong explanatory power (Nagelkerke R² = 0.665). These findings suggest that market information seeking is a behavioral response shaped by farmers' capacity, institutional exposure, and incentives to manage price and income uncertainty, rather than by information availability alone, with implications for how farmers adapt their sustainable production, resource use, and marketing strategies under changing economic and environmental conditions for sustainable agriculture goals. This study provides empirical evidence that strengthening behavior-sensitive extension systems, local information intermediaries, and integrated market information services is critical to enhancing farmers' decision-making and supporting sustainable agricultural systems.
Binary logistic regression, market information, farmers' behavior, rural agricultural systems, sustainable agriculture
Copyright (c) 2026 MUH. FARREL PRAYOGA ARDIANSYAH, MUSLIM SALAM, MUHAMMAD HATTA JAMIL, RUSLI M. RUKKA, RAHIM DARMA, RIDA AKZAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Efficiency of shower and sprinkler irrigation system on curly red chili in coastal area Kulon Progo, Indonesia, using a stochastic frontier approach
Abstract. Fivintari FR, Nurmalita, Ikhsan J, Mulyono, Ekawati FI, Yunanto, Ardila RA. 2026. Efficiency of shower and sprinkler irrigation system on curly red chili in coastal area Kulon Progo, Indonesia, using a stochastic frontier approach. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100161. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100161. Coastal agriculture faces significant production challenges due to sandy soil characteristics, limited water retention, and increasing pressure on water resources. Improving irrigation efficiency is therefore essential to enhance productivity and sustainability in these environments. This study aims to evaluate the technical efficiency of curly red chili production under shower and sprinkler irrigation systems in the coastal area of Kulon Progo, Indonesia. The analysis employs a Cobb–Douglas production function estimated using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) approach, which allows for the separation of random shocks and technical inefficiency in agricultural production. Both irrigation groups were technically efficient, with average technical efficiency levels above 0.7. However, sprinkler irrigation was more efficient than shower irrigation, with average scores of 0.902 and 0.795, respectively. Overall, the curly red chili farming business can achieve a maximum production of around 82.2% by using a combination of various production factors, suggesting that output could still be increased by approximately 17.8% through better input management and technology adoption without expanding resource use. The findings further demonstrate that irrigation technology plays a critical role in determining production efficiency. In particular, sprinkler irrigation is found to be more technically efficient than shower irrigation, reflecting its advantages in water distribution and labor use in sandy coastal conditions. These results highlight the importance of appropriate irrigation system selection as a key strategy for improving farm performance in coastal agriculture. The study provides empirical evidence to support the promotion of more efficient irrigation technologies and targeted extension programs aimed at enhancing technical efficiency. Overall, the findings contribute to the literature on irrigation efficiency in coastal farming systems and offer practical insights for farmers and policymakers seeking to improve productivity under challenging environmental conditions.
Coastal farming, efficiency, irrigation, production, stochastic frontier
Copyright (c) 2026 FRANCY RISVANSUNA FIVINTARI, NURMALITA, JAZAUL IKHSAN, MULYONO, FRANCY IRIANI EKAWATI, YUNANTO, RISKA AULA ARDILA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Compositional protein and lipid quality indices in Salak (Salacca zalacca) snack bars fortified with Moringa oleifera
Abstract. Romadhoni IF, Iriyani D, Ismawati R, Raharja KT. 2026. Compositional protein and lipid quality indices in Salak (Salacca zalacca) snack bars fortified with Moringa oleifera. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100165. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100165. This study evaluated whether graded incorporation of Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder (MOLP) induces coordinated remodeling of protein and lipid composition in salak (Salacca zalacca) flour-based snack bars. A completely randomized design was used with five fortification levels (0-8% w/w MOLP substitution in salak flour), each replicated in three independent batches (n = 3). Indispensable amino acid composition of the snack bars was quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) after acid hydrolysis and pre-column derivatization. Amino acid adequacy was evaluated relative to the FAO/WHO/UNU adult reference pattern through Amino Acid Scoring (AAS). Fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and lipid distribution was interpreted using composite indices including the Atherogenic Index (AI), Thrombogenic Index (TI), and the n-6/n-3 ratio. MOLP fortification produced a clear dose-dependent increase in the density of indispensable amino acids. Lysine increased from 36.13 to 58.71 mg g⁻¹ protein, correcting the intrinsic lysine limitation of the fruit-derived matrix, whereas sulfur amino acids remained limiting across treatments. Fatty acid redistribution resulted in moderate increases in polyunsaturated fatty acids (up to 36.05% of total fatty acids). Composite lipid indices remained within balanced compositional ranges, with AI decreasing to 0.95, TI reaching 0.62, and the n-6/n-3 ratio maintained at 1.32 despite a constant palm oil source. These findings demonstrate that moderate MOLP inclusion (6-8%) can simultaneously modify indispensable amino acid adequacy and lipid compositional indices in a fruit-based snack matrix. Because digestibility and bioavailability were not assessed, the results represent compositional indicators rather than physiological metrics of protein quality.
Amino acid score, fatty acid profile, Moringa oleifera, protein quality, Salacca zalacca
Copyright (c) 2026 ITA FATKHUR ROMADHONI, DWI IRIYANI, RITA ISMAWATI, KRISTIAN TRIATMAJA RAHARJA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Low-cost media for Bt-based biopesticides mass production and their efficacy against Spodoptera frugiperda
Abstract. Djunaedy A, Julivia AR, Apriliawati, Pawana G, Megasari D, Khoiri S. 2026. Low-cost media for Bt-based biopesticides mass production and their efficacy against Spodoptera frugiperda. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100164. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100164. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a destructive pest that threatens maize production worldwide. Biopesticides derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) offer a sustainable alternative to chemical insecticides; however, their widespread adoption is often constrained by the high cost of production media. This study aimed to develop low-cost media using locally available flours (tapioca, arrowroot, mung bean, and soybean) for Bt-based biopesticide production and to evaluate their efficacy against S. frugiperda larvae. Bacillus thuringiensis strain Bt21was inoculated into each low-cost medium, and their bacterial growth was recorded. Bacterial viability during eight weeks of storage was monitored weekly using the spread agar methods. Insecticidal activity was evaluated through larval bioassays using ten larvae per experimental unit with four replications. Larval mortality was recorded and determined using probit analysis to estimate Lethal Concentration (LC) and Lethal Time (LT) values. The results showed that among the four flour, tapioca-based medium supported the highest bacterial growth and maintained viability over time compared with others. At 15% concentration, Bt formulations using tapioca and arrowroot resulted in the highest larval mortality (95% and 90%, respectively), with low LC₅₀ values (1.67% and 1.80%) and rapid LT₅₀ value (3.20 h and 9.07 h). In contrast, mung bean and soybean-based media were found less effective, exhibiting higher LC and LT values. These findings demonstrate that substrate composition significantly influences bacterial viability and insecticidal activity. In conclusion, tapioca and arrowroot flours are effective and low-cost substrates for Bt-based biopesticide production and offer promising options for sustainable pest management. The use of locally available agricultural resources can support more economical and environmentally friendly biopesticide development for farming systems.
Arrowroot, Bacillus thuringiensis, biopesticide, pest management, Spodoptera frugiperda
Copyright (c) 2026 ACHMAD DJUNAEDY, ADINDA ROHMA JULIVIA, APRILIAWATI, GITA PAWANA, DITA MEGASARI, SYAIFUL KHOIRI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physical properties, nutritional composition, and antioxidant profiles of five varieties of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seeds
Abstract. Nurrahman, Suyanto A, Astuti R, Dewi YK, Amalia N. 2026. Physical properties, nutritional composition, and antioxidant profiles of five varieties of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seeds. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100132. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100132. Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seeds, in terms of their chemical and nutritional components, have potential as a functional food. The bioactive components contained in pumpkin seeds include carotenoids, tocopherols, antioxidants, and sterols. Pumpkin seed is also rich in bioactive compounds, such as phytosterols, which have antioxidant activity and potential for pharmacological research. The aim of this research is to determine the physical properties, nutritional composition, and antioxidant profiles of five varieties of pumpkin seeds. The research was conducted on five varieties of pumpkin; the pumpkins were cut in half and the seeds were removed. Then, the weight and volume of the seeds were measured. After that, the tested composition covered levels of proximate, fiber, fatty acids, amino acids, β-carotene, total phenols, antioxidant activity, and vitamins C and E. The data obtained were analyzed using the ANOVA method, and the LSD method was used to see the differences between each variety. Research results showed that the five varieties of pumpkin seeds had physical, compositional, nutritional, and antioxidant characteristics, as well as amino acids, that vary. The most common amino acids from the various varieties were glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid. The seeds of Kabocha pumpkin had a composition of proximate, nutrients, antioxidants, and amino acids that are higher compared to other pumpkin seeds varieties. Meanwhile, the highest fatty acids were in the Ketan variety. Different varieties of pumpkin seeds had different physical and chemical characteristics.
Antioxidant, nutrition, physic, pumpkin, seeds
Copyright (c) 2026 NURRAHMAN, AGUS SUYANTO, RAHAYU ASTUTI, YUNIKE KUSUMA DEWI, NUR AMALIA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparative effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction configuration method on the physicochemical characteristics of tuna skin gelatin
Abstract. Muhtar I, Syahriati, Saleh R, Ahmad I, Ramlah S, Rosniati, Loppies JE. 2026. Comparative effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction configuration method on the physicochemical characteristics of tuna skin gelatin. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100129. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100129. Gelatin is a biopolymer widely used in the food industry. The main challenge lies in the low yield and quality of gelatin produced through conventional extraction methods. This study aims to enhance the efficiency and quality of tuna (Thunnus albacares) skin gelatin by employing various extraction configurations. Tuna skin obtained from industrial processing by-products is then cleaned, cut uniformly, weighed, and used for pre-treatment and extraction. Tuna skin samples were obtained from processing by-products at PT. Nirvana Niaga Sejahtera from Indonesia in 2025. The extraction methods used include Water Bath Extraction (WBE), Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Pre-Alkali-Acetic Treatment (UAE-PRAA), and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Post-Acetic Treatment (UAE-PSAA). The UAE process was carried out at 175 W power, 25 kHz frequency, and 55°C for 60 minutes. The parameters analyzed included yield, composition (protein, moisture, and ash contents), pH, viscosity, gel strength, and structural characteristics, as determined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The results showed that the UAE-PSAA method produced the highest yield (13.34±0.22%), significantly (p<0.05) greater than UAE-PRAA (6.60±0.15%) and WBE (5.01±0.12%). The highest protein content was found in WBE (81.39±0.02 g/100g) and UAE-PSAA (80.44±0.28 g/100g), while the lowest moisture content was observed in UAE-PSAA (5.16±0.17 g/100g), indicating better drying efficiency. The lowest ash content (0.62±0.02 g/100g) was also obtained from UAE-PSAA, reflecting higher extraction purity. Gel strength (164.32±0.04 g) and viscosity (10.00±0.05 cP) significantly (p<0.05) improved with the UAE-PSAA method. FTIR analysis revealed minor spectral shifts toward lower wavenumbers in the amide regions, indicating molecular rearrangements that improved the functional properties of the extracted gelatin. Overall, the UAE-PSAA configuration significantly (p<0.001) enhances yield, physicochemical quality, and molecular stability of tuna skin gelatin, demonstrating strong potential for scalable and sustainable industrial applications.
FTIR, gelatin extraction, physicochemical properties, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, water bath extraction
Copyright (c) 2026 IMRAN MUHTAR, SYAHRIATI, RAHMAWATI SALEH, ILHAM AHMAD, SITTI RAMLAH, ROSNIATI, JUSTUS ELISA LOPPIES https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of Trichormus variabilis biomass concentration and application method on cucumber growth under Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (CGMMV) infection
Abstract. Alangood ZT, Al-Fahad MA. 2026. Effect of Trichormus variabilis biomass concentration and application method on cucumber growth under Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (CGMMV) infection. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100154. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100154. This study evaluated the effect of cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis biomass on cucumber (Cucumis sativus) performance under Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (CGMMV) infection in open-field conditions. Viral infection was confirmed using CGMMV-specific ImmunoStrip assays prior to treatment application. The experiment was arranged in a factorial design including three concentrations of T. variabilis dried biomass suspension (50%, 75%, and 100%) and three application methods (seed soaking, foliar spraying, and soil drenching), in addition to healthy and infected controls. Biomass concentrations significantly influenced disease severity, disease incidence, chlorophyll content (SPAD), fruit weight, and fruit firmness. The 75% concentration consistently reduced disease severity and incidence and improved physiological and yield-related traits compared with the 50% concentration. For several parameters, no significant differences were detected between the 75% and 100% concentrations, indicating a plateau response at higher biomass levels. Application method had limited influence on most measured traits. Differences in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation were observed using a potassium iodide (KI)-based qualitative assay, indicating relative variation in oxidative status among treatments. The study was conducted during a single growing season, at one field location, and on a single cucumber cultivar, further multi-environment validation and standardized biomass characterization are required before making broader recommendations can be made. Overall, T. variabilis biomass at an intermediate concentration mitigated CGMMV-associated disease symptoms and improved cucumber productivity under the tested conditions.
Biostimulants, Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (CGMMV), cyanobacteria, disease severity, Trichormus variabilis
Copyright (c) 2026 ZEAYD TAREQ ALANGOOD, MAADH A. AL-FAHAD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Determining priority strategies for chili agribusiness development through an integrated strategic analysis framework in Tolitoli District, Indonesia
Abstract. Alatas RR, Munir AR, Bahrun AH. 2026. Determining priority strategies for chili agribusiness development through an integrated strategic analysis framework in Tolitoli District, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100160. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100160. Chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) is a strategic horticultural commodity in Indonesia due to its high consumption level and significant influence on food price stability. In Tolitoli District, despite favorable agroclimatic conditions, chili productivity remains substantially below the provincial average (1.14 ton ha compared with 6.43 ton ha at the provincial level in 2023), while recurring price volatility contributes to regional inflation, reaching 7.21% year-on-year in 2024. These challenges are associated with weak farmer institutions, limited bargaining power, and fragmented agribusiness integration. This study aims to analyze internal and external factors, formulate alternative development strategies, and determine priority strategies for chili agribusiness development in Tolitoli District. A descriptive-exploratory mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating qualitative and quantitative data collected from key stakeholders. Data were analyzed sequentially using the Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) matrix, External Factor Evaluation (EFE) matrix, Grand Strategy Matrix, and SWOT analysis, followed by prioritization using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results indicate that chili agribusiness development is positioned in Quadrant I of the Grand Strategy Matrix, reflecting a strong competitive position and high growth potential. Institutional support emerges as the most influential criterion in determining strategic priorities. The development of area-based chili production centers, aligned with land potential and market demand, is identified as the top priority strategy. The AHP results demonstrate acceptable consistency, with a consistency ratio (CR) below the threshold of 0.10. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening institutional coordination and promoting integrated, cluster-based agribusiness development to enhance competitiveness, stabilize prices, and ensure long-term sustainability of chili agribusiness in Tolitoli District.
AHP, chili agribusiness, institutions, production clusters, Tolitoli District
Copyright (c) 2026 RILWANU RAHMAN ALATAS, ABDUL RAZAK MUNIR, ABD HARIS BAHRUN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Optimizing banana corm-based local microorganisms for reduced NPK fertilization in pak choi (Brassica rapa)
Abstract. Purba JH, Suarmika IGM, Prabawa PS. 2026. Optimizing banana corm-based local microorganisms for reduced NPK fertilization in pak choi (Brassica rapa). Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100145. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100145. This study evaluated the effectiveness of banana corm-based local microorganisms (MOL) in reducing inorganic NPK fertilizer, particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, inputs while maintaining pak choi (Brassica rapa) productivity, as measured by fresh and oven-dry biomass. This study quantitatively evaluates MOL × NPK interactions and identifies the agronomic optimum MOL dose using regression analysis, a topic that has rarely been addressed in previous MOL studies. The experiment was conducted from December 2023 to February 2024 in a lowland tropical agroecosystem in Bali, Indonesia, using a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors: three MOL doses (0, 30, and 60 mL polybag-¹) and four NPK levels (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of the recommended dose). Growth and yield parameters included plant height, leaf number, leaf area, and fresh and oven-dry biomass of shoots, roots, and total plants. Analysis of variance showed that MOL application significantly affected leaf area, root biomass, and total biomass (p < 0.05), whereas NPK level alone was not significant. However, a significant MOL × NPK interaction was observed for root and total biomass (p < 0.05). The 30 mL MOL treatment combined with 50-75% NPK produced the highest biomass, indicating a synergistic effect and allowing up to a 50% reduction in inorganic NPK fertilizer without loss of productivity. Quadratic regression analysis identified an agronomic optimum MOL dose of approximately 33 mL polybag-¹ under reduced NPK conditions (R² = 0.82). This study provides quantitative evidence that integrating MOL with reduced NPK fertilization improves nutrient-use efficiency in pak choi cultivation. However, the results are based on a short-term pot experiment, and field-scale validation is required. The integration of locally available organic microbial inputs offers a promising approach to support more sustainable and cost-effective vegetable production systems.
Banana-corm MOL, biofertilizer optimization, Brassica rapa, inorganic NPK fertilizer, yield response
Copyright (c) 2026 JHON HARDY PURBA, I GUSTI MADE SUARMIKA, PUTU SHANTIAWAN PRABAWA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Bamboo vinegar as a sustainable botanical alternative for managing pineapple mealybugs, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Abstract. Rosli R, Abd Latip NF, Abdullah MA. 2026. Bamboo vinegar as a sustainable botanical alternative for managing pineapple mealybugs, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100133. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100133. The pineapple mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes, is a persistent pest that threatens pineapple production worldwide and is commonly managed using synthetic insecticides. However, intensive chemical use raises concerns related to environmental contamination, pest resistance, and residue accumulation. Botanical products such as Bamboo Vinegar (BV) have emerged as sustainable alternatives, yet evidence of their multifaceted bioactivity against mealybugs remains limited. This study evaluated the laboratory insecticidal and repellent efficacy of BV against D. brevipes using controlled bioassays. Mortality and survival were assessed over 24-120 h, while repellency was determined using an area-preference assay at 1 h and 6 h post-treatment. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a clear time-dependent reduction in mealybug survival, with median survival declining from 120.00±15.02 h to 72.00±11.30 h across BV concentrations. Differences among BV concentrations were modest, indicating consistent toxic effects within the tested range. In addition to mortality, BV induced consistent behavioral avoidance. Repulsion indices ranged from 0.26 to 0.52 across all concentrations, with 20% BV achieving the highest repellency (74.41±10.64%), exceeding that of white oil (60.80±19.58%). All treatments were classified within repellency Categories 3 and 4, reflecting moderate but reliable repellency. The primary novelty of this study lies in providing laboratory evidence that BV exhibits dual insecticidal-repellent activity against D. brevipes, combining lethal and sublethal effects within a single botanical input. While field validation and formulation optimisation are required, these results provide strong evidence that BV could be integrated into pineapple IPM programs as an eco-friendly tool to suppress mealybug populations and reduce reliance on synthetic insecticides.
Bamboo vinegar, mortality effect, pineapple mealybug, repellent effect
Copyright (c) 2026 ROSAWANIS ROSLI, NURUL FATIHAH ABD LATIP, MOHAMMAD AZIZI ABDULLAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Phytoremediation potentials of eight plant species on the tropical gold mine reclamation site in North Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Anwar S, Mansor AB, Haris H, Hayati QN, Fathiya N, Budiman. 2026. Phytoremediation potentials of eight plant species on the tropical gold mine reclamation site in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100148. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100148. Post-mining landscapes are often characterized by degraded soils and elevated concentrations of metals, which may hinder ecological recovery and vegetation establishment. This study assessed the accumulation and translocation of metals, i.e., ferrum (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and aluminium (Al), in eight fast-growing plant species (i.e., Falcataria falcata, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Ixonanthes reticulata, Macaranga conifera, Macaranga tanarius, Melaleuca cajuputi, Melastoma malabathricum, and Samanea saman) at the Martabe gold mining reclamation site, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil and plant samples were collected from three reclaimed areas and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Phytoremediation potentials were assessed using bioconcentration factors (BCF), translocation factors (TF), and phytomining potentials. The results showed that reclaimed soils were acidic and characterized by very high Al concentration (mean 110,100 mg kg-¹) and Fe concentrations (mean 83,309 mg kg-¹) and moderate concentrations of Mn (mean 653 mg kg-¹), Zn (mean 410 mg kg-¹), Cu (mean 277 mg kg-¹), and Ni (mean 513 mg kg-¹). Five planted species showed medium Mn accumulation (BCF 0.1-1), low Zn accumulation in all planted species (BCF 0.01-0.1) and low and negligible uptake in eight species of Fe, Cu, Ni, and Al. Translocation factors indicated Zn and Cu were preferentially translocated to shoots (TF>1), supporting phytoextraction, while Mn exhibited mixed translocation, with M. conifera acting as a phytostabilizer. Leguminous species, particularly I. reticulata, M. cajuputi, and S. saman, demonstrated relatively higher root-to-shoot translocation efficiencies. Preliminary phytomining estimates, based on single-plot biomass measurements, indicated a greater potential removal for Al (up to 13.7 kg ha-¹), Mn (up to 5.1 kg ha-¹), and Fe (up to 3.15 kg ha-¹) compared to other metals. The results demonstrate clear functional differentiation among planted species, and highlight the importance of trait-based species selection and mixed-species plantings to optimize phytoremediation and support revegetation on reclaimed gold mining lands.
Heavy metals, phytoextraction, phytomining, phytostabilization, tropical soil reclamation
Copyright (c) 2026 SYAIFUL ANWAR, ASYRAF BIN MANSOR, HAZZEMAN HARIS, QESHY NATA HAYATI, NIR FATHIYA, BUDIMAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Characterization of acid-modified corn cob biochar for potential alkaline soil remediation
Abstract. Hassan MAM, El-Sayed MEA, Abdallah MH, Gahlan AA. 2026. Characterization of acid-modified corn cob biochar for potential alkaline soil remediation. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100125. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100125. Biochar (BC), derived from agricultural residues, is increasingly recognized for its capacity to enhance soil quality and contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Conversely, the typically high pH of BC limits its effectiveness in alkaline soils, such as those prevalent in Egypt. In order to overcome this difficulty, this study produced BC from corncobs via slow pyrolysis at 350°C for an hour at a heating rate of 10°C min-1. Its surface was modified with phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and humic acid, resulting in PBC, SBC, and HBC, respectively. Biochar and its modified forms were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The findings revealed that the pH of MBCs has decreased from 7.87 to 7.13 compared to 8.32 for BC. This adjustment can improve the compatibility of BC with alkaline soils. In addition, all Modified Biochars (MBCs) have higher surface areas of 83.73, 79.60, and 75.23 m²/g for HBC, SBC, and PBC, respectively, compared to 73.41 m²/g for unmodified BC. Pores of MBCs were microporous, while BC is composed of mesopores. The elemental analysis demonstrated that the MBCs have more functional groups than BC, which improves BC properties and applications. Overall, the MBCs demonstrated enhanced specific physicochemical properties, particularly in pH adjustment, functional groups, surface areas, and pore size distribution following the order: HBC>SBC>PBC>BC, suggesting their potential as effective ameliorants for alkaline soils. These results highlight the benefits of agricultural waste and tailoring BC properties to address the specific needs of alkaline soils, while also contributing incidentally to carbon sequestration as a beneficial secondary outcome.
Acid modification, alkaline soil, biochar, corncobs, slow pyrolysis
Copyright (c) 2026 MAHMOUD A. M. HASSAN, MOHAMED E. A. EL-SAYED, MOHAMED H. ABDALLAH, AHMED A. GAHLAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Farmers’ perceptions of fall armyworm pest management practices in Bali, Indonesia
Abstract. Dewi RK, Ustriyana ING, Zulazmi, Yudha IKW. 2026. Farmers’ perceptions of fall armyworm pest management practices in Bali, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100171. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100171. Maize crops in Bali, Indonesia, are widely affected by the fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda), causing significant economic losses. This study aimed to assess farmers’ perceptions of fall armyworm infestation and its perceived economic impacts, and to document pest management practices among maize farmers in Bali. This study used survey data obtained from 200 farmers from April 2024 to May 2025 across 9 districts and 1 city in Bali and was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Farmers’ education levels ranged from elementary school to bachelor’s degree, with most farmers having more than 10 years of farming experience. Approximately 52% of farmers reported 50-75% crop losses due to fall armyworm infestation during the dry season, which is perceived to affect farmers’ income. Most farmers perceived fall armyworm as a major threat to maize production. A total of 78% of farmers were able to correctly identify FAW, and 77% agreed that infestation reduces income. Emamectin benzoate was the most commonly used pesticide (28%) in pest management practices. The widespread use of synthetic pesticides was reported, often without adequate personal protective equipment, and pesticide application was not always aligned with recommended guidelines. These findings suggest the need for practical interventions, including farmer training and extension programs that can be implemented by the local government to improve pest management practices and reduce the impact of fall armyworm in Bali.
Bali, fall armyworm, maize, pest management practices, Spodoptera frugiperda
Copyright (c) 2026 RATNA KOMALA DEWI, I NYOMAN GEDE USTRIYANA, ZULAZMI, I KADEK WISMA YUDHA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Economic and technological drivers of rural youth engagement in sugar palm agro-industry in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Ernawati, Syahidah, Mujetahid A. 2026. Economic and technological drivers of rural youth engagement in sugar palm agro-industry in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100158. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100158. Palm sugar derived from sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) supports rural livelihoods in Indonesia, yet declining youth participation may weaken enterprise regeneration. Youth refer to individuals aged 15-30 years. This study examined how social, economic, and technical (technological capital) factors, as well as environmental factors, are associated with youth involvement in the sugar-palm agroindustry in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. A census-based survey was conducted in Rompegading and Limapoccoe Villages (Maros District) with 51 respondents aged ≥15 years who were already engaged in tapping, processing, or marketing; interpretation emphasizes the youth subgroup where relevant. Indicators were measured using a three-point Likert scale and aggregated into composite indices for each factor and youth involvement. Multiple linear regression was used to assess associations between the factor indices and youth involvement. Technical (technological capital) and economic factors were positively associated with youth involvement, while social and environmental factors were not statistically significant. Findings suggest that youth engagement may be strengthened through practical training, safer and more efficient tools and processing practices, and measures that enhance income predictability and market access. Because the study is cross-sectional and site-specific, the findings should be interpreted as associative; broader, multi-site, and longitudinal studies are recommended to verify and extend these insights.
Agroforestry, Indonesia, rural youth, sustainable livelihood framework, technological capital
Copyright (c) 2026 ERNAWATI, SYAHIDAH, A. MUJETAHID https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Identification and inventory of bagworms on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Sungai Rengit Village, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Anggraini E, Purba H, Herlinda S, Susilawati, Lau WH, Arinafril A. 2026. Identification and inventory of bagworms on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Sungai Rengit Village, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100128. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100128. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is one of Indonesia’s most important plantation commodities and a major contributor to the national economy. However, productivity is often constrained by pest infestations, particularly bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), which damage palm fronds and reduce photosynthetic capacity. This study aimed to identify bagworm species and quantify their abundance and infestation intensity in oil palm plantations in Sungai Rengit Village, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, to provide baseline information supporting the development of appropriate integrated pest management strategies. Field observations were conducted using a diagonal sampling method across five plots, with 20 trees observed per plot (100 trees in total). Bagworms were collected manually and identified based on morphological characteristics. Four species were recorded: Pteroma sp., Metisa plana, Pteroma pendula, and Mahasena corbetti. Pteroma sp. was the dominant species (912 individuals), whereas M. corbetti had the lowest abundance (137 individuals). The overall mean infestation intensity across the five plots was 62%, calculated using the Townsend-Heuberger index, indicating severe foliar damage. Higher infestation levels were observed in edge plots and areas exposed to greater sunlight. These findings indicate a high level of bagworm infestation in the study area and variation in abundance across plots, possibly influenced by microenvironmental factors. This study provides baseline information on bagworm species composition, abundance, and infestation intensity, which is important to support the implementation of appropriate integrated pest management strategies in oil palm plantations.
Mahasena corbetti, Metisa plana, oil palm plantations, pest management, Pteroma sp.
Copyright (c) 2026 ERISE ANGGRAINI, HAPOSAN PURBA, SITI HERLINDA, SUSILAWATI SUSILAWATI, WEI HONG LAU, ARINAFRIL ARINAFRIL https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
SWOT-AHP analysis of youth participation in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, palm sugar agroforestry
Abstract. Ernawati, Syahidah, Mujetahid A. 2026. SWOT-AHP analysis of youth participation in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, palm sugar agroforestry. Asian J Agric 10: g100103. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100103. Youth disengagement from agroforestry-based livelihoods threatens the continuity of palm sugar production and the broader non-timber forest product economy in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study examines factors influencing youth participation in palm sugar agroforestry and prioritizes actionable strategies to strengthen youth engagement in the Universitas Hasanuddin Educational Forest (KHDTK) landscape. Data were collected through household surveys, semi-structured expert interviews, and field observations in Rompegading and Limapoccoe Villages. An integrated SWOT-AHP approach was applied to (i) identify internal and external factors shaping youth participation, (ii) formulate strategic alternatives, and (iii) rank strategies based on expert judgments and derived priority weights. The results highlight that the most influential strategic priorities focus on value-added product innovation and the expansion of digital/social-media marketing, supported by capacity building and institutional strengthening to improve product quality, coordination, and market access. Taken together, the results suggest that palm sugar agroforestry becomes more appealing to young people when it is framed as a market-oriented agribusiness, with roles beyond traditional production such as product development, branding, and online customer engagement. The prioritized strategy package provides practical guidance for local stakeholders. It highlights targeted, youth-focused interventions that upgrade palm sugar enterprises and strengthen the attractiveness and viability of agroforestry-based livelihoods.
Digital marketing, NTFPs, palm sugar agroforestry, SWOT-AHP, youth participation
Livelihood vulnerability and resilience of rainfed rice farmers to climate change in Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Rozaki Z, Saputri RD, Kamarudin MF, Rahmawati N. 2026. Livelihood vulnerability and resilience of rainfed rice farmers to climate change in Java, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100108. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/ g100108. Climate change, characterized by altered rainfall patterns, rising temperatures, prolonged droughts, and increasing pest infestations, poses significant challenges for rain-fed rice farmers who heavily depend on rainfall. This study assesses and compares the resilience of rainfed rice farmers in Central Java (Klaten, Karanganyar, Boyolali, and Wonogiri) and Yogyakarta (Gunungkidul and Bantul), Indonesia, using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). The research involved 300 respondents from six districts, selected through purposive sampling, with data collected via structured household interviews covering social, economic, physical, environmental, and institutional indicators. The LVI was constructed by normalizing indicators and aggregating them into exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity dimensions using a weighted average approach. The results reveal moderate adaptive capacity in both provinces (A=0.36 in Central Java and 0.39 in Yogyakarta), with overall vulnerability classified as medium (LVI=0.40 and 0.46, respectively). However, the primary drivers of vulnerability vary across regions. In Central Java, education level (p=0.001) and household size (p=0.008) significantly influence vulnerability, indicating that limited human capital and higher dependency ratios increase sensitivity to climate shocks. In contrast, farming experience is the dominant factor in Yogyakarta (p=0.010), indicating that long-term reliance on traditional practices may limit adaptive responses to changing climatic conditions. These comparative findings highlight that vulnerability in rainfed rice systems is shaped not only by climatic exposure but also by region-specific socioeconomic factors. Accordingly, climate-responsive agricultural policies should be tailored to different regions, emphasizing improved extension services, access to climate and market information, adaptive training, and livelihood diversification to enhance the resilience of rainfed rice farmers.
Adaptive capacity, climate change, farmer resilience, Livelihood Vulnerability Index, rainfed rice
Copyright (c) 2026 ZUHUD ROZAKI, RIFKA DIAH SAPUTRI, MOHD FAUZI KAMARUDIN, NUR RAHMAWATI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The influence of social media marketing on Generation Z’s buying behavior of livestock products
Abstract. Burhanuddin ANM, Hastang, Munir AR. 2025. The influence of social media marketing on Generation Z’s buying behavior of livestock products. Asian J Agric 9: 898-905. This study aims to analyze the effect of social media marketing on the purchasing decisions of Generation Z in Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The background of this study lies in the increasing use of social media as a primary source of information, interaction, and product evaluation among Generation Z, particularly in the context of e-commerce for processed broiler-based livestock products. The research was conducted in November 2024 using purposive sampling, targeting respondents aged 18-27 years who actively use social media and have purchased processed livestock products through online platforms. The questionnaire consisted of eight measurement items—four indicators of social media marketing and four indicators of purchase decision—evaluated using a five-point Likert scale. A descriptive and quantitative research approach was employed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method and processed with SmartPLS version 4 software. The measurement model demonstrated good reliability and validity, as reflected by Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values above 0.50, Composite Reliability exceeding 0.70, and a Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) value within the acceptable threshold. The findings indicate that social media marketing has a positive and significant effect on purchase decisions, supported by the statistical results: an original sample (path coefficient) of 0.651, a t-statistic of 10.712—which exceeds the critical value of 1.96—and a p-value of 0.000. These results suggest that the more effective and engaging social media marketing activities are—such as informative content, consistent brand presentation, interactive communication, and accessible product information—the higher the likelihood that Generation Z consumers will purchase processed livestock products through e-commerce platforms. The study emphasizes the importance of strengthening digital marketing strategies for livestock-based SMEs and agribusiness actors seeking to compete in online food markets.
E-commerce, Generation Z, purchase decisions, social media marketing
Copyright (c) 2025 AISYAH NUR MAHARANI BURHANUDDIN, HASTANG, ABDUL RAZAK MUNIR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physiological responses of Hiyung chili to different animal manures under acid sulfate soil conditions
Abstract. Abdillah MH, Lukmana M, Rahmawati L, Iswahyudi H, Indayaty A, Indriani. 2026. Physiological responses of Hiyung chili to different animal manures under acid sulfate soil conditions. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100109. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100109. Acid sulfate soils are marginal lands characterized by low pH, high saturation with Fe and Al, and poor nutrient availability. This study evaluated the effects of four types of animal manure-chicken, swiftlet, goat, and cattle-at five dosage levels (100-500 g) on Hiyung chili growth and yield, conducted from January to July 2024 at Politeknik Hasnur, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 80 experimental units. Manures were composted aerobically, and dolomite was applied to plants. The data collected included plant height, leaf number, flower number, mature fruit count, fruit weight, and dry biomass, which were analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT at a 5% significance level. Chicken manure exhibited the most consistent and significant dose-response effects on the growth and yield of Hiyung chili pepper, with the 300 g dose increasing plant height, leaf number, flower number, fruit number, and fruit weight by approximately 30-60% compared to the lowest dose and showing significant differences from other manure types (DMRT 5%). In contrast, higher doses of cattle and swiftlet manure tended to reduce yield components by about 40-65%, indicating threshold effects and declining nutrient-use efficiency, with overall treatment effectiveness ranked as chicken manure > goat manure > swiftlet manure ≈ cattle manure. Chicken manure is recommended to improve Hiyung chili productivity on acid sulfate soils. This study highlights the role of local organic resources as sustainable inputs to improve soil fertility and crop productivity on acid sulfate soils, supporting long-term soil health and sustainable farming on marginal lands.
Acid sulfate soil, amelioration, Hiyung chili, manure, yield
Copyright (c) 2026 MUHAMMAD HELMY ABDILLAH, MILA LUKMANA, LINDA RAHMAWATI, HERRY ISWAHYUDI, AMIRILIA INDAYATY, INDRIANI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Monitoring of seed viability and longevity after storage in Purwodadi Botanic Garden Seed Bank, Pasuruan, Indonesia
Abstract. Enfaith FB, Oktavia GAE, Lestari DA, Ariyanti EE. 2026. Monitoring of seed viability and longevity after storage in Purwodadi Botanic Garden Seed Bank, Pasuruan, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10: g100107. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100107. Seed longevity is determinant of efficiency of storage practice. Seed viability after storage needs to be monitored to determine seed longevity. Seed viability of selected seed in the Purwodadi Botanic Garden (PBG) Seed Bank, Pasuruan, Indonesia, was monitored to predict the seed longevity after storage. The material used was selected seed species that have been stored in low temperature storage (-20°C) in hermetic storage at the Purwodadi Botanic Garden Seed Bank since 2016 (7 years storage), i.e., Aleurites moluccana, Cassia grandis, C. javanica, Colona scabra, Hura crepitans, Ixora miquelii, Pterospermum diversifolium, Sterculia foetida and Swinglea glutinosa. Seeds from each species were sown in sand as the planting medium, were then observed to perceive the germination percentage, the seed viability percentage, and the seed longevity. The results showed that all selected seeds experienced a decrease in germination percentage and even lost their ability to germinate. Seed longevity varies from very short with a decreasing rate of >30% (H. crepitans, I. miquelii, P. diversifolium, S. glutinosa and S. foetida), short with a decreasing rate of 15-30% (C. javanica and C. scabra), medium with a decreasing rate ranging from 4-15% (C. grandis), to long-lived seeds with a decreasing rate of <5% (A. moluccana). SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis was conducted to determine conservation strategies for seeds stored in the PBG Seed Bank. The result was that the appropriate conservation strategy for the PBG Seed Bank was assertive or proactive.
Decreasing rate, germination, storage, SWOT analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 FITRI BLESSFATH ENFAITH, GEBBY AGNESSYA ESA OKTAVIA, DEWI AYU LESTARI, ESTI ENDAH ARIYANTI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Coffee-goat integrated system for assessing livelihood vulnerability (LVI-IPCC) and household food security in Lampung Province, Indonesia
Abstract. Murniati K, Abidin Z, Firdasari, Marlina L, Seta AP, Arifatuzzakiyah M, Sari LW. 2026. Coffee-goat integrated system for assessing livelihood vulnerability (LVI-IPCC) and household food security in Lampung Province, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100151. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100151. This study analyzes the livelihood vulnerability and food security of farming households who implemented integrated coffee-goat farming system in Air Naningan Sub-district, Tanggamus District, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Primary data were collected through a structured survey of 88 farming households that selected purposively. Livelihood vulnerability was measured using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index-IPCC (LVI-IPCC) framework, which included three main components, namely exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Household food security was classified based on a combination of the proportion of food expenditure and the level of energy consumption adequacy. The results showed an LVI-IPCC value was -0.00171, indicated as moderate vulnerability, with adaptive capacity relatively higher than the level of exposure. In terms of food security, 26% of households were classified food secure households, food vulnerable households (24%), food less secure households (39%), and food insecure households (11%). These findings confirmed that although coffee-goat integrated system strengthened the adaptive capacity of farming households, food security challenges remained a major issue that required more targeted policy interventions. The implications of these findings suggested that moderate vulnerability and unequal distribution of food security demand rural development policies that not only encourage agricultural integration but also strengthen household food diversification, income stabilization, and community-based nutrition interventions.
Climate vulnerability, food security, integrated farming, livelihood vulnerability
Copyright (c) 2026 KTUT MURNIATI, ZAINAL ABIDIN, FIRDASARI, LINA MARLINA, AMANDA PUTRA SETA, MAULA ARIFATUZZAKIYAH, LAVITA WIRDA SARI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0