The development of coffee cultivation in the traditional agroforestry of mixed-garden (dukuh lembur) to provide social-economic benefit for the Outer Baduy Community, South Banten, Indonesia
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Abstract. Iskandar BS, Iskandar J, Irawan I, Suroso, Pasratasmita R. 2019. The development of coffee cultivation in the traditional agroforestry of mixed-garden (dukuh lembur) to provide social-economic benefit for the Outer Baduy Community, South Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2958-2969. The Baduy community who resides in the Village of Kanekes, the Sub-district of Leuwidamar, the District of Lebak, South Banten has maintained the Sundanese tradition, particularly in practicing swidden farming (ngahuma). They practice swidden farming based on Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and belief. According to the Baduy tradition, the commercial plants, including coffee, clove, cacao, teak, and rubber have been prohibited to cultivate in Baduy area. However, because the population has increased rapidly and market economy has intensively penetrated the Baduy area, some commercial plants, including robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) have been introduced by the outer Baduy community. The objective of this study was to elucidate the traditional practice of the Outer Baduy in cultivating coffee trees that are integrated into the traditional agroforestry of mixed-garden (dukuh lembur or leuweung lembur). This study used qualitative method with some techniques of collecting data, including observation, participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and plant survey in the sample plots of the dukuh lembur. The results of the study showed that in 1980-s the robusta coffee plants were introduced by some Outer Baduy people and have since been planted in the dukuh lembur. In the past, because coffee was prohibited to be cultivated in Baduy area, the coffee trees were regularly cut during the purification of the Baduy tradition (pembersihan adat). Nowadays, however, the robusta coffee trees have been properly integrated into the existing dukuh lembur which is based on hybrid knowledge of TEK and scientific Western knowledge. The Outer Baduy coffee farming system has provided subsistence as a well commercial economy that may support the sustainability of the Outer Baduy swidden cultivation that is considered as the cultural identity of the Baduy community.
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References
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Khattri MB. 2003. Agricultural and ritual landscape: a case study from the Magars of Argal, Baglung District, Nepal. Sociol Anthropol 8:88-104. https://doi.org/10.3126/opsa.v810.1123.
Lasmijati 2015. Coffee in Priangan in 18th-19th Century. Patanjala 7 (2): 217-232 [Indonesian].
Lovelace GW.1984. Cultural beliefs and the management of agroecosystems. In Rambo AT, Sjaise PE (eds), An introduction to human ecology research on agricultural systems in Southeast Asia. East West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Martini E, Riyandoko, Roshetko. 2017. Guidelines for Establishing Coffee-Agroforestry Systems. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor.
Mashman V, Nayoi P. 2015. The Bidayuh of Sarawak: gender, spirituality and swiddens. In Cairns MF (ed), Shifting cultivation and environmental change: indigenous people, agriculture and forest conservation. Routledge, London and New York.
Newing H, Eagle CM, Puri RK, Watson CW. 2011. Conducting research in conservation: a social science perspective. Routledge, London and New York.
Orlove B, Roncoli C, Kabugo M, Majugu A. 2010. Indigenous climate knowledge in southern Uganda: the multiple components of a dynamic regional system. Climatic Change 100:243-265. DOI 10.1007/s10584-009-9586-2.
Plattner S. 1989. Introduction. In Planttner S (ed), Economic anthropology. Standford University Press, Standford.
Prasetyo PN, Noerfahmy, Tata HL. 2011. Typical bat species of Sumatran agroforest. World Agroforest, Bogor [Indonesian].
Rainttree J and Warner K. 2015. Agroforestry Pathways Revisited: Voices from the past. In Cairns MF (ed), Shifting cultivation and environmental change: indigenous people, agriculture and forest conservation. Routledge, London and New York.
Ramakrishnan PS. 2015. Shifting Agriculture and Fallow Management Options: Where do we stand? In Cairns MF (ed), Shifting cultivation and environmental change: indigenous people, agriculture and forest conservation. Routledge, London and New York.
Reijentjes C, Haverkort B, Waters-Bayer. 1992. Farming for the future: an introduction to low-external-inputs and sustainable agriculture. The MacMllan Press, Ltd.
Soegiharto S, Kartono AP, Maryanto I. 2010. Grouping of fruit and nectar-eating bats based on the characteristics of pollen feed in the Bogor Botanical Gardens, Indonesia. Indonesian J Biol 6 (2): 225-235 [Indonesian].
Subandi HM. 2011. Cultivation plant plantation (part of coffee plant). Gunung Djati Press, Bandung [Indonesian].
Sulistyawati E. 2011. The Historical demography of resource use in a swidden community in West Kalimantan. In Dove MR, Sajise PE, Doolittle A (eds), Beyond the sacred forest: complicating conservation in Southeast Asia. Duke University Press, Durham and London.
Suyanto A.2001. Indonesian bats. Center and Development of Biology-Lipi. Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor [Indonesian].
Widianingsih Y. 2006. Contribution of Management of Coffee Under Standing in the PHBM Program for Household Income in BKPH of Pulosari Village, Pangalengan, KPH of South Bandung. [Undergraduate thesis], Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
Withaningsih S. Andari CA, Parikesit, Fitriani N. 2018. The effects of understory plants on pollinators visitation in coffee in West Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19 (2): 604-612.
Wordley C, Altringham J, Raman TRS. 2014. Commentary: bats in Indian coffee plantations: doing more good than harm? Current Sci 1017 (12): 1958-1960.
Zakaria MM. 2009. Priangan coffee in the nineteenth century. History: Int J History Edu 10 (2):131-150.
Albuquerque UP, Ramos MA, Paiva de Lucena RF, Alencar NL. 2014. Methods and techniques used to collect ethnobiological data. In Albuquerque UP, Cruz da Cunha LVF, Paiva de Lucena RF, Alves RRN (eds) Methods and techniques in ethnobiological and ethnoecology. Humana Press, New York.
Anggarani ET. 2011. Suitability Evaluation for Coffee Plants in Bulu District, Temanggung Regency. [Thesis], Department Geography, Faculty of Social Science, Malang state University. Malang.
Backer CA, Bakhuizen vdB. 1968. Flora of Java, Vol 1-3. NVP Noorhoff, Groningen.
Aryal K, Choudhury D. 2015. Climate change: adaptation, mitigation and transformation of swidden landscapes: are we throwing the baby out with the Bathwater? In Cairns MF (ed), Shifting cultivation and environmental change: indigenous people, agriculture and forest conservation. Routledge, London and New York.
Balgooy MMJ. 1997. Malesian seed plant, Vol. 1, Spot Characters. Reijkherbarium, Leiden.
Balgooy MMJ. 2001. Malesian seed plant, Vol.3, Portrait of Non-Tree Families. Reijkherbarium, Leiden.
Balgooy MMJ.1998. Malesian seed plant, Vol.2, Potraits of Tree Families. Reijkherbarium, Leiden.
Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C. 2000. Rediscovery of traditional ecology as adaptive management. Ecol Appl 10 (5):1251-1262.
Berkes F. 2008. Sacred Ecology. Second Edition. Routledge, New York and London.
Bunch R. 2015. Learning from migratory agriculture around the world: to improve both swidden and modern agriculture in Southeast Asia. In Cairns MF (ed), Shifting cultivation and environmental change: indigenous people, agriculture and forest conservation. Routledge, London and New York.
Ellen R, Harris H. 2000. Introduction. In Ellen R, Parkes P, Bicker A (eds) Indigenous environmental knowledge and its transformation. Harwood, Amsterdam.
Elson RE. 1994. Village Java under cultivation system 1830-1870. Allen and Unwin, Sydney.
Erni C. 2006. From opportunism to resource management: adaptation and the emergence of environmental conservation among indigenous swidden cultivators on Mindoro Island, Philippines. Conserv Society 4 (1): 102-131.
Franco FM. 2015. Calendars and ecosystem management: some observations. Human Ecol. DOI 10.1007/s10745-015-9740-6.
Garrity DP. 2015. Learning to cope with rapid change: evergreen agriculture transformations and insights between Africa and Asia. In Cairns MF (ed), Shifting cultivation and environmental change: indigenous people, agriculture and forest conservation. Routledge, London and New York.
Geertz C. 1963. Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia. University of California, Berkeley.
Granoveter M. 1985. Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness. American J Sociol 91(3): 481-510.
Heyne K.1987. Useful plant in Indonesia. Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Jakarta [Indonesian].
Hulupi R, Martini E. 2013. Guidelines for cultivation and maintenance of coffee plants in mixed garden. World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Bogor. [Indonesian].
Iskandar BS, Iskandar J, Partasasmita R. 2018a. Site selection and soil fertility management by Other Baduy People (Banten, Indonesia) in maintaining swidden cultivation productivity. Biodiversitas 19(4): 1334-1346.
Iskandar BS, Iskandar J, Partasasmita R. 2018b. Strategy of the Outer Baduy community of South Banten (Indonesia) to sustain their swidden farming traditions by temporary migration to non-Baduy areas. Biodiversitas 19 (2): 453-464.
Iskandar BS, Iskandar BS, Partasasmita R, Alfian RL. 2018b. Planting coffee and take care of forest: a case study on coffee cultivation in forest carried out among people of Palintang, highland of Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19(6): 2183-2195.
Iskandar J, Ellen R. 2000. The Contribution of Paraserianthes (Albizia) falcataria to sustainable swidden management among the Baduy of West Java. Human Ecol 28(1):1-17.
Iskandar J, Ellen R. 2007. Innovation, ‘hybrid’ knowledge and the conservation of relict rainforest in upland Banten. In Ellen R (ed), Modern crises and traditional strategies: local ecological knowledge in Island Southeast Asia. Berghn Books, New York-Oxford.
Iskandar J, Iskandar BS. 2017. Various plants of the traditional rituals: ethnobotanical research among Baduy community. Biosaintifica 9(1):114-125.
Iskandar J, Iskandar BS. 2016b. Plant architecture: homegarden structure of rural and urban green space. Teknosain, Yogyakarta.
Iskandar J, Iskandar BS. 2016a. Ethnoastronomy-the Baduy agricultural calendar and prediction of environmental perturbations. Biodiversitas 17(2): 694-703.
Iskandar J. 1998. Swidden Cultivation as a Form of Cultural Identity: The Baduy Case. [Dissertation], University of Kent at Canterbury, UK.
Iskandar J. 2007. Responses to environmental stress in the Baduy swidden system, South Banten, Java. In Ellen R (ed), Modern crises and traditional strategies: local ecological knowledge in Island Southeast Asia. Berghn Books, New York-Oxford.
Iskandar J. 2018. Ethnobioloy, ethnoecology, and sutainable development. Plantaxia, Yogyakarta [Indonesian].
Khattri MB. 2003. Agricultural and ritual landscape: a case study from the Magars of Argal, Baglung District, Nepal. Sociol Anthropol 8:88-104. https://doi.org/10.3126/opsa.v810.1123.
Lasmijati 2015. Coffee in Priangan in 18th-19th Century. Patanjala 7 (2): 217-232 [Indonesian].
Lovelace GW.1984. Cultural beliefs and the management of agroecosystems. In Rambo AT, Sjaise PE (eds), An introduction to human ecology research on agricultural systems in Southeast Asia. East West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Martini E, Riyandoko, Roshetko. 2017. Guidelines for Establishing Coffee-Agroforestry Systems. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Bogor.
Mashman V, Nayoi P. 2015. The Bidayuh of Sarawak: gender, spirituality and swiddens. In Cairns MF (ed), Shifting cultivation and environmental change: indigenous people, agriculture and forest conservation. Routledge, London and New York.
Newing H, Eagle CM, Puri RK, Watson CW. 2011. Conducting research in conservation: a social science perspective. Routledge, London and New York.
Orlove B, Roncoli C, Kabugo M, Majugu A. 2010. Indigenous climate knowledge in southern Uganda: the multiple components of a dynamic regional system. Climatic Change 100:243-265. DOI 10.1007/s10584-009-9586-2.
Plattner S. 1989. Introduction. In Planttner S (ed), Economic anthropology. Standford University Press, Standford.
Prasetyo PN, Noerfahmy, Tata HL. 2011. Typical bat species of Sumatran agroforest. World Agroforest, Bogor [Indonesian].
Rainttree J and Warner K. 2015. Agroforestry Pathways Revisited: Voices from the past. In Cairns MF (ed), Shifting cultivation and environmental change: indigenous people, agriculture and forest conservation. Routledge, London and New York.
Ramakrishnan PS. 2015. Shifting Agriculture and Fallow Management Options: Where do we stand? In Cairns MF (ed), Shifting cultivation and environmental change: indigenous people, agriculture and forest conservation. Routledge, London and New York.
Reijentjes C, Haverkort B, Waters-Bayer. 1992. Farming for the future: an introduction to low-external-inputs and sustainable agriculture. The MacMllan Press, Ltd.
Soegiharto S, Kartono AP, Maryanto I. 2010. Grouping of fruit and nectar-eating bats based on the characteristics of pollen feed in the Bogor Botanical Gardens, Indonesia. Indonesian J Biol 6 (2): 225-235 [Indonesian].
Subandi HM. 2011. Cultivation plant plantation (part of coffee plant). Gunung Djati Press, Bandung [Indonesian].
Sulistyawati E. 2011. The Historical demography of resource use in a swidden community in West Kalimantan. In Dove MR, Sajise PE, Doolittle A (eds), Beyond the sacred forest: complicating conservation in Southeast Asia. Duke University Press, Durham and London.
Suyanto A.2001. Indonesian bats. Center and Development of Biology-Lipi. Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor [Indonesian].
Widianingsih Y. 2006. Contribution of Management of Coffee Under Standing in the PHBM Program for Household Income in BKPH of Pulosari Village, Pangalengan, KPH of South Bandung. [Undergraduate thesis], Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
Withaningsih S. Andari CA, Parikesit, Fitriani N. 2018. The effects of understory plants on pollinators visitation in coffee in West Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19 (2): 604-612.
Wordley C, Altringham J, Raman TRS. 2014. Commentary: bats in Indian coffee plantations: doing more good than harm? Current Sci 1017 (12): 1958-1960.
Zakaria MM. 2009. Priangan coffee in the nineteenth century. History: Int J History Edu 10 (2):131-150.
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