Morphological evaluation and determination keys of 21 citrus genotypes at seedling stage
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Abstract. Budiarto R, Poerwanto R, Santosa E, Efendi D. 2021. Morphological evaluation and determination keys of 21 citrus genotypes at seedling stage. Biodiversitas 22: 1570-1579. The identification of citrus varieties is generally based on flower, fruit, and mature tree characters. The detailed and comprehensive identification of seedling stage is very limited, therefore present study aimed to identify and distinguish 21 citrus genotypes based on 50 morphological characters of vegetative shoot at seedling stage. Cluster analysis using complete linkage agglomerative method showed broader dissimilarities between C. x limon and C. x microcarpa. Unfortunately, this method was limited to differentiate six genotypes within Citrus reticulata Blanco due to extremely low dissimilarities found. All citrus seedlings have similarities in the forms of habitus, gland spots, arrangement and venation of leaf. The result of PCA determined petiole wing, spine, color, hair and fragrance of leaves as five morphological markers at seedling stage. In addition, there was a positive correlation between spine and leaf pleasant. Moreover, the details of morphological dissimilarities between genotypes were described in arranged determination keys.
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References
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Ballve RML, Medina-Filho HP, Bordignon R. 1997. Identification of reciprocal hybrids in citrus by the broadness of the leaf petiole wing. Brazilian Journal of Genetics 20: 697-702.
Budiarto R, Poerwanto R, Santosa E, Efendi D. 2017. The potentials of limau (Citrus amblycarpa) as a functional food and ornamental mini tree based on metabolomic and morphological approach. Journal of Tropical Crop Sciences 4: 49-57.
Budiarto R, Poerwanto R, Santosa E, Efendi D, Agusta A. 2019a. Preliminary studies on production, post harvest and marketing of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) in Tulungagung. Journal of Tropical Crop Sciences 6: 138-143.
Budiarto R, Poerwanto R, Santosa E, Efendi D, Agusta A. 2019b. Agronomical and physiological characters of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) seedling under artificial shading and pinching. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 31: 222-230.
Budiyati E. 2014. Keragaman plasma nutfah jeruk dan pengembangannya sebagai substitusi buah impor. http://balitjestro.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ keragaman-plasmanutfah-jeruk-dan-pengembangannya-sebagai-subtitusi-buah-impor/ [Indonesian]
Curk F, Ollitrault F, Garcia-Lor A, Luro F, Navarro L, Ollitrault P. 2016. Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers. Annals of Botany 117: 565-583.
Dalin P, Agren J, Bjorkman C, Huttunen P, Karkkainen K. 2008. Chapter 4: Leaf trichome formation and plant resistance to herbivory. In: Schaller A, (ed) Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory. Springer, Berlin.
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Dorji K, Yapwattanaphun C. 2011. Morphological identification of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in Bhutan. Kasetsart Journal of Natural Science 45: 793-802.
Dos Santos ARA, de Souza EH, Souza FVD, Fadini M, Girardi EA, Filho WDSS. 2015. Genetic variation of Citrus and related genera with ornamental potential. Euphytica 205: 503-520.
Fitriana N, Susandarini R. 2019. Short communication: Morphology and taxonomic relationships of shallot (Allium cepa l. group aggregatum) cultivars from Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2809-2814.
Ghanbari A, Jelodar NB, Rahiman H. 2009. Studying of genetic diversity in satsuma (Citrus unshiu) mandarin utilizing microsatellite markers. International Journal of Agricultural Research 4: 88-96.
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Khoe LT. 2016. Early performance of Duong mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) on three rootstocks under acid sulfate soil fields at mekong delta of Vietnam. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 6: 10-15.
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Marboh ES, AK Singh, AK Dubey, J Prakash. 2015. Analysis of genetic variability among citrus (Citrus spp.) genotypes using morphological traits. Indian J Agric Sci 85: 203-211.
Mou F, Ma K, Ma S, Duan S, Li Y. 2016. Morphological diversity of leaf and its geographic differentiation of Citrus cavaleriei from Yunnan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 48: 2343-2350.
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Raja RNL. 2016. Morphological variation and utilization of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) in North Sumatra. [Master Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Septirosya T. 2016. Prediction of Young Borneo Prima Mandarin Growth and Tree Architecture on Different Fertilizer Dosage and Pruning Form. [Master Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Setiono. 2016. Produksi benih jeruk bermutu. In: Makalah Teknologi Inovasi BITE. Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institution, Batu. [Indonesian]
Singh H, Rattanpal HS, Sidhu GS, Chahal T. 2010. Study on physio-morphological characteristics among six rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck.) strains. J Tree Sci 29: 48-56.
Srivastava AK, Singh S, Huchche AD. 2000. An analysis on citrus flowering-a review. Agriculture Review 21: 1-15.
Sopiana. 2015. Similarities and production potential of pohpohan landraces (Pilea trinervia Wight.) of multiple locations in West Java. [Master Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Susandarini R, Subandiyah S, Rugayah, Daryono BS, Nugroho LH. 2013. Assessment of taxonomic affinity of Indonesian pummelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) based on morphological characters. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 8: 182-190.
Suswono. 2011. Deskripsi Jeruk Japansche Citroen, Surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Republik Indonesia Nomor 2532/Kpts/SR.120/5/2011. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Syarif Z, Akhir N, Satria B. 2017. Identification of plant morphology of taro as a potential source of carbohydrates. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 7(2): 573-579.
Tjitrosoepomo G. 2009. Morfologi Tumbuhan. UGM Press, Yogyakarta.
War WR, Paulraj MG, Ahmad T, Buhroo AA, Hussain B, Ignacimuthu S, Sharma HC. 2012. Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores. Plant Signaling & Behavior 7: 1306-1320.
Yu H, Yang X, Guo F, Jiang X, Deng X, Xu Q. 2017.Genetic diversity and population structure of pummelo (Citrus maxima) germplasm in China. Tree Genetics & Genomes 13: 1-10.
Yulianti F, Adiredjo AL, Soetopo L, Ashari S. 2020. Short communication: Morphology and genetic characteristics of potential citrus rootstock in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21:5514-5520.
Yulianti F, Palupi NE, Agisimanto D. 2016. Variability of Indonesian functional citrus based on morphological characters and RAPD markers. Jurnal AgroBiogen 12: 91-100. [Indonesian]
Ariawan I. 2020. Short communication: geometric morphometric analysis of leaf venation in four Shorea species for identification using digital image processing. Biodiversitas 21: 3303-3309.
Ballve RML, Medina-Filho HP, Bordignon R. 1997. Identification of reciprocal hybrids in citrus by the broadness of the leaf petiole wing. Brazilian Journal of Genetics 20: 697-702.
Budiarto R, Poerwanto R, Santosa E, Efendi D. 2017. The potentials of limau (Citrus amblycarpa) as a functional food and ornamental mini tree based on metabolomic and morphological approach. Journal of Tropical Crop Sciences 4: 49-57.
Budiarto R, Poerwanto R, Santosa E, Efendi D, Agusta A. 2019a. Preliminary studies on production, post harvest and marketing of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) in Tulungagung. Journal of Tropical Crop Sciences 6: 138-143.
Budiarto R, Poerwanto R, Santosa E, Efendi D, Agusta A. 2019b. Agronomical and physiological characters of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix DC) seedling under artificial shading and pinching. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 31: 222-230.
Budiyati E. 2014. Keragaman plasma nutfah jeruk dan pengembangannya sebagai substitusi buah impor. http://balitjestro.litbang.pertanian.go.id/ keragaman-plasmanutfah-jeruk-dan-pengembangannya-sebagai-subtitusi-buah-impor/ [Indonesian]
Curk F, Ollitrault F, Garcia-Lor A, Luro F, Navarro L, Ollitrault P. 2016. Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers. Annals of Botany 117: 565-583.
Dalin P, Agren J, Bjorkman C, Huttunen P, Karkkainen K. 2008. Chapter 4: Leaf trichome formation and plant resistance to herbivory. In: Schaller A, (ed) Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory. Springer, Berlin.
Directorate General of Horticulture. 2016. Petunjuk Umum Program Peningkatan Produksi dan Nilai Tambah Produk Hortikultura Tahun 2017. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Dorji K, Yapwattanaphun C. 2011. Morphological identification of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in Bhutan. Kasetsart Journal of Natural Science 45: 793-802.
Dos Santos ARA, de Souza EH, Souza FVD, Fadini M, Girardi EA, Filho WDSS. 2015. Genetic variation of Citrus and related genera with ornamental potential. Euphytica 205: 503-520.
Fitriana N, Susandarini R. 2019. Short communication: Morphology and taxonomic relationships of shallot (Allium cepa l. group aggregatum) cultivars from Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2809-2814.
Ghanbari A, Jelodar NB, Rahiman H. 2009. Studying of genetic diversity in satsuma (Citrus unshiu) mandarin utilizing microsatellite markers. International Journal of Agricultural Research 4: 88-96.
Harris JG, Harris MW. 2006. Plant Identification Terminology an Illustrated Glossary, 2nd edition. Spring Lake Publishing, Utah.
Hortmag. 2009. Variegated plants. http://www.hortmag.com/weekly-tips/variegatedplants
Huang LJ, Liu YC. 2014. Understanding diversity in leaf shape of Chinese sagittaria (alismataceae) by geometric tools. Pakistan Journal of Botany 46: 1927-1934.
Ibrahim H. 2012. Deskripsi Jeruk Keprok RGL, Surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Republik Indonesia Nomor 2280/Kpts/SR.120/6/2012. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Ibrahim H. 2011. Deskripsi Jeruk Nipis Borneo, Surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Republik Indonesia Nomor 4700/Kpts/SR.120/11/2011. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
IPGRI. 1999. Descriptors for Citrus. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute/IPGRI, Rome.
Irsyam, ASD. 2015. Floristic Study on Rutaceae of Madura. [Master Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
JinPing X, LiGeng C, Ming B, HaiLin L, WeiQi Y. 2009. Identification of AFLP fragments linked to seedlessness in Ponkan mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and conversion to SCAR markers. Science Horticulturae 121: 505-510.
Kariyat RR, Hardison SB, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC. 2017. Plant spines deter herbivory by restricting caterpillar movement. Biology Letter 13: 1-5.
Khoe LT. 2016. Early performance of Duong mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) on three rootstocks under acid sulfate soil fields at mekong delta of Vietnam. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 6: 10-15.
Khoe LT, Mi TV. 2015. Early evaluation of compatibility between commercial citrus varieties and kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) and carrizo citrange (C. sinensis Osb. x P. trifoliata L. Raf.) rootstocks at mekong delta, Vietnam. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 5: 323–328.
Mabberley DJ. 2004. Citrus (Rutaceae): a review of recent advances in etymology, systematics and medical applications. Blumea 49: 481–498.
Marboh ES, AK Singh, AK Dubey, J Prakash. 2015. Analysis of genetic variability among citrus (Citrus spp.) genotypes using morphological traits. Indian J Agric Sci 85: 203-211.
Mou F, Ma K, Ma S, Duan S, Li Y. 2016. Morphological diversity of leaf and its geographic differentiation of Citrus cavaleriei from Yunnan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 48: 2343-2350.
Mullins MG. 1967. Gravity and the apple trees. Journal of Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 33: 67-71.
Mulyanto H. 2016. Teknik identifikasi jeruk. In: Makalah Teknologi Inovasi BITE. Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institution, Batu. [Indonesian]
Northern Ontario Plant Database. 2017. Terminology. http://www.northernontarioflora.ca/
Poerwanto R, Susila AD. 2014. Teknologi Hortikultura. IPB Press, Bogor.
Raja RNL. 2016. Morphological variation and utilization of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) in North Sumatra. [Master Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Septirosya T. 2016. Prediction of Young Borneo Prima Mandarin Growth and Tree Architecture on Different Fertilizer Dosage and Pruning Form. [Master Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Setiono. 2016. Produksi benih jeruk bermutu. In: Makalah Teknologi Inovasi BITE. Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institution, Batu. [Indonesian]
Singh H, Rattanpal HS, Sidhu GS, Chahal T. 2010. Study on physio-morphological characteristics among six rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck.) strains. J Tree Sci 29: 48-56.
Srivastava AK, Singh S, Huchche AD. 2000. An analysis on citrus flowering-a review. Agriculture Review 21: 1-15.
Sopiana. 2015. Similarities and production potential of pohpohan landraces (Pilea trinervia Wight.) of multiple locations in West Java. [Master Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Susandarini R, Subandiyah S, Rugayah, Daryono BS, Nugroho LH. 2013. Assessment of taxonomic affinity of Indonesian pummelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) based on morphological characters. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 8: 182-190.
Suswono. 2011. Deskripsi Jeruk Japansche Citroen, Surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Republik Indonesia Nomor 2532/Kpts/SR.120/5/2011. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Syarif Z, Akhir N, Satria B. 2017. Identification of plant morphology of taro as a potential source of carbohydrates. International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 7(2): 573-579.
Tjitrosoepomo G. 2009. Morfologi Tumbuhan. UGM Press, Yogyakarta.
War WR, Paulraj MG, Ahmad T, Buhroo AA, Hussain B, Ignacimuthu S, Sharma HC. 2012. Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores. Plant Signaling & Behavior 7: 1306-1320.
Yu H, Yang X, Guo F, Jiang X, Deng X, Xu Q. 2017.Genetic diversity and population structure of pummelo (Citrus maxima) germplasm in China. Tree Genetics & Genomes 13: 1-10.
Yulianti F, Adiredjo AL, Soetopo L, Ashari S. 2020. Short communication: Morphology and genetic characteristics of potential citrus rootstock in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21:5514-5520.
Yulianti F, Palupi NE, Agisimanto D. 2016. Variability of Indonesian functional citrus based on morphological characters and RAPD markers. Jurnal AgroBiogen 12: 91-100. [Indonesian]
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