Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity

Assessment of phosphate-solubilizing microbes isolated from indigenous organic-biofertilizers for enhancing plant growth in acid-stressed

2025-02-26T01:45:04+00:00

Abstract. Kamaluddin NN, Irwandhi, Arum P, Setiawan Y, Khumairah FH, Prihatiningsih N, Simarmata T. 2025. Assessment of phosphate-solubilizing microbes isolated from indigenous organic-biofertilizers for enhancing plant growth in acid-stressed. Biodiversitas 26: 1325-1333. Indonesia is one of the countries that produces enormous amounts of organic waste every year, but most of this organic waste has not been appropriately managed, thereby worsening climate change. One alternative solution that is environmentally friendly and sustainable is converting organic waste into Indigenous Organic Biofertilizers (IOB). This process involves the controlled decomposition of organic waste, which is then enriched with beneficial microbes, such as Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes (PSM). PSM from IOB can be a candidate for a biofertilizer inoculant that can withstand environmental stress, especially acidity stress caused by climate change. This research aimed to screen, characterize, and assess the biochemical activity of isolates and molecularly identify PSM from IOB that are resistant to acidity stress. In this research, characterization was carried out in the form of macroscopic and microscopic observations, resistance to acidity stress, phosphate dissolution index, production of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), compatibility test, and identification of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial isolates with codes F1ZN1, F2P, and F6P, while fungal isolates F4A, F5B, and F5C were the best PSM isolates. This isolate can produce IAA with a high category of around 57.28-105.94 ppm (bacteria) and a medium category of around 18.34-24.33 ppm (fungi). Apart from that, these isolates are compatible with the isolates to work synergistically. Through molecular identification of 16S rRNA sequencing, F1ZN1 was identified as Enterobacter cloacae strain Ec030, F2P was identified as E. cloacae strain UT25, and F6P was identified as E. cloacae strain ABRL064. These results highlight the potential of PSM isolates from IOB as an effective biofertilizer inoculant candidate for increasing plant growth in environmental stress (acidity) amidst climate change.

Plant diversity and their importance for conservation in Don Pa Puei Sacred Forest, Si Chiang Mai District, Nong Khai, Thailand

2025-03-11T08:46:44+00:00

Abstract. Maneewong N, Pochayavanich R, Phonkerd N, Saensouk S, Piwpuan N. 2025. Plant diversity and their importance for conservation in Don Pa Puei Sacred Forest, Si Chiang Mai District, Nong Khai, Thailand. Biodiversitas 26: 1343-1354. The plant's diversity, traditional utilizations, and the importance of their conservation status in Don Pa Puei Sacred Forest in Ban Mo Village, Si Chiang Mai District, Nong Khai Province, Thailand, were studied from February 2023 to March 2024. Species richness data were surveyed along the nature trails and walkways around the forest. Plant specimens were collected, and their photos were recorded. Quantitative data of tree species were gathered in five randomly placed plots (20×20 m²). Diversity indices, including Shannon-Weiner's diversity index (H'), evenness index (J'), Important Value Index (IVI), Relative Density (RD), Relative Frequency (RF), and Relative Dominance (RDo) were calculated. A total of 36 families, 62 genera, and 65 species were identified. Tree species represented the highest proportion (49.23%) among all habit types. The Arecaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Leguminosae families each had the highest number of species (4). The H' and J' indices for tree species were 1.93 and 0.73, respectively. Lagerstroemia calyculata had the highest IVI value (78.65%). Four species, Afzelia xylocarpa, Dipterocarpus alatus, Hopea odorata, and Shorea roxburghii are threatened according to IUCN Red List. Capparis pyrifolia is considered as a rare species according to the threatened plants in Thailand checklist. Fifteen species (23.07%) out of 65 had traditional uses by local people, and 19 species (29.23%) have the potential for medicinal uses. The eradication of invasive species, management of climbers, and protection of the area from land-use changes are urgently needed for the conservation of the forest's biodiversity; this treasure demands our utmost respect and protection.

Reproductive characteristics of Keudawah (Rasbora arundinata (Lumbantobing, 2014)): Insights into a native species of Krueng Lanca River, Nagan Raya District, Aceh Province, Indonesia

2025-02-12T07:12:34+00:00

Abstract. Abdan M, Sulistiono, Kamal MM, Mashar A, Butet NA. 2025. Reproductive characteristics of Keudawah (Rasbora arundinata, Lumbantobing 2014): Insights into a native species of Krueng Lanca River, Nagan Raya District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1451-1463. Keudawah (Rasbora arundinata (Lumbantobing, 2014)) is a freshwater fish native to Indonesia, particularly found in the waters of Nagan Raya. Understanding its reproductive biology is crucial for developing sustainable management and conservation strategies. Given this importance, this study aimed to assess the spawning season, sex ratio, Gonadal Maturity Stage (GMS), size at first gonadal maturity (LM₅₀), and fecundity of R. arundinata in the Krueng Lanca River, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Sampling was conducted from January to December 2023 at six stations selected based on habitat characteristics and local fishermen’s recommendations. Fish were caught using gill nets with mesh sizes of 0.5 and 1.0 inches, as well as throw nets with a 6-meter diameter and a 0.5-inch mesh size during monthly sampling. The collected specimens were measured for total length and weighed, after which their gonads were analyzed to determine maturity stage, Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), and fecundity. The size at first gonadal maturity (LM50) was estimated using the Spearman-Karber method. A total of 2,225 specimens were collected, comprising 1,162 males and 1,063 females, with size distributions ranging from 34 to 121 mm (males) and 46 to 135 mm (females). The length-weight relationship is expressed as W = 8.17E-05L²^.55 (R² = 0.88), while in females, it follows the equation W = 8.17E-05L^2.11(R² = 0.89). The results indicated that the sex ratio was slightly male-biased, averaging 1.09:1 (M:F). The LM₅₀ was estimated at 86.98 mm for males, with a Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of 6.96%-9.10%, and 94.77 mm for females, with a GSI of 10.30%-12.61%. Fecundity of R. arundinata ranged from 1,156 to 2,090 oocytes. The findings suggest that R. arundinata exhibits year-round reproductive activity, with peak spawning occurring in April and September. These insights are valuable for conservation planning and provide a foundation for future aquaculture development.

Norovirus contamination in the restrooms of markets in Bangkok, Thailand

2025-03-09T21:34:28+00:00

Abstract. Rupprom K, Phumisantiphong U, Wongsuk T, Hirunwong K. 2025. Norovirus contamination in the restrooms of markets in Bangkok, Thailand. Biodiversitas 26: 1406-1413. Norovirus is among the most important causative agents of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. The transmission of norovirus can occur through the fecal-oral route, including person-to-person contact and contaminated food, water, and environmental surfaces. This study first investigated norovirus contamination in the restrooms of local markets in Bangkok, Thailand, using Reverse Transcription-quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) and subsequent semi-nested RT-PCR. An RT-qPCR tested on 211 samples found norovirus GII in 9.5%, GI in 4.3%, and a mix of GI and GII in 1.4% of samples. The urinal flush valves had a higher contamination rate for norovirus than the doorknobs (18.7% vs. 12.5%). Meanwhile, doorknobs had a greater quantity of noroviruses than urinal flush valves (1.68 × 10³± 3.83 × 10³ RNA copies vs. 6.07 × 10²± 8.71 × 10² RNA copies). Further, the female restrooms and doorknobs were more significantly contaminated with GII than GI (p = 0.048). Using semi-nested RT-PCR, only GII was detected in 31.4% of RT-qPCR-positive samples, and GII.4 was identified as the dominant genotype. Our results revealed a high prevalence of norovirus contamination on frequently touched surfaces in non-outbreak situations. This is significantly beneficial for norovirus outbreak prevention, health risk assessment, and molecular epidemiological investigation of norovirus infection.

Isolation and characterization of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria from wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

2025-02-28T09:55:30+00:00

Abstract. Chi NTY, Minh NLK, Thi QVC. 2025. Isolation and characterization of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria from wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 26: 1221-1228. Rhizospheric bacteria play a very crucial role in crops, especially rice. In contrast to cultivated varieties, wild rice (Oryza rufipogon), which is abundantly found in Mekong Delta canals, may have distinct rhizobacterial populations. Therefore, the objective of this work was to isolate and characterize Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) from wild rice with the characteristics of nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and IAA synthesis. A total of 12 bacterial strains, including seven bacterial strains of nitrogen-fixation and five strains of phosphate-solubilizing microbes, from four rhizospheric soil samples of wild rice in Tien Giang and Vinh Long provinces of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The results showed that strain B?1.2 had the highest nitrogen fixation activity with NH₄⁺ content of 0.281±0.007 mg/L. In contrast, strain B?1.3, had the highest phosphorus solubilizing ability with a halo diameter of 1.123 ± 0.025 mm. Also, the finding showed that six out of twelve bacterial strains were capable of synthesizing IAA (Indole-3-Acetic Acid), of which strain B?2.3.1 produced the highest IAA with a concentration of 0.053 ± 0.001 mg/L after 8 days of bacterial inoculation. In particular, B?2.3.2, B?1.3, and B?2.4 simultaneously exhibited the ability of nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and IAA synthesis. The strain B?1.3 was identified as Stenotrophomonas sp. based on colony morphology, biochemical characteristics, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing with 91.74% similarity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of rhizospheric bacteria from O. rufipogon with the characteristics of nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and IAA production in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.

Diversity, carbon stock and economic value of the mangrove ecosystem in Wakatobi Biosphere Reserve, Indonesia

2025-02-24T10:32:53+00:00

Abstract. Manan A, Sudia LB, Hasani UO, Kete SCR, Gandri L, Yasin A, Agusrinal, Isabela. 2025. Diversity, carbon stock and economic value of the mangrove ecosystem in Wakatobi Biosphere Reserve, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1095-1104. Mangrove ecosystems significantly contribute to climate change mitigation through the absorption and storage of carbon. This research evaluates the diversity, carbon stock, and economic valuation of mangrove ecosystems within the Wakatobi Biosphere Reserve. Data collection occurred at 11 stations distributed among four primary islands: Kaledupa, Wangi-Wangi, Tomia, and Binongko. Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) measurements were utilized to estimate biomass and carbon storage, employing species-specific allometric equations. Economic valuation utilized carbon trading data from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX Carbon) as of 3 January 2025, alongside the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) and Voluntary Market (VM) prices. The mangrove ecosystem of the Wakatobi Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 10,994 hectares and is in excellent ecological condition. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index values for tree and pole strata demonstrate moderate diversity (1-3), with Kaledupa and Binongko classified as moderate, whereas Wangi-Wangi and Tomia are categorized as low (<1). The evenness score indicates a high classification for tree strata (>0,6), with the exception of Wangi-Wangi, which is classified as medium (0,4-0,6). Wangi-Wangi Island is classified as low for splinter strata (<0,4), whereas Tomia, Kaledupa, and Binongko Islands are classified as medium. The composition of mangrove species differed across islands, with Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Ceriops tagal identified as the most prevalent species and significant contributors to carbon sequestration. The total carbon stock was estimated at 329,82.06 tons, with Kaledupa Island exhibiting the highest stock at 317,226.51 tons, while Binongko Island recorded the lowest at 2,053.8 tons. The economic valuation of carbon storage indicates significant potential: IDR 18,763,377,420 or USD 1,159,307 (IDX Carbon), IDR 266,390,582,055 or USD 16,459,103 (SCC), and IDR 43,155,274,293 or USD 2,666,375 (VM), underscoring the financial importance of mangrove conservation. This signifies a potential for revenue generation in the Wakatobi region, offering a hopeful prospect for the future. This study highlights the ecological and economic significance of mangroves and establishes a basis for sustainable conservation and management strategies aimed at improving the resilience of the Wakatobi Biosphere Reserve.

Present and future habitat suitability of Mantheyus phuwuanensis under climate change scenario

2025-02-21T11:16:38+00:00

Abstract. Chuaynkern C, Khajitmathee N, Phochayavanich R, Phommexay P, Chaiyes A, Maury N, Sudavanh S, Aowphol A, Rujirawan A, Pailoblee S, Suksavate W, Duengkae P, Chuaynkern Y. 2025. Present and future habitat suitability of Mantheyus phuwuanensis under climate change scenario. Biodiversitas 26: 1075-1084. The Phu Wua Rock Agama, Mantheyus phuwuanensis, is a diurnal lizard endemic to northeastern Thailand and western Laos, first described in 1991 from Phu Wua Wildlife Sanctuary (northeastern Thailand). Despite being listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN, little is known about its ecological requirements, population dynamics, and the extent of its distribution. This study aims to provide an updated assessment of the species' range and evaluate its habitat suitability under current and future climate scenarios. Field surveys complemented by literature reviews documented 1,994 occurrences of M. phuwuanensis across its range. Using 28 environmental variables, Species Distribution Modeling (SDM) in MaxEnt achieved exceptional predictive accuracy (AUC: 0.993±0.005). Precipitation during the warmest quarter (average 1,519.58±339.04 mm³; range 825-1,855 mm³), distance to unconsolidated sediments (average 6.09±7.51 km; range 0-16.70 km), and slope (average 7.26±2.64 degrees; range 0.24-11.97^o) were identified as the primary environmental factors influencing habitat suitability. Current suitable habitats were estimated at 2,715.90 km², primarily concentrated in Laos. Projections for 2050 and 2070 under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 climate scenarios revealed alarming habitat reductions of 65.93-88.87%, highlighting the species’ high sensitivity to climate change. Conservation measures are urgently needed to mitigate these impacts. We recommend designating M. phuwuanensis as a protected animal under Thai law and upgrading its CITES status to Appendix III to combat potential overexploitation. Future conservation strategies should prioritize habitat protection, ecological restoration, and cross-border collaboration between Thailand and Laos. These findings offer crucial insights into the vulnerability of M. phuwuanensis and underscore the importance of integrating habitat management with regional conservation efforts.

Molecular identification and antimicrobial activities of Bacillus subtilis MS-01 isolated from Indonesian ethnic food lemea

2025-02-18T13:06:00+00:00

Abstract. Sariyanti M, Adri PM, Wibowo RH, Nasution AA, Hidayah T, Sipriyadi. 2025. Molecular identification and antimicrobial activities of Bacillus subtilis MS-01 isolated from Indonesian ethnic food lemea. Biodiversitas 26: 1069-1074. The community in Bengkulu Province has a variety of traditional foods produced through fermentation, one of which is a bamboo shoot-based dish known locally as lemea. Bacillus subtilis, found in fermented foods, shows great potential as a probiotic due to its ability to inhibit harmful bacteria. Given its genetic diversity, molecular identification is crucial to differentiate between strains. This study represents the first isolation and identification of Bacillus strains from lemea, an ethnically fermented bamboo shoot from the Rejang tribe community in Bengkulu, Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and perform molecular identification analysis using the 16S ribosomal RNA gene region. The Bacillus isolate was identified using observations of macroscopic and microscopic morphological Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). Inhibition tests of Bacillus isolate were conducted using pathogenic bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Enterococcus faecalis. The isolate demonstrated an exceptionally strong inhibitory effect, particularly against E. faecalis. Molecular identification involved polymerase chain reaction amplifying the 16S rRNA gene, producing an amplicon of approximately 1,300 base pairs. Sequence analysis via BLAST showed 99.84% similarity to B. subtilis strain X2, SSR17, NIBSM OsG1, BaBc-1, and strain LMV in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the isolate’s classification within the order Bacillales and family Bacillaceae. In conclusion, B. subtilis MS-01 was successfully isolated and identified, exhibiting antibacterial potential against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, with a particularly noteworthy effect against E. faecalis, thereby suggesting its potential as a probiotic with potent antimicrobial properties.

Current status of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) on small islands in the Southern Sumatra, Indonesia

2025-02-15T13:15:57+00:00

Abstract. Hasibuan MM, Tohir RK, Munawaroh K, Maryanto I, Maharadatunkamsi, Lubis AM, Rahmandani F, Irhamuddin, Sujadi, Gunarto E, Rafsanjani YH. 2025. Current status of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) on small islands in the Southern Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 971-980. The global population status of the Long-Tailed Macaque (LTM/Macaca fascicularis) was recently reassessed, resulting in its reclassification from Vulnerable to Endangered due to an estimated population decline of approximately 40% over the past three generations. To better understand and validate its updated IUCN status, we conducted a population study on Tabuan, Legundi, and Umang-umang Islands in Lampung Province, located in the southern region of Sumatra, Indonesia. On the other hand, management challenges arise due to its current International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status, even though it is locally regarded as a pest by the local population. To establish effective and sustainable management strategies, updated population data is crucial, particularly in regions with limited information. This research aimed to address the need for population status data in Sumatra. As part of a broader study focusing on the distribution of M. fascicularis in Sumatra, this study specifically targets the understudied small islands located in the southern region of Sumatra Island. The research was conducted from April 25 to May 4, 2024, on three islands within Lampung Province: Tabuan, Legundi, and Umang-umang Islands. Data were collected using the transect method, covering a total distance of 43.42 km. The findings revealed an estimated total population of approximately 9,948 M. fascicularis individuals, distributed as follows: 6,523 on Tabuan Island, 3,415 on Legundi Island, and a single group of around 10 individuals on Umang-umang Island. These findings provide insights into previously underrecognized and underpublicized populations of LTM in Southern Sumatra, elucidate the potential for colonization of new territories by LTM on the surveyed islands, and underscore conflicts with local communities in specific areas. Therefore, it is imperative to intensify management efforts to improve habitat conditions, mitigate conflicts, and enhance the overall success of LTM conservation and management strategies.

Biodiversity, social adoptability, and preference toward managing medicinal plants in homegardens across elevations in the Menoreh Mountains, Kulonprogo District, Indonesia

2025-03-07T06:36:00+00:00

Abstract. Budiadi, Irwan SNR, Lestari LD, Madjid MIN, Arifin HS, Nurhayati, Kaswanto, Faisal B, Dahlan MZ, Nadhiroh SR, Wahyuni TS, Ali MS. 2025. Biodiversity, social adoptability, and preference toward managing medicinal plants in homegardens across elevations in the Menoreh Mountains, Kulonprogo District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1316-1324. Pekarangan, or "homegarden" is an agroforestry system that provides various products, including low-cost medicinal plants for maintaining family and community health. The Menoreh Mountains in Yogyakarta province, Central Java, is a center of production for medicinal plants that have been utilized by local people for generations. This research was conducted at three elevation levels—100-200 masl (lowland), 400-500 masl (mid-elevation), and >800 masl (highland)—in the Menoreh Mountains, to measure the biodiversity of homegardens, to predict adoption level of and people's preference toward medicinal plants, and to discuss pharmacological activity of the plants against potential epidemics. It involved direct observation of 30 homegardens, and interviews with 45 respondents using 22 close-ended questions from the ADOPT Tool framework. Diversity indices among locations were compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc test, and results from the interviews were analyzed using the ADOPT Tool. The pharmacological activities of the medicinal plants were analyzed through a literature study. The results showed that plant species in the homegardens had five main functions, i.e., food-producing, medicinal, fodder, estate crops, and ornamental plants. A total of 22 species from 13 families of medicinal plants deeply rooted in the local culture were cultivated in the homegardens. Peak adoption of medicinal-plant management in lowland, mid-elevation, and highland communities was predicted at 17%, 98%, and 98% within a period of ten, five, and two years, respectively. Highland people can more easily adopt the cultivation system of medicinal plants than mid-elevation and lowland communities. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) were the two most preferred medicinal plants in all locations, that increase immunity via antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. This suggests people in the Menoreh Mountains have good resilience to potential epidemics. Still, future research to increase the diversity and characterization of specific compounds of medicinal plants is needed.

Genetic of stranded Dugong dugon (Müller 1776) in the Java Sea, Indonesia, through COX1-based DNA barcoding

2025-02-18T13:02:24+00:00

Abstract. Dewi CSU, Wahyudi S, Tarno H, Wiadnya DGR, Iranawati F, Sukandar, Martinah A, Sani LMI, Subhan B, Herandarudewi SM, Faiqoh E, Ciptadi G. 2025. Genetic of stranded Dugong dugon (Müller 1776) in the Java Sea, Indonesia, through COX1-based DNA barcoding. Biodiversitas 26: 951-962. The dugong (Dugong dugon (Müller 1776)), an endangered herbivorous marine mammal, is listed as the Red List of the IUCN and CITES Appendix I. Considering its protected categorizing, its population is persistently decreasing globally, particularly in Indonesia, accordingly requiring significant conservation measures. This study aimed to assess the conservation status of the species, analyze the morphology, morphometry, and genetic profile of stranded dugongs, and evaluate surrounding seagrass meadows. Fieldwork undertaken in February, March, and September 2023 concentrated on stranded dugongs, gathering morphological, morphometric, and genetic data, in addition to surveying seagrass habitats using satellite photography. Morphological observations encompassed 14 criteria, whilst tissue samples from pectoral fins were utilized for genetic profiling by phylogenetic analysis. Geographic coordinates identified stranded dugongs, whereas seagrass regions were assessed with Sentinel-2 data and QGIS. The results indicated that genetic investigation verified the species' strong affinity with populations in the Java Sea and New Zealand, with more divergence from dugongs in Kerala, India. The seagrass beds adjacent to the dugongs' habitat ranged from 0.21 to 16.68 hectares within a larger network of 55.38 to 85.35 hectares, underscoring their potential as a protection zone. These findings underscore the essential link between dugong conservation and seagrass ecosystem conservation, making it clear that both aspects are interconnected and necessitate combined protection methods.

Evaluation of antioxidant sources in fermented cocoa pod husk as animal feed

2025-01-24T01:56:54+00:00

Abstract. Yunilas, Ramadhani R, Tapotubun AM, Tapotubun EJ, Nasution MIA, Fariani A, Akbar R. 2025. Evaluation of antioxidant sources in fermented cocoa pod husk as animal feed. Biodiversitas 26: 521-527. Cocoa has pods that have the potential to be used as feed. However, before being applied to livestock, fermentation using local microorganisms is necessary. This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant sources in fermented cocoa pod husk as feed for animal science and fisheries. The design used in this study was a Complete Randomized Design 3 x 3 factorial pattern with 3 replicates. Factor I was the dose of LMO (DM1 = 2%, DM2 = 4%, DM3 = 6%) and Factor II the fermentation time (LF7 = 7 d, LF14 = 14 d, LF21 = 21 d). Results showed that the dose of LMO and the fermentation time had a very significant effect (p<0.01) on phenol content and there was an interaction between the dose of LMO and the fermentation time (p<0.01). The dose of LMO had a very significant effect (p<0.01) and the fermentation time had no effect (p>0.05) on flavonoid content and there was no interaction between the dose of LMO and the fermentation time (p>0.05). The antioxidant content of the best fermented CPH in this study is DM1LF14 with a phytochemical screening was alkaloid (+), phenol (++), flavonoid (++), saponin (-), tannin (+), yield percentage 15.20%, flavonoids 0.20% and phenols 0.87%.

Evaluating the utilization status of banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis) in the Mukomuko Waters, Bengkulu, Indonesia

2025-02-22T14:31:33+00:00

Abstract. Erizal A, Wiyono ES, Taurusman AA, Zulkarnain. 2025. Evaluating the utilization status of banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis) in the Mukomuko Waters, Bengkulu, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1164-1170. Since the 1980s, the prawn resources in the Mukomuko Waters (Sumatra, Indonesia) have been subject to exploitation through shrimp mini-trawling, causing high levels of pressure due to the intensive trawling in a relatively small fishing area. It is essential to implement appropriate management measures to ensure the sustainability of the prawn resources. The objective of this study is to assess the exploitation status of banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis) in order to provide the basis for sustainable prawn management. A simple random sampling technique was employed to obtain a representative sample of the prawn stock. The sampled catch of P. merguiensis in Mukomuko Waters was predominantly female. The result of the relationship between length and weight species analysis demonstrates a negative allometric growth pattern. The Gonad Maturity Level (GML) of P. merguiensis was found to be dominated by GML II and GML III categories, indicating fish catch was developing virgin and maturing. Fishing mortality (F) was found to be higher than the natural mortality (M), with an exploitation rate (E) of 0.69. The Spawning Potential Ratio (SPR) was determined to be 0.20, further indicating that P. merguiensis in Mukomuko Waters is currently overexploited. Based on these findings, two management strategies are proposed: regulating the operation of shrimp mini-trawls based on the time and place of fishing activities and replacing shrimp trawls with more environmentally friendly fishing gear.

Diversity and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in Krueng Aceh watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia

2025-02-02T02:29:34+00:00

Abstract. Octavina C, Muchlisin ZA, Satriyo P, Hurzaid A. 2025. Diversity and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in Krueng Aceh watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 601-616. Krueng Aceh, the densest watershed in Aceh Province, Indonesia, features diverse habitats with rainwater as its main source. However, agriculture, plantations, sand mining, and waste disposal have affected its aesthetics. This study examines the diversity and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in Krueng Aceh. Conducted over six months (March-August 2024), it used purposive sampling at 10 stations (upstream, midstream, and downstream). Surber nets sampled upstream and midstream, while PVC pipes were used downstream. A total of 1240 benthic macroinvertebrates were identified across 3 phyla, 5 classes, 29 families, 42 genera, and 49 species. Hydropsyche angustipennis dominated hard substrates, while Tarebia granifera dominated soft substrates. Most macroinvertebrates exhibited a clustered distribution, with some showing no clear pattern. The diversity index (H') ranged from 0.99 to 3.46 (moderate to high), and the Simpson dominance index from 0.10 to 0.62 (low dominance). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) grouped the 10 stations into two similarity clusters. Overall, macroinvertebrate diversity in Krueng Aceh was relatively high, and water quality remained within acceptable standards.

Digestive tract microbiota composition of white shrimp with symptoms of White Feces Syndrome (WFS) causing high mortality in Pasuruan, Indonesia

2025-02-05T07:09:10+00:00

Abstract. Satyantini WH, Rahardjo KKE, Amin M, Mukti AT, Andriyono S, Yasin ISM. 2025. Digestive tract microbiota composition of white shrimp with symptoms of White Feces Syndrome (WFS) causing high mortality in Pasuruan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 690-697. Disease outbreaks remain one of the leading causes of failure in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)) farming, with White Feces Syndrome (WFS) continuing to pose a significant challenge. In Pasuruan Regency, particularly in Gerongan and Kalianyar Villages, shrimp farmers have reported alarming mortality rates associated with this disease, often experiencing high shrimp death rates within a single day. This study aimed to determine the primary pathogen responsible for WFS by analyzing differences in the microbial composition between healthy and infected shrimp using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Shrimp samples were collected from two villages in Pasuruan where WFS outbreaks had been reported. In Gerongan Village, sampling was conducted at DOC 22, while in Kalianyar Village, it was carried out at DOC 51. Each village provided two shrimp samples: healthy shrimp and those showing disease symptoms. Healthy shrimp were identified by the absence of visible disease symptoms, such as pale hepatopancreas, empty digestive tracts, and floating white feces. Sampling was conducted manually between 10 AM and 12 PM to minimize stress. The shrimp were immediately placed in sterile cool boxes with ice packs, maintaining a temperature of approximately 4°C to preserve gut microbiota and prevent microbial degradation. The shrimp gut samples were analyzed to identify the microbial composition, revealing that the dominant bacteria in the guts of WFS-infected shrimp were pathogenic species, including Photobacterium damselae, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio coralliilyticus. These pathogens are suspected to be the main causative agents of WFS outbreaks in the studied areas.

Diversity and composition of plants in ex-mining revegetation lands for cement raw materials in South Kalimantan, Indonesia

2025-02-08T03:02:10+00:00

Abstract. Soendjoto MA, Sudiarta IWK, Cangara MIZ, Patria WA, Riefani MK. 2025. Diversity and composition of plants in ex-mining revegetation lands for cement raw materials in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 670-680. PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk carries out open-pit mining to obtain cement raw materials in Kotabaru District, South Kalimantan, Indonesia, for the Tarjun-12 Factory. The company then undertakes the challenging task of revegetating ex-mining lands. However, there are no existing records of plant species post-revegetation, which occurred 13 to 16 years ago. This research is unique in its approach, aiming to document plant species and analyze their presence after revegetation. The methodology involves placing an observation path on each ex-mining land, with each path comprising 10 observation plots (20 m x 20 m) for recording woody plants at tree level. Each observation plot includes a small plot (10 m x 10 m) for data collection at the pole level, one plot (5 m x 5 m) for sapling level and non-woody plants (herbs), and one plot (2 m x 2 m) for seedling level and non-woody plants (grasses, ferns). The data were then analyzed after obtaining the importance value index, diversity index (Shannon-Wiener), and similarity index (Sorensen). The study revealed that more than 90% of the 155 plant species (54 families) are spontaneously grown plants, and most plant communities between ex-mining lands are dissimilar. The highest diversity is in woody plants at the sapling level and also trees on ex-laterite mining land. These results represent unique baseline data for 13-16 years post-revegetation.

Differences in ichthyofauna composition among tropical seagrass habitats in the small semi-enclosed bay

2025-02-20T11:11:21+00:00

Abstract. Latuconsina H, Zulfahmi I, Prasetyo HD, Rangkuti AM, Nur M, Kautsari N, Marasabessy I. 2025. Differences in ichthyofauna composition among tropical seagrass habitats in the small semi-enclosed bay. Biodiversitas 26: 992-1007. The seagrass ecosystem is an important habitat for ichthyofauna in coastal waters and small islands in tropical areas. The richness of ichthyofauna species in seagrass habitats is highly dependent on the physical characteristics of the habitat and the support of other nearby habitats. This research aims to compare the number of species, families and orders of ichthyofauna among different seagrass habitats in the waters of a semi-enclosed bay. The research stations were based on different seagrass habitats in Inner Ambon Bay (IAB), Maluku, Indonesia, single-vegetation seagrass meadows and mixed-vegetation seagrass meadows. We conducted fish sampling using beach seines at monthly intervals for one year. We collected a total of 10,772 fish specimens representing 123 species from 46 families and 22 orders. Of note, 69.1% were juveniles. Different species were present in different seagrass habitats, each with its own physical characteristics. Fish abundance, species richness, and similarity indices were higher in mixed-vegetation seagrass habitats than single vegetation habitats. Proximity between seagrass habitats supports high similarity in species, families and orders. Therefore, protecting different types of seagrass habitats is the right strategy for supporting the abundance and diversity of the ichthyofauna. In addition, the protection of habitats surrounding seagrass meadows, such as mangroves and coral reefs, which are ecologically linked through tidal migration of ichthyofauna, is also important to support the conservation of ichthyofauna to achieve sustainable fisheries use in IAB to support food security.

Phylogenetic analysis of local Papuan (Indonesia) sweet potato genotypes using the maturase K (matK) molecular marker

2025-03-07T03:17:44+00:00

Abstract. Mawikere NL, Prabawardani S, Suparno A, Taberima S, Olludium N, Warbaal A, Wibawati Z, Sulistyaningsih LD. 2025. Phylogenetic analysis of local Papuan (Indonesia) sweet potato genotypes using the maturase K (matK) molecular marker. Biodiversitas 26: 1367-1375. This study aimed to investigate the genetic relationship among 12 local Papuan sweet potato genotypes using the maturase K (matK) molecular marker. DNA was extracted from fresh leaf samples and amplified using the matK primer, with sequencing conducted through the Sanger method. Sequence analysis was performed using MEGA11 software, employing BLAST for alignment with GenBank data. Clustering analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method. While, the phylogenetic tree was constructed using Maximum Likelihood analysis with 1,000 bootstrap replications. The study showed extensive morphological diversity among the sweet potato genotypes, except for L-MKW and Biak-1 genotypes. Nucleotide variation ranges from 858 bp to 867 bp, with polymorphic sites identified at key nucleotide positions. Sweet potato genotype with the largest number of nucleotides was Numfor (867 bp). There were 12 polymorphic sites in nucleotide sequences 1-8, 837, 838, 864, and 865. The average nucleotide composition of twelve sweet potato genotypes was T/U (28.34%), C (15.76%), A (38.01%), and G (17.89%). The number of amino acids formed varied from 265 (Nabire) to 271 (Prafi-1, Mokwam), with an average number of 267.58. The highest amino acid composition was Lysine (Lys/K) 11.87%. Only four sites had polymorphic amino acids in the amino acid sequences 1, 2, 3, and 280. The grouping pattern of Papuan sweet potato genotypes based on nucleotide similarities amplified by the matK primer formed three groups based on their nucleotide similarities, namely i) Mokwam, Numfor, L-MKW; ii) Airani Serui, Prafi, Nabire; and iii) Ungu MKW, L-Sorong, Koya-4, Tinta-1, Biak-1, Amban Pantai-2. This cluster highlights the genetic diversity within Papuan sweet potato populations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between the studied genotypes and other species of the Ipomoea genus. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic diversity of Papuan sweet potatoes, offering potential applications for conservation and local crop improvement efforts.

Utilization of medicinal plant extracts to reduce the mosaic disease complex of chili plant

2025-02-27T08:40:58+00:00

Abstract. Damiri N, Fenton AR, Irsan C, Oktaviani, Fadly R, Pratama R, Mulawarman, Arinafril, Rahim SE. 2025. Utilization of medicinal plant extracts to reduce the mosaic disease complex of chili plant. Biodiversitas 26: 1303-1309. Viral diseases lead to substantial yield losses in chili cultivation, with the mosaic disease complex being one the most serious effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of medicinal plant extracts in protecting chili plants against mosaic disease complex in the field. This research was conducted at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. The research was desgined in a factorial randomized block. The first factor was medicinal plant extracts: A. Annona muricata leaf extract; B. Datura metel leaf extract; C. Jatropha curcas leaf extract; D. Pachyrhizus erosus leaf extract; E. Azadirachta indica leaf extract; J. control. The second factor was the interval of application time: one week (W1), two weeks (W2), and three weeks (W3). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The extracts were sprayed at 2% concentration on chili plants. Results showed that the application of medicinal plant leaf extracts, combined with different application intervals, effectively suppresses the mosaic disease complex in chili plants. Among the treatments, extracts of D. metel and A. indica applied at two-week intervals resulted in the lowest incidence and severity of mosaic disease, both in terms of percentage and intensity. Additionally, treated plants exhibited greater fruit yield and increased plant height compared to the control group. The effectiveness of D. metel and A. indica as biopesticides is attributed to their potent bioactive compounds. Notably, applying these extracts at two-week intervals reduced mosaic disease complex attacks to just 12.02%. Further research should be conducted to optimize application methods and assess long-term effects on crop productivity.

Screening of actinobacteria isolated from rice and their potential to inhibit virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

2025-03-12T14:09:57+00:00

Abstract. Nurwulan UT, Joko T, Arwiyanto T. 2025. Screening of actinobacteria isolated from rice and their potential to inhibit virulence of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Biodiversitas 26: 1414-1422. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the pathogen causing bacterial leaf blight, is a major obstacle to improving rice productivity. The virulence factors of Xoo, such as motility, biofilm formation, and Extracellular Polysaccharides (EPS), are significant contributors to its pathogenicity. Actinobacteria, known for their beneficial properties, have promising applications in biological control. This study aimed to isolate actinobacteria and evaluate their potential to suppress Xoo virulence. Actinobacteria isolates were obtained from paddy fields in Yogyakarta, which have been proven to effectively inhibit the swimming, swarming, and twitching motility of Xoo. Isolates KpNg1 and Bs3 showed the most significant suppression, reducing motility to an average diameter of 0.2 cm. All actinobacteria isolates demonstrated the ability to inhibit biofilm formation, as indicated by reduced absorbance values in the crystal violet binding assay, with biofilm inhibitory rates ranging from 16% to 78%. Similarly, the EPS inhibition assay showed that all isolates significantly decreased EPS production, with inhibitory rates ranging from 4% to 49%. The inhibition of Xoo virulence factors is associated with quorum quenching mechanisms, particularly in relation to pili and flagella function. Isolates Bs1, KpS, and Bs3 were found to be closely related to Rhodococcus sovatensis by phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. At the same time, isolates KpNg1, SGg, and Bs2 were found to be closely related to Rhodococcus yunnanensis. These findings underscore the intriguing role of actinobacteria in suppressing Xoo virulence, paving the way for further research and potential applications in biological control.

Ethnomedicine study of medicinal plants as malaria treatments in Moi Tribe, Southwest Papua, Indonesia

2025-02-07T07:25:22+00:00

Abstract. Hutami AT, Ekasari W, Rudyanto M. 2025. Ethnomedicine study of medicinal plants as malaria treatments in Moi Tribe, Southwest Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1124-1134. Moi Tribe is the indigenous tribe in Sorong District and Raja Ampat of the Southwest Papua Province, Indonesia, that still holds onto their traditional value, including maintaining their health. Living in the eastern part of Indonesia, where malaria is still prevalent, the Moi Tribe still use the traditional method to treat their illness using medicinal herbs according to the knowledge that has been passed down from their ancestor. Ethnomedicine is a study of the perception and conception of a local tribe in order to understand health, or a study to investigate the traditional medical system of a tribal community. The purpose of this study was to gain information on the use of natural products by the Moi Tribe community in Kampung Malaumkarta, Sorong District to treat malaria. The qualitative research method was employed, with in-depth interviews, purposive, and snowball sampling. The inclusion and exclusion criteria qualified 30 people as informants. The study's results indicate that, depending on the route of administration, 10 single concoctions are administered orally, while two plants are administered topically. Based on the number of citations, the most widely used traditional antimalaria plants are the stems of tali kuning (Arcangelisia flava) with 0.96 RFC (Relative Frequency of Citation) index, papaya leaf (Carica papaya) with 0.7 RFC, and leaf of Orthosiphon aristatus with 0.26 RFC. The most common mode of preparation of the herbal medicines is to boil them in two glasses of water, strain them, and drink the decoction. They usually consume a glass of the concoction twice a day until the condition improves, which typically takes two days. The topical treatments include the use of itchy leaves (Laportea decumana) that are rubbed onto the body part that feels sore, leaf of Premna serratifolia is rubbed on the forehead to relieve headaches. Most of the plants that are used by the tribe have been shown to have various pharmacological effects.

Diversity, abundance, and ecological roles of insect pollinators in red guava flowers (Psidium guajava) in East Java, Indonesia

2025-02-28T06:48:33+00:00

Abstract. Purwantiningsih B, Leksono AS, Yanuwiyadi B, Gama ZP, Abdullah SA. 2025. Diversity, abundance, and ecological roles of insect pollinators in red guava flowers (Psidium guajava) in East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1211-1219. Red guava (Psidium guajava) is a high-value crop with relatively easy cultivation requirements. However, the decline in pollinating insects is a global issue that has led to reduced guava productivity and harvest yields. This study aimed to analyze the abundance, richness, diversity, evenness, and dominance of insects visiting red guava flowers, as well as to visually examine their visitation patterns across five locations in East Java, Indonesia: Pademonegoro, Tlekung, Oro-Oro Ombo, Junrejo, and Mulyoagung, and assess the ecological roles. A total of 3432 individual insects from 17 families and five orders were identified, with pollinators dominating in all locations. Junrejo exhibited the highest abundance (29.11%) but low diversity (0.78), whereas Pademonegoro had the highest diversity (1.80) with moderate abundance. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in insect composition between locations (p>0.05), although PCA analysis indicated variations in insect characteristics at certain sites. Insect activity was influenced by flowering periods, temperature, and light intensity, with peak activity varying across locations. These findings underscore the critical role of pollinators, particularly the Apidae family, in red guava pollination, highlighting their significant contribution. The study also highlights the diverse adaptations of insect communities to their local environments, providing insights into sustainable agroecosystem management through pollinator conservation.

Phytochemical and proximate analysis of wild plants from the Gaza Strip, Palestine

2025-02-17T22:57:35+00:00

Abstract. Abou Auda MM. 2025. Phytochemical and proximate analysis of wild plants from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Biodiversitas 26: 1085-1094. This study focused on the proximate analysis and nutritional evaluation of some mineral elements in different parts of fifteen plants collected from various locations in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. The parameters analyzed include total carbohydrates, crude fiber, moisture content, ash content, total protein, and total lipids, as well as the nutritional value. The study found significant differences in the chemical composition among the plants. The highest calculated nutritive value was for the Polygonum equisetiforme stem (410.01 Kcal/100g), while the lowest was for the Silybum marianum leaf (286.75 Kcal/100g). The findings revealed that the investigated plants might serve as valuable sources of many significant macro-nutrients, such as N, P, and K. The N concentration was highest in the Sinapis arvensis leaf (2.6%) and lowest in the Polygonum equisetiforme stem (0.44%). The P concentration was highest in Centaurea iberica leaf (0.3%) and lowest in P. equisetiforme leaf (0.18%). The K concentration was highest in the S. arvensis flower (4.33%) and lowest in the P. equisetiforme stem (1.4%). The findings revealed that these plants could serve as nutritional supplements and therapeutic aids as they are rich in essential nutrients, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and fibers. Additionally, their significant mineral contents that make them beneficial for addressing malnutrition and supporting livestock growth.

Variability of agronomic characters and seed quality of 12 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes

2025-02-03T08:33:41+00:00

Abstract. Kusumawardana A, Ilyas S, Qadir A, Trikoesoemaningtyas, Human S. 2025. Variability of agronomic characters and seed quality of 12 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes. Biodiversitas 26: 628-635. Sorghum is a nutrient-rich food crop, an alternative commodity to substitute rice and other cereal crops, and can be grown on dry land; thus, it is important for food diversification to support food security and sustainable agriculture development in Indonesia. Utilization of high-quality seeds of superior varieties will improve sorghum productivity and quality. This study aimed to characterize the performance of 12 sorghum genotypes and identify potential lines for developing superior varieties. The planting materials used were nine BRIN sorghum lines (GHP-2, GHP-16, CTY-43, GH-1, GH-7, GH-9, G-5, G-7, G-8) and three national varieties (Bioguma 1, Pahat, Samurai 2). This research was conducted from June to October 2024 at the Institut Pertanian Bogor Leuwikopo Experimental Farm, Bogor, and Seed Quality Testing Development Center for Food Crops and Horticulture, Depok, West Java, Indonesia. The experimental design was a single-factor (genotypes) randomized complete block design with four replications. Seeds were planted in plots of 1x2.8 m with a spacing of 70x20 cm. Observations were made on agronomic characters and seed quality. The characters of plant height, 1000-seed weight, flowering age, and seed weight per plot significantly differed among genotypes. GH-9 line showed the highest productivity (2467.61 g seeds per plot) and 1000-seed weight (33.7 g). Of the 12 genotypes tested, the flowering ages ranged from 57 to 65 days after planting, with the fastest flowering age (57 days) on the CTY-43 line. Plant height measurements showed the lowest plant height (123.4 cm) on GHP-16, while the highest was GH-7 (228.9 cm).

Molecular and risk-based approaches to the status of Goldbanded Jobfish Pristipomoides multidens (Day, 1871) in Kupang, Indonesia

2025-02-13T03:43:07+00:00

Abstract. Wijayanti DP, Indrayanti E, Haryanti D, Wijayanti MK, Elmir ZG, Fachri FR, Bhagooli R, Nozawa Y. 2025. Molecular and risk-based approaches to the status of Goldbanded Jobfish Pristipomoides multidens (Day, 1871) in Kupang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 928-940. Snappers are economically valuable and important fishing activities in Indonesia. However, the lack of data on the stock status contributes to the uncertainty of the sustainability of the fisheries. We employed the Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) mtDNA gene to analyze the genetic diversity of the fish in combination with the Risk-Based Framework (RBF) methods of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) to assess the status of the Goldbanded jobfish (Pristipomoides multidens, Day, 1871) fishery at Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. Results indicated that all specimens collected from Kupang District belong to Pristipomoides multidens (Day, 1871), forming 2 clades. The clades have a low genetic distance, which likely suggests the fish are caught from the same fishing area. The phylogenetic tree reconstruction indicated potential genetic sub-divisions in the snapper population in the Timor Sea. The Risk-Based Framework approach showed the risk potency of the fishing activity has a low effect on the Goldbanded Jobfish, the baitfishes such as mackerel tuna, scads, Indian mackerel and squids, and most of the by-catch fishes. The final MSC score for the Goldbanded Jobfish fishery was 74, below the MSC £80 guide post, suggesting a medium risk potential faced by the fishery. Therefore, catch regulations, such as harvest control rules or open-close fishing should be applied to sustain the fishery.

Probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria obtained from intensive snakehead fish (Channa striata) culture ponds

2025-02-25T13:06:50+00:00

Abstract. Chi NTY, Minh NLK, Thi QVC. 2025. Probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria obtained from intensive snakehead fish (Channa striata) culture ponds. Biodiversitas 26: 1171-1179. Intensively farmed snakehead fish (Channa striata, hereinafter referred to as C. striata) in Vinh Long Province of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, have suffered significant harm from Aeromonas schubertii (hereinafter can be written as A. schubertii), the causative agent of visceral white spot disease. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to collect and select Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) with potential probiotic properties. The finding revealed that twenty-three LAB strains were yielded from pond water samples and fish guts. Regarding probiotic features, eleven of twenty-three LAB strains exhibited antagonistic activity against A. schubertii. Among them, strain LABB, which displayed the highest antibacterial activity, was classified as Lactiplantibacillus based on morphological, physiological, biochemical, and phylogenetic analysis results in the investigation. After 24 hours of incubation, strain LABB was able to survive in media with a pH between 2.0 and 4.0. Strain LABB, in particular, showed the ability to withstand bile salt at contents of 0.3% and 0.5% after being inoculated for 24 and 3 hours, respectively. Besides, the findings also revealed that the strain LABB could produce extracellular enzymes such as protease, amylase, and cellulase. Additionally, this bacterial strain was susceptible to penicillin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, doxycycline, ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, and chloramphenicol. According to research findings, LABB may be used to manage A. schubertii, which causes visceral white spot disease in farmed snakehead fish.

Bat species on Timor Island, Indonesia

2025-01-31T03:02:25+00:00

Abstract. Pramatana F, Hasibuan MM, Tohir RK, Tae CE, Fathurohman F, Maryanto I, Wiantoro S, Supriatna N, Arsa IGBA, Rammang N, Marawali A. 2025. Bat species on Timor Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 564-571. Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, is one of the Lesser Sunda regions with unique biodiversity. Updating information as a database needs to be carried out to become the basis for conservation actions at the species and ecosystem levels, considering that bat species are very vulnerable to habitat destruction. This research aims to collect a checklist of bat species on Timor Island by selecting sampling locations based on the habitat's climatic conditions. The study was conducted in 10 research locations, including conservation, forest, village, and one disturbance area. Data was collected using mist nets, harp traps, and interviews with local communities. Suppose there is a record or a species that is doubtful in its identification, a specimen will be made and will then send samples to the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Indonesia. Bat research in the Timor Island area was carried out in 1979 and recorded twenty-two species of bats. However, the locations in that research are spread across the Timor Leste region. This study on Timor Island, Indonesia, recorded twenty bat species, including a new record of Dobsonia viridis in the Lesser Sunda Island region. This species was previously documented only in Celebes and Moluccas.

Species (biological, biochemical) features of the causative agent of bovine streptococcosis isolated on the territory of Kazakhstan

2025-02-20T22:14:22+00:00

Abstract. Ilimbayeva A, Yegorova N, Bakiyeva F, Kydyrova G, Nussupova S. 2025. Species (biological, biochemical) features of the causative agent of bovine streptococcosis isolated on the territory of Kazakhstan. Biodiversitas 26: 1114-1123. The research was focused on identifying and characterizing streptococci responsible for mastitis in cattle, highlighting their pathogenic characteristics and antibiotic resistance. The goal was to develop more effective diagnostic, preventive, and treatment methods to reduce the impact of streptococcal infections on animal husbandry. Molecular techniques like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were used for precise species identification, while microbiological and biochemical analyses provided insights into their pathogenicity and resistance profiles. The identified streptococci included Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus bovis complex, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Streptococcus canis, and Streptococcus suis, and each species exhibited unique characteristics. For example, S. agalactiae showed beta-hemolytic activity, making it highly pathogenic to the mammary gland, while S. dysgalactiae demonstrated both alpha- and beta-hemolytic activity. S. uberis could thrive in high NaCl concentrations and showed notable enzymatic activity, and S. bovis complex exhibited gamma-hemolysis with the ability to grow in saline conditions. Additionally, beta-hemolytic species like S. pyogenes, S. zooepidemicus, S. canis, and S. suis highlighted their roles in respiratory diseases and interspecies transmission. The study underscores the importance of species-specific differentiation in streptococcal infections, as it is crucial for tailoring effective treatment and prevention strategies. This contributes to improved approaches in diagnosing, preventing, and treating mastitis in cattle, particularly in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance.

Bioprospecting of Bacillus species from East Kalimantan, Indonesia for developing sustainable mosquito larvicides

2025-03-07T03:35:11+00:00

Abstract. Hariani N, Budiman, Patang F, Yuliatin E. 2025. Bioprospecting of Bacillus species from East Kalimantan, Indonesia for developing sustainable mosquito larvicides. Biodiversitas 26: 1360-1366. Climate change, unplanned urbanization, environmental pollution, and the development of insecticide-resistant mosquito populations have increased Vector-Borne Disease (VBD) incidents in tropical and subtropical countries. They require an innovative and sustainable action strategy. As the endemic area of VBDs, East Kalimantan stores unexplored biocontrol agents such as Bacillus species. Therefore, this study tested the toxicity of nine single and three mixed isolates of Bacillus from East Kalimantan against mosquito larvae of both Aedes aegypti and non-Ae. aegypti species; and identified the selected Bacillus isolates using a 16S rDNA sequence approach. Five single isolates of Bacillus from East Kalimantan (BP1, BP2, BP3, BF2, and BF3) and their consortia (BPM, BFM, and BFP) decreased the larvae number over time. They demonstrated high effectiveness in reducing Ae. aegypti and non-Ae. aegypti larvae population with more than 50% mortality at 48 hours of exposure. However, utilizing a single isolate of Bacillus as a biocontrol agent against mosquitoes was preferred over using mixed isolates for efficiency in larvacide production, offering a sustainable alternative to chemical insecticides. Moreover, Bacillus-BP3 and Bacillus-BF2 isolates from East Kalimantan, identified as Bacillus subtilis, were strong and safe candidates for developing sustainable larvicides to control mosquito populations with larvae mortality percentage up to 100% in 24 hours, mainly Ae. aegypti. Other isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus (BP1) and Bacillus tropicus (BP2), which also showed high and consistent larvacide activity from the beginning of the exposure.

Potential probiotic characteristics of Bacillus sp. originated from intensive snakehead fish (Channa striata) raising ponds in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam

2025-01-03T01:32:19+00:00

Abstract. Chi NTY, Minh NLK, Thi QVC. 2025. Potential probiotic characteristics of Bacillus sp. originated from intensive snakehead fish (Channa striata) raising ponds in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 26: 85-93. Internal white spot disease caused by Aeromonas schubertii in snakehead fish (Channa striata) has become increasingly common and leading to significant economic losses to fish farmers. This study aimed to isolate and screen Bacillus with potential probiotic characteristics from intensively cultured snakehead fish in Vinh Long province. The results isolated 16 out of 34 Bacillus strains from pond water, sludge, and the intestine samples of snakehead fish were antagonistic against A. schubertii using the diffusion well method. In the study, strain BC2LM1 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity and was identified as Bacillus based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing results. Strain BC2LM1 in this study was able to survive in media with pH ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 after 6 h of incubation. In particular, it tolerated bile salts at a concentration of 0.5% after 9 h of inoculation. The strain also demonstrated the ability to produce extracellular enzymes, including cellulase, amylase, and protease. Moreover, BC2LM1 was found to be susceptible to ampicillin/sulbactam, clindamycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, and levofloxacin. These findings show the potential application of Bacillus to control A. schubertii infections in intensively cultured snakehead fish in the Mekong Delta.

Genetic diversity and population structure of an endemic bee Wallacetrigona incisa in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

2025-02-12T10:00:55+00:00

Abstract. Suhri AGMI, Hasan PA, Bahar I, Salatnaya H, Hashifah FN, Rahmah MH, Wulandhani S, Mubarok H, Astuti WW. 2025. Genetic diversity and population structure of an endemic bee Wallacetrigona incisa in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 861-868. Stingless bees are vital pollinators for biodiversity, yet their genetic diversity and population dynamics in isolated regions like Sulawesi, Indonesia, remain poorly understood. A stingless bee species in the highland regions of Sulawesi, Wallacetrigona incisa, was investigated for its genetic variability, population dynamics, and environmental influences. This study aimed to clarify the genetic basis of the different populations in the highlands and lowlands. Inbreeding rates, population structure, and genetic exchange were assessed using molecular markers. The results showed low levels of inbreeding across populations with minor geographic differences, indicating that gene flow is still occurring between populations. Population structure analysis identified two distinct genetic groups, a highland group and a lowland group, suggesting strong genetic divergence, possibly due to geographical isolation. The association with over-winter survival in this study was the broad climate variables floral abundance and temperature. The results indicate that floral richness, particularly in highland regions, predicts genetic diversity better than temperature. These findings suggest that environmental variables, especially floral diversity, are particularly important for shaping W. incisa population genetics. Our study contributes new knowledge to W. incisa conservation and management by revealing that floral richness, particularly in highland regions, strongly influences genetic diversity and population robustness, underscoring the necessity of preserving diverse floral habitats. Additionally, this research contributes to our knowledge of the impacts of geographic and environmental factors on the genetic diversity of stingless bees and provides a valuable basis for future conservation efforts on a large scale in Sulawesi and other similar ecological areas.

Current distribution and habitat suitability for the present and future scenarios of Cyrtodactylus angularis in Thailand

2025-03-03T10:12:37+00:00

Abstract. Khajitmathee N, Kaewtongkum N, Chaiyes A, Suksavate W, Duengkae P, Sribandit P, Phochayavanich R, Chuaynkern C, Chuaynkern Y. 2025. Current distribution and habitat suitability for the present and future scenarios of Cyrtodactylus angularis in Thailand. Biodiversitas 26: 1039-1050. The genus Cyrtodactylus, with approximately 381 species, is among the most speciose in the family Gekkonidae. Cyrtodactylus angularis, an endemic species of Thailand, was assessed for habitat suitability using Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM). This study evaluates the species' potential risks under current and future environmental conditions. Species identification was based on photographic evidence and morphological traits. The MaxEnt model was employed to estimate the species' potential distribution. The analysis identified dry evergreen forests as the primary environmental variable influencing habitat suitability, showing a strong positive correlation with the species. The current habitat suitability area for C. angularis is estimated at 5,879.51 km². Under future climate scenarios, habitat suitability areas are projected to decrease significantly. By 2050, the habitat suitability areas are expected to shrink by 372.00 km² (-6.33%) under SSP2-4.5 and 2,121.69 km² (-36.09%) under SSP5-8.5. 2070 further reductions are anticipated, with declines of 2,120.05 km² (-36.06%) under SSP2-4.5 and 5,309.17 km² (-90.30%) under SSP5-8.5. These projections highlight the substantial threat climate change poses to the species' habitat. The Phu Khiao-Nam Nao and Dong Phaya Yen-Khao Yai Forest Complexes are identified as key potential preserves for C. angularis. We recommend prioritizing these areas for conservation efforts to protect the species from future environmental changes. Additionally, intensive surveys across the species' full range are essential to enhance our understanding of its ecological niche. Expanding occurrence data from under-surveyed regions will improve habitat suitability models and help identify critical microhabitats, supporting more effective conservation planning.

The community structure of Echinodermata (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) on seagrass ecosystem in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2024-12-03T09:57:57+00:00

Abstract. Nurcahyo FD, Zen HM, ‘Azizah HPN, Nugroho GD, Ramdhun D, Yap CK, Indrawan M, Setyawan AD. 2024. The community structure of Echinodermata (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) on seagrass ecosystem in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4561-4571. Echinoderms, which encompass various classes such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers, play a crucial role in marine ecosystems and contribute significantly to maintaining ecological balance. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand the composition structure of echinoderms (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) in several beaches of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The survey was conducted on March 2024 at Pringjono Beach, Dadap Ayam Beach, Ngrenehan Beach, Torohudan Beach, and Ngrawah Beach. Data analyzed included species diversity, density and ecological indices of echinoderms (Echinoidea and Holothuroidea) at each beach location. The research findings revealed that across the five beaches of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, there were two classes of echinoderms, namely Echinoidea (sea urchins) and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers), with a total of 7 identified species, namely Echinometra mathaei, Echinometra oblonga, Heterocentrotus trigonarius, Tripneustes gratilla, Colobocentrotus atratus, Stomopneustes variolaris, and Holothuria leucospilota. Only one beach recorded the presence of sea cucumbers, while the number of sea urchin species varied at each beach. Dadap Ayam Beach recorded the highest number of sea urchin species, followed by Ngrenehan Beach. Additionally, Dadap Ayam Beach exhibited higher values of species diversity and richness compared to other beaches. A total of seven echinoderm species were identified, with a total abundance of 367 individuals/1000 m². The beaches in this study showed variations in the diversity and distribution of echinoderms, particularly Echinoidea and Holothuroidea. However, overall species diversity and richness values were generally low, indicating the potential vulnerability of these ecosystems.

Short Communication: Orchid diversity in the riparian area of Samin River, Central Java, Indonesia

2025-01-02T06:14:19+00:00

Abstract. Herdananta BY, Karina R, Khoirunnisa S, Nugraha GD, Setyawan AD. 2024. Short communication: Orchid diversity in the riparian area of Samin River, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 5046-5054. Riparian area provides various ecosystem services, including the habitat of orchids. This research aimed to determine the diversity of orchid species along the riverbank of Samin River, Karanganyar-Sukoharjo Districts, Central Java, Indonesia. Data collection was conducted in three segments of the river: upstream (Blumbang and Gondosuli Villages), middle stream (Girilayu and Plosorejo Villages) and downstream (Kadokan Village). At each station, explorative method using cruising path with length of 1 km along the riverbank and width of 5-10 meters on both sides was used to document the presence of orchids. Data was analyzed to produce the Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index (H'), evenness index (E), and Margalef species richness index (R). This study recorded 19 species of orchids in which 13 species with 198 individuals were found in the upstream, four species with 154 individuals in the middle stream, and two species with 2 individuals in the downstream. Orchid species with the highest frequency was Crepidium kobi. There were 5 species of terrestrial orchids and 14 species of epiphytic orchids. For the epiphytic orchid, Zone 3 on the host tree was the zone with the largest number of species and individuals found. The upstream and middle stream had moderate diversity, while the downstream had low diversity. The three stations had different evenness categories in which quite evenly distributed in the upstream, less even in the middle stream and uneven in the downstream. All three stations had low richness index. The findings of this study suggest that the importance of maintaining riparian habitats to support the sustainability of biodiversity, especially orchid. Conservation efforts can help maintain the balance of ecosystems and biodiversity in this area. This study can be the basis for more effective conservation management in riparian areas.

The study of diversity and distribution of bats in several fragmented forests and small adjacent islands in Batam City, Riau Island, Indonesia

2025-01-13T11:59:54+00:00

Abstract. Syamsi F, Novarino W, Dahelmi, Chairul. 2025. The study of diversity and distribution of bats in several fragmented forests and small adjacent islands in Batam City, Riau Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 223-232. Bats are ecologically and taxonomically diverse and crucial in tropical ecosystems, including on islands. This study compares bat diversity in fragmented forests on urban islands and adjacent islands connected by bridges to assess the impact of urbanization on bat populations, providing insights for conservation and habitat management. We sampled bats across four sites in Batam City, Indonesia, including two secondary forests (SF1 and SF2) and two small islands (SI1 and SI2). Using 120 harp trap nights and 120 net nights, we captured 429 bats representing 15 species and 4 families. Our findings revealed moderate bat diversity (H' 1.02 to 1.66), with SF1 being the most stable habitat, showing balanced species richness, evenness (0.72), and low dominance (0.24), indicating an evenly distributed community. The Bray-Curtis Similarity index indicated that SF1 had a distinct bat community with only 58% similarity to other habitats. Notably, two near-threatened species were found in SF1, emphasizing its ecological significance. The study suggests that fragmented forests with healthy vegetation and habitat complexity surrounding urban areas are more supportive of bat populations than small islands with limited resources. These results highlight the need for targeted conservation efforts in forest fragments surrounding urban areas to preserve bat diversity in Batam City, Riau Island, Indonesia.

Quality of sugar palm sap (Arenga pinnata) from various production centers in West Sumatra, Indonesia

2025-02-12T05:28:06+00:00

Abstract. Anggraini T, Anwar A, Hervani D, Suhendra D, Wisnubroto MP, Noflindawati, Nst IM. 2025. Quality of sugar palm sap (Arenga pinnata) from various production centers in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 859-860. Arenga pinnata is a palm tree that produces palm sap, which contains high sugar content and offers a sweet taste and bioactive components that function as antioxidants. These A. pinnata trees grow in West Sumatra, where sugar palm fruit and palm sap sugar are the main horticultural products. In this study, we investigated the quality of palm sap (A. pinnata) from various sap-producing regions thrive in West Sumatra, Indonesia, focusing on their color, total sugar contents, antioxidant activities, total phenolic contents, and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) measurements. We compared palm sap sugar from the West Pasaman, Agam, Tanah Datar, Limapuluh Kota, South Solok, and Dharmasraya regions in West Sumatra. The color of palm sugar sap is vibrant yellow-red. The total sugar content ranges from 7-15.73%. The antioxidant activity of palm sap varies based on its concentration, with its total polyphenol content ranging from 46.32-499.32 mg GAE/g, highlighting the potential health benefits of palm sap. We also used the FTIR analysis to identify functional groups in the samples. This finding showed that the quality of palm sap found in West Sumatra varies in terms of quality. Based on its antioxidant content, MNJ A has the highest antioxidant activity, and TLM A has the highest total polyphenols. These results show that total polyphenols are not the only ones that contribute to the antioxidant activity of palm sap.

Enhanced mycorrhiza helper bacterial inoculant for improving the health of Arabica coffee seedlings grown in nematode-infected soil

2025-01-08T14:36:26+00:00

Abstract. Hindersah R, Asyiah IN, Amaria W, Fitriatin BN, Mudakir I, Banerjee S. 2025. Enhanced mycorrhiza helper bacterial inoculant for improving the health of Arabica coffee seedlings grown in nematode-infected soil. Biodiversitas 26: 127-124. The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB) combine to combat the Pratylenchus coffeae nematode infection on coffee plantations sustainably and synergistically. Additionally, AMF facilitates the availability of phosphorus in plants. The objectives of present study are to formulate an enhanced MHB liquid inoculant containing Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas diminuta, and to test its efficacy in controlling P. coffeae in roots, improving P status in soil and plants, and promoting the growth of Arabica coffee seedlings infested with the nematodes. MHB liquid inoculant was enhanced by optimizing molasses, nitrogen, phosphorus, and MHB concentrations. The five treatments were used, and five replications were in a randomized block-design greenhouse experiment to investigate the AMF Glomus agregatum and MHB inoculant. The improved substrate for MHB liquid inoculant comprised 2% molasses, 0.05% NH₄Cl, and 0.1% KH₂PO₄, with a 2:3 initial volume ratio of B. subtilis and P. diminuta. Scaling up the MHB inoculant in the 2 L reactor boosted the bacterial population to 10¹⁰ CFU/mL and the P content to 100 mg/kg. Applying 200 AMF spores and 10⁹ CFU/mL MHB increased leaf number, plant P uptake, and soil P while decreasing root damage and nematode population in soil and roots. Combined AMF and MHB reduced P. coffeae infestation in roots by 70.79% and increased P content in soil and plants by 57.2% and 61.9%, respectively.

Enhancing ecosystem representation in Palestine through strategic recommendations for an effective protected areas network

2025-02-11T10:35:10+00:00

Abstract. Ali-Shtayeh MS, Abu-Zaitoun SY, Jamous RM. 2025. Enhancing ecosystem representation in Palestine through strategic recommendations for an effective protected areas network. Biodiversitas 26: 1287-1302. Protected Areas (PAs) in the West Bank, Palestine, were established over 50 years ago to conserve the region’s diverse ecosystems. However, their effectiveness remains questionable. This study uses systematic conservation planning and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools to evaluate the representativeness of the 2015 and 2023 Protected Areas Networks (PAsN) in conserving ecosystems and vegetation types. The assessment benchmarks these networks against global conservation standards, such as the Aichi Biodiversity Target of 17%. Indicators such as ecosystem unit representation percentage, the Biodiversity Conservation Index (BCI), and the Comparison Index (CI) were used to evaluate their conservation effectiveness. Findings reveal that key ecosystem units, such as Evergreen Mediterranean Maquis (2.15%), and key vegetation types, including Maquis and Forest (2.11%) and Park Forest (5.40%), are severely underrepresented. In contrast, Desert Salines (46.37%) and Desert Vegetation (43.06%) exceed protection targets. Although revisions to the 2023-PAsN increased PAs coverage to 10.8% of the West Bank, the network remains unevenly distributed, with western ecosystems and vegetation types under intense human pressure. Flaws in previous studies, such as incomplete biodiversity data, arbitrary conservation thresholds, and limited field validation, compromised the design and effectiveness of the national PAsN-2023. These oversights resulted in insufficient protection measures and the exclusion of vital conservation areas. To address these challenges, the study recommends expanding the PA network to ensure more equitable coverage of ecosystem units and vegetation types, reinstating omitted areas with high conservation value, establishing micro-reserves for localized protection of unique habitats and threatened plants found in non-protected natural lands, and enhancing stakeholder collaboration to ensure inclusive and sustainable management. These findings emphasize the urgency of adopting a scientifically rigorous and balanced approach to ecosystem units and vegetation conservation in Palestine.

Water quality assessment based on saprobic index of phytoplankton with emphasis on several potentially Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)

2025-02-14T10:44:03+00:00

Abstract. Nurdin J, Aziz R, Nur L, Janra MN. 2025. Water quality assessment based on saprobic index of phytoplankton with emphasis on several potentially Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Biodiversitas 26: 890-899. The estuary is one of the most productive ecosystems on earth due to the accumulation of all materials, including nutrients, from the upstream to the downstream. This ecosystem also plays a role in habitat function for many living organisms, such as protists, bacteria, invertebrates, and vertebrates. However, this ecosystem may suffer from the accumulation of waste, which leads to pollution. This study aims to investigate and update the information regarding water quality based on the phytoplankton from the estuaries in Padang City, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia, and its potential as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Sampling was conducted from November to December 2023 at six estuaries in Padang, and several formulas, such as diversity, equitability, dominance, Bray-Curtis, and saprobic indices, were used to analyze all of the data, respectively. A total of 130 species of phytoplankton belonging to five classes were identified, where Bacillariophyceae showed the highest diversity (98 species). Overall, the phytoplankton was moderate to highly diverse (2.95>=H' >=3.93), highly equitable (0.73>=EH>=0.93), low dominant species (0.03>=C>=0.11), and the highest similarity using Bray-Curtis occur between station 5 and station 6. At the same time, the Saprobic index was constant (X: 1.00). The pollution status at these estuaries could be considered light at the b-mesosaprobic or b-meso/oligosaprobic phase. In addition, 16 phytoplankton species were identified as HABs from these estuaries, including Alexandrium, Dinophysis, Prorocentrum, and Pseudo-nitzschia. Reducing the source of pollution from organic or non-organic materials, where the majority come from household waste disposal, may keep the health and quality of the rivers and estuaries in Padang

Butterfly diversity along an altitudinal gradient and land uses in East Java, Indonesia

2025-01-31T14:11:02+00:00

Abstract. Leksono AS, Yanuwiadi B, Millah N, Abdullah SA. 2025. Butterfly diversity along an altitudinal gradient and land uses in East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 551-563. Butterflies are a group of insects that are vulnerable to disturbances due to changes in land use. Land-use changes due to human activities can have negative impacts on insects, including butterflies. This study aims to analyze butterfly diversity at different elevations and land uses in Lumajang, East Java, Indonesia. Butterfly diversity was surveyed using an active visual survey method by adopting Pollard Walk transect. The samplings were made for three months (August to October 2022) in seven sites along an altitudinal gradient. The characteristics of butterfly assemblages in East Java were analyzed in terms of the number of individuals, the species richness, and Shannon's diversity index. A total of 3099 individual butterflies belong to 123 species and six families were observed in seven locations. The abundance of butterflies varied among study sites. The highest species richness and diversity were found in Ranu Bedali, representing forest/plantation areas in lower altitudes, while the lowest was found in Kandangtepus representing an area dominated by arable land. The abundance, species richness, and diversity across elevation and land use differ significantly between locations. In general temperature, light intensity and forests or plantations had positives effect on butterfly abundance, richness, diversity and composition, while humidity, altitude, shrubs or grasses, and agriculture land had negative influences on those butterfly parameters.

DNA barcode of native apple snail Pila virescens (Deshayes, 1824) (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) from Madura Island, Indonesia

2025-03-03T07:11:21+00:00

Abstract. Ambarwati R, Rahayu DA, Faizah U, Isnaningsih NR. 2025. DNA barcode of native apple snail Pila virescens (Deshayes, 1824) (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae) from Madura Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1145-1155. Pila virescens is a native apple snail species in Indonesia that is currently under severe threats that urgently require our attention. This research is therefore crucial in validating P. virescens from Madura Island, using both morphological and molecular data, specifically DNA Barcode Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1 (COI). Samples were collected from Tlambah Reservoir, Sampang, Madura. Morphological identification was conducted based on shell characteristics, while molecular characterization was applied based on DNA barcode COI. The 618-base pair (bp) of CO1 gene sequence was used for the analysis of genetic diversity and the reconstruction of a phylogenetic tree. Muscle samples were preserved in pure-grade ethanol and underwent a series of procedures, including DNA extraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and sequencing, all conducted with the utmost care and precision. Sequence data were analyzed using Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Systems, the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) web application, and haplotype network analysis. The results showed a high Haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.09091 and a nucleotide diversity (?) of 0.17676, representing a substantial range of genetic variation. The frequency of parsimony informative sites was recorded at 26.48%, with 18 polymorphic sites identified, leading to a total transition/transversion (ts/tv) ratio of 2.4. Furthermore, the phylogenetic trees had a clear and distinct branching pattern for the cluster P. virescens with another ingroup. These results would significantly enhance the understanding of genetic diversity within the Pila genus, which is crucial for effective conservation efforts.

Exploring plastic-degrading enzyme producers from Ascidian-associated bacteria in Karimunjawa Islands, Indonesia

2025-02-20T04:22:22+00:00

Abstract. Ayuningrum D, Shukor MY, Patria MP, Pasaribu B, Sulistiowati S. 2025. Exploring plastic-degrading enzyme producers from Ascidian-associated bacteria in Karimunjawa Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1050-1060. Ascidians are sessile, benthic invertebrate chordates that attach to various substrates, including hard corals, ship decks, buoys, and marine debris such as wood or plastic waste. This study aimed to isolate ascidian-associated bacteria from Karimunjawa National Park, explore their potential as PETase enzyme producers, and identify the bacteria using morphological and molecular approaches via the 16S rRNA gene. The research employed an exploratory descriptive and experimental approach. A total of nine ascidian samples were used as inoculum sources, specifically Eusynstyela sp., Didemnum sp., Clavelina arafurensis, Pseudodistoma fragile, Lissoclinum sp., Rhopalaea crassa, Phallusia sp., Rhopalaea macrothorax, and Aplidium breveriventer. From these samples, 45 pure bacterial isolates were obtained. Screening for plastic degradation activity revealed that 33% of the isolates exhibited enzymatic activity, with two isolates (13%) demonstrating plastic-degrading activity as many as ?5%. These two potential isolates, KJ12-01 Z ^(-4)/3 and KJ07-01 ^(-2)/1, were identified as Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative rods, respectively. Sequence alignment and BLAST analysis from 16S rRNA gene amplification using PCR technique on the NCBI database showed that bacterial isolate of KJ12-01 Z ^(-4)/3 had 99.16% similarity with Staphylococcus condimenti, while KJ07-01 ^(-2)/1 had 99.36% similarity with Alloalcanivorax dieselolei. These findings indicate that ascidian-associated bacteria can serve as a promising source of PETase enzyme-producing inoculum.

Variability of yield and yield components of 23 hybrid cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) genotypes under shaded and unshaded conditions

2025-01-13T12:01:06+00:00

Abstract. Putri DRM, Syukur M, Ritonga AW. 2025. Variability of yield and yield components of 23 hybrid cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) genotypes under shaded and unshaded conditions. Biodiversitas 26: 396-406. Cayenne pepper production is challenged by limited agricultural land, necessitating a sustainable intercropping system to meet rising demand. This requires varieties that can grow, develop, and produce under shade-stress conditions. This study aimed to obtain information on the variability of growth, yield components, and physiological traits and to determine yield-related traits in cayenne pepper hybrids obtained from full-diallel crosses under shaded and unshaded conditions. A total of 23 genotypes, consisting of 20 F1 hybrids from five parental lines and three comparisons, were planted using a nested randomized complete block design with two factors: shade and genotype. The results showed that G8 and G27 exhibited superior performance under shade conditions, producing a higher number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, marketable number of fruits, marketable yield fruit, fruit diameter, and fruit weight compared to unshaded conditions. These findings have practical implications for cayenne pepper production, as they can guide the selection of varieties for shaded conditions. Chili was categorized into six clusters under unshaded conditions and four clusters under shaded conditions. Marketable yield fruit, marketable number of fruits, and number of fruits per plant had a significant positive correlation coefficient on fruit yield per plant under unshaded conditions. In contrast, under shaded conditions, there was a significant positive correlation shown on fruit diameter, plant height, marketable yield fruit, number of fruits per plant, marketable number of fruits, and fruit weight.

Abundance of adult Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) across six settlements in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

2025-01-30T01:55:34+00:00

Abstract. Saputra FR, Wahid I, Supriyono, Hadi UK. 2025. Abundance of adult Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) across six settlements in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 509-519. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are major vectors of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. These diseases impose a significant global health burden, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions where environmental conditions favor mosquito population growth and disease transmission. This study aimed to analyze the abundance of adult Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus across six settlements in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Mosquito collections were conducted from January to October 2023. The selected settlements were Manuju, Pangembang, Tamala’lang, Adatongeng, Lae-Lae, and Panaikang. The findings indicated that Ae. aegypti was predominantly found indoors in Lae-Lae, with a total of 696 individuals (58.7%) from 100 surveyed houses, while Ae. albopictus was mostly found indoors in Pangembang, with 31 individuals (55.4%). Outdoors, Ae. aegypti was most abundant in Lae-Lae, where 32 individuals (80.0%) were captured in vegetated areas around 100 surveyed houses, such as near bamboo trees and other vegetation surrounding the settlements Similarly, Ae. albopictus was more frequently found outdoors in the same area, with 177 individuals (33.1%) captured under similar conditions. In total, Ae. aegypti was primarily found indoors, with 1186 individuals (p<0.01), while Ae. albopictus was mainly found outdoors, with 535 individuals (p<0.001). These findings reveal significant differences in the abundance of these mosquito species between indoors and outdoors, highlighting the influence of local environmental factors on their distribution in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia.

Isolation and characterization of fluorescent Pseudomonas endophyte from lowland creeping-sensitive plant, and its effect on several plant pathogens and plant growth

2025-02-12T07:16:00+00:00

Abstract. Soesanto L, Azkiyah A, Primayuri D, Sundari D, Mugiastuti E. 2025. Isolation and characterization of fluorescent Pseudomonas endophyte from lowland creeping-sensitive plant, and its effect on several plant pathogens and plant growth. Biodiversitas 26: 723-730. Despite declining effectiveness and the risk of pathogen resistance, farmers still prefer synthetic fungicides to control plant disease. A safe alternative to synthetic fungicides is toxins produced by biocontrol agents. This research aimed to isolate the endophytic bacteria, fluorescent Pseudomonas, from lowland creeping-sensitive plants (Mimosa sp.), analyze its morphological and biochemical characteristics, and assess its impact on pathogens and plant growth promoters. The experiment was conducted at the Plant Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, from June to September 2024. Samples of creeping-sensitive plant roots were collected from several marginal soils in the lowlands of Banyumas and Cilacap Regencies. The result showed that a total of 15 isolates of endophytic fluorescent Pseudomonas were isolated from the samples. It was also noted that 80% of fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates were able to inhibit the growth of several plant pathogens. Fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates demonstrate significant variability in their ability to inhibit pathogenic fungi and bacteria, with PE13 and PE14 showing the most effective inhibition and enzyme production capabilities and several isolates had a positive effect on plant growth parameters. Fluorescent Pseudomonas exhibited both abilities through the production of several hydrolysis enzymes (lipase, cellulase, protease, and chitinase), HCN, siderophores, and phosphate solubilizing compounds.

Genetic diversity of local cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) germplasms of East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia revealed by seed characteristics

2025-02-28T06:49:39+00:00

Abstract. Mau YS, Oematan SS, Arsa IGBA, Ndiwa ASS, Bere AC. 2025. Genetic diversity of local cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) germplasms of East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia revealed by seed characteristics. Biodiversitas 26: 1279-1288. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is one of the predominant pulse crops in the tropical and sub-tropical regions, including Indonesia. Cowpea is commonly cultivated in a mixed cropping system with maize by dryland farmers in West Timor, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Still, information about its genetic diversity level is unavailable. This study aimed to characterize the cowpea seeds from West Timor and to determine the genetic diversity based on seed characteristics. A total of 126 seed accessions were collected from farmers in the district of production centers in five districts in West Timor. The collected seeds were observed for qualitative and quantitative characteristics in the laboratory. The data were subjected to cluster analysis to determine the genetic diversity level and principal component analysis to determine the characters mostly responsible for diversity. The results showed a high genetic diversity among the accessions. Cluster analysis results revealed that the collected accessions were grouped into three clusters at a truncation point of 8.0, corresponding with seed characteristics. Four main principal components (PC) explained most (81.70%) of the observed variability in the data set. Both seed morphological and quantitative characters contributed almost equally to the diversity of the accessions.

Fish diversity and associated physicochemical conditions in seaweed farming areas in Bone Gulf Waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

2025-01-11T09:48:08+00:00

Abstract. Patangngari F, Musbir M, Najamuddin. 2025. Fish diversity and associated physicochemical conditions in seaweed farming areas in Bone Gulf Waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 153-165. The waters of Bone Gulf, located on the coast of Bone District, possess a longstanding legacy of fishing gear, specifically small fishing gear with a mesh size of 15 mm, which is in use today because of the substantial population along the coast. Seaweed farming regions have increasingly become alternatives to fishing zones. This research examines fish diversity and environmental factors in seaweed cultivation zones. Fish were obtained from fishermen utilizing fishing gear in seaweed regions, specifically around the Cape (ST 1), the middle (ST 2), and a distant estuary (ST 3) in Bone waters, from February to August 2024. 2375 fish specimens were gathered, encompassing 67 species from 40 families. Increased diversity was noted in species count (15-46), the species diversity index (2.48-3.18), the evenness index (0.832-0.910), the species richness index (2.64-6.96), and the species dominance index (0.057-0.096). The five most frequently captured species were Chanos chanos, Leiognathus fasciatus, Siganus guttatus, Terapon jarbua, Crenimugil seheli, and Lates calcarifer, together with Oreochromis mossambicus, classified as Vulnerable (VU), and Himantura uarnak, classified as Endangered (EN). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that current velocity and depth are the main factors significantly associated with fish stocks. Furthermore, the phosphate, turbidity, nitrate, salinity, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen metrics exhibited no significant impact across the three sites. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring of fish population dynamics, investigating the effects of seaweed farming on fish community structure, and formulating sustainable management practices that engage local communities to preserve and enhance aquatic ecosystems and ensure long-term ecosystem health.

Salicylic acid treatment induced change in the morphological, chlorophyll content, and phytochemical traits in two rice genotypes

2025-02-09T12:20:45+00:00

Abstract. Mulyati Y, Zubaidah S, Adiredjo AL, Rofiq M, Jadid N, Saputro TB, Isnawati, Muhaimin FI, Farapti, Sari GM. 2025. Salicylic acid treatment induced change in the morphological traits and the content of chlorophylls and endogenous salicylic acid in two rice genotypes. Biodiversitas 26: 778-788. Salicylic acid (SA) plays a crucial role in rice plant resistance. At the same time, the elicitation mechanisms of its induction are not well understood. The exploration of rice's endogenous SA during the vegetative and generative phases in response to SA elicitation is a new area of study. Similarly, the correlation between SA and rice resistance characteristics is a fresh perspective that this research aims to address. The study focuses on the effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) elicitation on plant height, the content of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, endogenous SA, and the number of productive shoots and filled grains) characters in two rice genotypes, namely genotype A (Situbagendit×Cibogo3) and genotype B (Situbagendit×Ciherang8). SA at concentration 0-2.5 mg L?¹ was applied to the in vitro shoot culture of the rice varieties. The results showed that genotype B had significant content of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, endogenous SA content (generative phase), number of productive shoots, and filled rice grains compared to genotype A. SA concentration of 2 mg L?¹ was proven to be the optimal dose that could maximize the resistance and productivity characters of genotype B. Conversely, higher or lower concentrations tended to produce less significant or negative effects. A positive correlation between endogenous SA content and the number of productive shoots was found in genotype B. This study revealed the importance of genetic factors and elicitor concentration in improving rice resistance traits that affect productivity. These findings have practical implications, as they contribute to the development of superior rice cultivars that can support sustainable food security, offering hope for the future of agriculture.

Benthic macroinvertebrate variability as an indicator of aquatic health in the Bone River, Gorontalo, Indonesia

2025-03-03T07:11:48+00:00

Abstract. Kadim MK, Pasisingi N, Olii AH, Hertika AMS, Arfiati D, Yuli EH, Baderan DW, Suciyono. 2025. Benthic macroinvertebrate variability as an indicator of aquatic health in the Bone River, Gorontalo, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1247-1256. The Bone River in Gorontalo, Indonesia is at risk of pollution due to anthropogenic activities in the surrounding area. Macroinvertebrates serve as bioindicators of pollution based on their community characteristics, including sedentary behavior, limited mobility, and sensitivity to water quality. This study aims to assess macroinvertebrate communities and evaluate the water quality of the Bone River watershed using the Biological Monitoring Working Party-Average Score Per Taxon (BMWP-ASPT) biotic index. Macroinvertebrate community variability was examined across 12 observation stations. Sampling was conducted during periods of low river discharge and in the absence of precipitation. Observation stations were purposefully selected based on prevailing ecological conditions (preferably riffle areas) and potential contamination sources from land use activities. Macroinvertebrate samples were collected between April and August during the 2021-2023 period and were identified at the family level. A total of 7,456 individuals, representing 43 genera, were recorded, with Platybaetis, Cheumatopsyche, Chironomus, and Coxelmis being widely distributed along the river. Moderate diversity, a high evenness index, and the dominance index suggest that no single macroinvertebrate species dominates the community. The BMWP-ASPT values ranged from 3.08 to 6.77, indicating varying levels of pollution in the Bone River. The findings demonstrate a progressive decline in river health, with worsening conditions observed downstream over the study period.

Impact of human activities on coral metric diversity and disease prevalence in Padamarang and Wangi Wangi Islands, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

2025-02-21T22:27:11+00:00

Abstract. Palupi RD, Haya LOMY, Sabdaningsih A, Ayuningrum D, Sabdono A. 2025. Impact of human activities on coral metric diversity and disease prevalence in Padamarang and Wangi Wangi Islands, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1334-1342. Coral diseases are emerging throughout Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia which might be due to local anthropogenic stressors. This study aims to investigate the impact of anthropogenic stress on coral cover and the prevalence of coral disease in Padamarang (uninhabited) and Wangi Wangi (inhabited) Islands. Data were observed and collected by Scuba Diving in these sites in February-March 2023. The prevalence of diseases was calculated as the mean percentage of coral colonies affected by disease per 100 m² belt transect. The findings indicated both sites showed relatively similar values for Genus Richness, H-index, and Evenness, suggesting comparable ecological diversity across the sites. Specifically, Padamarang exhibited a slightly lower Genus Richness (11.24 vs 12.48), and its Evenness value was also marginally higher (0.61 vs 0.58 in Wangi Wangi). However, the statistical significance of the abundance differences suggests that Wangi Wangi may support a denser coral population overall. Porites sp. showed a particularly high rate of infection, with White Syndrome, White Band Disease, and Black Band Disease being the most frequently observed illnesses. It is expected that the results of this research will provide better insight into the impact of anthropogenic stress on coral reef health and encourage further conservation efforts to safeguard this important coral ecosystem.

Comparison of soil microbial composition and fertility in rhizosphere of healthy and Fusarium wilt-affected sweet potato plants

2025-02-15T22:42:42+00:00

Abstract. Nafi’ah HH, Fajarfika R, Fatimah R, Maulana H, Yoel A. 2025. Comparison of soil microbial composition and fertility in rhizosphere of healthy and Fusarium wilt-affected sweet potato plants. Biodiversitas 26: 941-950. Fusarium wilt is a significant disease impacting sweet potato plants, primarily affecting the stem and inhibiting optimal growth. The severity of the disease is hypothesized to be influenced by soil microbial composition and fertility. Therefore, this research aimed to compare the microbial composition and soil fertility parameters in the rhizosphere of healthy sweet potato plants and those infected with Fusarium wilt. The hypothesis posited that these two plant groups had significant differences in microbial composition and soil fertility. The method used was a Cross-Sectional Survey, a robust approach that involved data collection obtained through observation and soil sampling. Soil samples were obtained from Kuningan and Garut Regencies. Microbial diversity and abundance were analyzed using targeted quantification techniques, including the Total Plate Count method on selective media. Parameters of soil fertility, such as pH, organic matter content, and nutrient concentrations, were also evaluated. The results showed significant distinctions in microbial composition, with diseased plants exhibiting a higher microbial population dominated by beneficial microbes, such as Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. A negative correlation was observed between Fusarium fungi and PSB. Additionally, differences in soil fertility characteristics were evident between the two locations. This research provided a better understanding of the microbial population in sweet potato plants and a foundation for developing more effective strategies to manage Fusarium wilt.

Evaluating the potential of gut bacteria in Oryctes rhinoceros larvae as biocontrol agents against Ganoderma boninense pathogen in oil palm plantations

2025-02-08T03:01:28+00:00

Abstract. Surbakti RLB, Marheni, Bakti D. 2025. Evaluating the potential of gut bacteria in Oryctes rhinoceros larvae as biocontrol agents against Ganoderma boninense pathogen in oil palm plantations. Biodiversitas 26: 1414-1413. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is one of the important commodities in Indonesia. One of the plant pest and disease organisms that inhibit the growth of oil palm productivity is the Ganoderma boninense pathogen and the rhino pest insect (Oryctes rhinoceros). Insects have diverse and abundant microbes in their gut systems. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the function of gut bacteria in multispecies interactions may not only lead to the discovery of new resources for biocontrol but could also facilitate the development of new biopesticides. The larval stage of O. rhinoceros consumes empty oil palm fruit bunches to grow and develop into pupae. Various types of symbiont bacteria can be found in one type of insect. These bacteria are known to produce several hydrolase enzymes such as amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase, and chitinase. This study aimed to identify bacteria from the intestines of O. rhinoceros larvae and determine their potential to inhibit the growth of G. boninense, which causes stem rot disease in oil palm plants in vitro. This research was conducted at the Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, PT. Genetics Science Indonesia, Tangerang, between April - September 2024. The methods used include morphological identification of the isolate and physiological, biochemical, and molecular identification of the bacteria using 16s rRNA gene sequencing and PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), as well as antagonist tests and hydrolysis tests for chitinase, protease, and cellulase enzymes. In this study, two bacterial isolates capable of inhibiting the growth of G. boninense in vitro were identified; isolate BS1, identified as Bacillus stercoris, with an inhibition rate of 42.14%, and isolate BS2, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with an inhibition rate of 63.68%.

Identification of the nettle caterpillar in smallholding oil palm plantation cultivated on peatland in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra, Indonesia

2025-01-01T22:17:43+00:00

Abstract. Anggraini E, Setiawati T, Herlinda S, Irsan C, Mulawarman, Gofar N, Muslim A, Lau WH. 2025. Identification of the nettle caterpillar in smallholding oil palm plantation cultivated on peatland in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 36-44. Nettle caterpillars are a major pest in oil palm plantations, posing a significant threat to the productivity and sustainability of this crop. These voracious leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause severe damage, hindering plant growth, reducing fruit production, and even leading to the mortality of oil palm trees. This study aimed to identify the species of caterpillars that inflict damage, their physical traits, population densities, and the symptoms of their attacks. This study employed direct observation and documentation of caterpillar species in the field. Observations were conducted to assess the extent of damage inflicted by caterpillars in the field. Subsequently, document using a camera, collect field samples, and identification of the nettle caterpillars found in oil palm plantation cultivated on peatland in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatera, Indonesia. This investigation identified three species of caterpillars: Setora nitens, Birthosea bisura, and Parasa lepida. These three species of caterpillars typically exhibit similar coloration but possess distinct morphological traits. The S. nitens species predominates among the largest number of species. Caterpillars consume both young and mature oil palm leaves, remaining only in the midrib. Additional indications of the attack include perforations in the leaves. The incidence of caterpillar assaults may attain 100% of nettle caterpillar infestation, accompanied by an attack rate of 57.75%. This study concludes that three primary species of nettle caterpillar were identified in oil palm plantations, exhibiting indications of damage classified as fairly severe. Thus, effective management of nettle caterpillars is crucial to maintaining the productivity and profitability of oil palm plantations.

Characterization of the genetic diversity of Chenopodium quinoa from the Department of Boyacá-Colombia using microsatellite markers

2025-02-11T22:25:26+00:00

Abstract. Manjarres-Hernández EH, Morillo-Coronado AC, Morillo-Coronado Y. 2025. Characterization of the genetic diversity of Chenopodium quinoa from the Department of Boyacá-Colombia using microsatellite markers. Biodiversitas 26: 1239-1246. Chenopodium quinoa is an Andean pseudocereal with excellent nutritional, pharmaceutical and industrial properties. In Colombia, this crop is considered marginal, and genetic studies are limited. The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity present in 81 quinoa accessions from the Department of Boyacá using 13 microsatellite markers. Through the analysis of population structure, three populations developed, with an average expected heterozygosity of 0.472. The fixation indices in these three populations were less than 0.233, showing that there is no differentiation between the general population and the subpopulations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that most of the genetic variation is found within populations (87%). The 13 microsatellites evaluated were highly informative, producing 42 alleles, which ranged from 2 to 4 per locus with an average of 3.051 alleles per locus. The microsatellites with the highest numbers of alleles were the KAAT037 and KGA03 loci (A=4,333). The values of expected heterozygosity (He) were lower than that observed (Ho), with an average of He=0.472. Both Fis and Fit confirmed a high number of heterozygotes compared to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions. Thus, microsatellite markers allowed genotypes to be differentiated according to morphological characteristics more than their origin. The findings of this study highlight the existence of significant genetic diversity in the quinoa accessions studied, which could be used in conservation and genetic improvement programs of this species.

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas veronii bv veronii causes disease in gourami (Osphronemus gouramy)

2024-12-30T22:54:04+00:00

Abstract. Mulia DS, Nisa Z, Suwarsito, Purbomartono C, Isnansetyo A, Nafiqoh N, Yasin ISM, Azzam-Sayuti M. 2024. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas veronii bv veronii causes disease in gourami (Osphronemus gouramy). Biodiversitas 25: 5103-5111. Gourami (Osphronemus gouramy) is a type of freshwater fish with excellent potential, but its cultivation is often disturbed by bacterial diseases caused by Aeromonas spp. The presence of virulent genes often influences the pathogenicity of Aeromonas spp. and treatment with antibiotics causes bacteria resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Aeromonas veronii bv veronii causing disease in gourami (O. gouramy). A purposive sampling method was used to obtain specific diseased gourami. Phenotypic characteristics were determined morphologically and biochemically, while genotypic characteristics were based on 16S rDNA and virulent genes. A total of 10 virulent genes were used, including the aerA/haem, alt, ast, act, flaA, lafA, fstA, ahp, ela, and lip genes. Subsequently, antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out using 10 µg gentamycin disk, 10 µg bacitracin, 30 µg tetracycline, and 30 µg chloramphenicol. Data on phenotypic and genotypic identification, the detection of virulence genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results showed that isolate BmSG-03 was closely related to A. veronii bv veronii strain ATCC 35624 with a similarity rate and query of 99.58% and 100%, respectively. The A. veronii bv veronii BmSG-03 isolate was detected to contain the aerA/haem, lafA, and ela genes, while the alt, ast, act, flaA, fstA, ahp, and lip genes were not detected. This isolate was resistant to bacitracin, tetracycline, and gentamycin but susceptible to chloramphenicol. Moreover, further investigations were recommended on genotypic characteristics of A. veronii bv veronii resistance gene and other antibiotic tests due to limited reports in Indonesia. For effective disease control, there should be a comprehensive database on the characteristics of the pathogen to obtain more effective and appropriate mitigation efforts.

Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on ornamental plants in West Java, Indonesia with a new country species record, and their natural enemies

2025-02-07T08:43:10+00:00

Abstract. Viorenta, Sartiami D, Maryana N, Watson GW, Zarkani A. 2025. Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on ornamental plants in West Java, Indonesia with a new country species record, and their natural enemies. Biodiversitas 26: 1018-1029. Part of Indonesia's biodiversity in ornamental plants has been developed for the global market. However, one of the constraints in meeting market demand is the presence of mealybug pests, which can reduce plant beauty, vigor, and economic value of plants. This study identifies mealybug species associated with ornamental plants in Indonesia and their natural enemies based on morphological characteristics. The research found 15 mealybug species, 14 of which had been previously recorded in West Java, Indonesia, namely Dysmicoccus brevipes, D. neobrevipes, Exallomochlus hispidus, Ferrisia virgata, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Nipaecoccus nipae, Paracoccus marginatus, Phenacoccus solenopsis, Planococcus lilacinus, Pl. minor, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi, Ps. longispinus, Rastrococcus iceryoides and R. spinosus. The fifteenth species, Spilococcus mamillariae, found on cacti, is a new record for Indonesia and Southeast Asia. This study also documented various natural enemies, including both predators and parasitoids. Seven predator species were identified, six of which belonged to Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, namely Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Curinus coeruleus, Illeis sp., Nephus sp., Cheilomenes sexmaculata, and Scymnus sp.; and one species of Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Plesiochrysa ramburi. Hymenopteran parasitoids were found belonging to two families: Encyrtidae (Anagyrus pseudococci, A. mirzai, Blepyrus insuliaris and Gyranusoidea tebygi; and Eulophidae (Aprostocetus sp.). Furthermore, Hymenopteran hyperparasitoids belonging to the families Aphelinidae (Promuscidea unfaciativentris) and Encyrtidae (Prochiloneurus sp. and Prochiloneurus nagasakiensis) were also recorded

Endophytic fungi isolated from Heliotropium indicum and their antagonism activity toward Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum

2025-02-06T22:47:09+00:00

Abstract. Mustofa A, Hastuti US, Susanto H. 2024. Endophytic fungi isolated from Heliotropium indicum and their antagonism activity toward Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum. Biodiversitas 25: 5063-5073. Endophytic fungi have great potential as biological control agents due to their ability to produce various bioactive compounds that can inhibit the growth of plant pathogens. One genus of pathogens that is often a problem in agriculture is Fusarium, which causes wilt disease in various types of plants. This study aimed to identify endophytic fungi from the leaves and stems of Heliotropium indicum, analyzed the content of secondary metabolites in plant extracts and endophytic fungal isolates, and evaluated the antagonistic potential of endophytic fungal isolates against pathogenic fungi. This study consisted of observing the location of endophytic fungi in plant tissues, identification of endophytic fungi, detection of secondary metabolite in fluid culture of each endophytic fungi and H. indicum, and antagonism test. The histological observations showed that endophytic fungi are found in the leaf epidermal, sponge, and parenchyma tissue. There were ten endophytic fungi isolates found in leaves and stems, namely Nigrospora gorlenkoana, N. guilinensis, N. musae, N. oryzae, N. rubi, Nigrospora sp. 1, Nigrospora sp. 2, Nigrospora sp. 3, Nigrospora sp. 4, and Penicillium oxalicum. The 10 endophytic fungal isolates including leaf and stem extracts of H. indicum contained secondary metabolite compounds; however, the species Nigrospora sp. 2 had high potential metabolite compounds. These metabolite compounds were able to inhibit the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum, indicating their potential as biocontrol agents. The antagonism test results showed that the ten fungi isolates have antagonism effect toward F. solani and F. oxysporum. The highest antagonism effect against F. oxysporum was 77.2%, the lowest antagonism effect was 46.5%, the highest antagonism effect against F. solani was 64%, and the lowest was 28.2%. The antagonism mechanism of micoparasitism can be seen from the microscopic observations.

Detection of microplastics in honey of stingless bee (Heterotrigona itama) and honey bee (Apis mellifera) from Malaysia

2025-02-21T01:58:09+00:00

Abstract. Ibrahim YS, Rosazan MN, Mamat MII, Anuar ST, Azmi WA. 2025. Detection of microplastics in honey of stingless bee (Heterotrigona itama) and honey bee (Apis mellifera) from Malaysia. Biodiversitas 26: 1271-1278. The demand for stingless bee honey and European bee honey has increased rapidly due to its medicinal benefits. Honey of the Indo-Malaya stingless bee, Heterotrigona itama, and European honey bee, Apis mellifera, are among the most popular bee products that Malaysians commonly consume. It has been reported that the contamination of honey with microplastics (MPs) can occur at various stages of production, from bees collecting the contaminated floral sources to the harvesting and packaging processes. With the emerging plastics pollution in the environment and concerns about potential health risks, this study aims to investigate the presence of MPs in honey samples from stingless bees, H. itama, and honey bees, A. mellifera, from Malaysia. Microplastic particles were extracted from 10 g of honey and characterized under a stereomicroscope to determine their color, size, and type. Polymer types were further identified using FTIR analysis. All honey samples from both species were found to be 100% contaminated with microplastics. H. itama honey contained a higher concentration of microplastics (8.18 ± 2.57 MPs/g) compared to A. mellifera's honey (5.52 ± 1.13 MPs/g). The MPs found in honey from both species were predominantly fibers and fragments, mostly transparent in color, with sizes ranging from 0.7 to 1.8 mm. The findings of this preliminary study are intended to provide an awareness of MPs in honey, especially in the food safety aspect, which needs a better understanding of good practices of beekeeping and processing procedures to minimize the contamination of honey.

Comparison of rhizobacterial communities between secondary forest and palm oil plantations in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

2025-01-28T22:31:16+00:00

Abstract. Yuliatin E, Hariani N, Dharma B, Patang F, Budiman. 2025. Comparison of rhizobacterial communities between secondary forest and palm oil plantations in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 490-499. The conversion of primary forests to plantations is considered a sustainable form of land management; however, its implications for soil rhizobacterial diversity remain insufficiently explored. This study compared the rhizobacterial communities associated with Palm oil Plantation (PP) and Secondary Forest (SF) in East Kalimantan using a metagenomic approach. The soil samples were collected around the Secondary Forest soil (SF) and Palm oil Plantation soil (PP) plant roots in Berambai, Samarinda. The samples were then analyzed for soil physico-chemical properties such as pH, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), organic matter, and C/N ratio. At the same time, the rhizobacterial diversity was analyzed using a metagenomic analysis through Illumina Hiseq. Soil physico-chemical assessments showed acidic conditions in both soils, with PP being more acidic (pH 4.41) than SF (pH 5.38); nutrient analysis indicated medium nitrogen levels and high organic carbon in both soils, while PP had elevated P content due to fertilization. Metagenomic analysis revealed similar rhizobacterial richness, but diversity was slightly higher in PP. Dominant phyla included Proteobacteria and Acidobacteriota, with notable orders like Rhizobiales and Acidobacteriales. The functional analysis highlighted rhizobacterial roles in organic decomposition, plant growth promotion, and nitrogen fixation, illustrating ecological adaptation to soil conditions and management practices. This study provides insights into the rhizobacterial functional diversity in distinct soil environments.

Short Communication: Phytochemistry and chemical fingerprint of katuk (Sauropus androgynus) leaves extract from four varieties

2025-02-08T11:16:43+00:00

Abstract. Fachruddin, Suprayogi A, Hanif N. 2025. Short Communication: Phytochemistry and chemical fingerprint of katuk (Sauropus androgynus) leaves extract from four varieties. Biodiversitas 26: 824-830. Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) is a medicinal plant known to consist of four varieties based on the presence and distribution of white spots on the leaf surface. These characteristic differences affect the content of active compounds and their biological activities. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical content of crude ethanol extracts and to analyze the chemical fingerprints of the n-hexane fractions from the leaves of four S. androgynus varieties. The extraction process was conducted using ethanol to obtain the crude extract, followed by partitioning with n-hexane to separate the non-polar fractions. Qualitative phytochemical tests were performed on the crude ethanol extract, while chemical fingerprint analysis was carried out on the n-hexane fraction using LC-MS instruments. The results showed that the crude ethanol extract contained flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. LC-MS analysis revealed that all S. androgynus varieties shared similarities in their chemical fingerprint patterns, particularly the Zanzibar-Bastar varieties (six peaks on the chromatogram had the same retention times). The major compound groups found in the n-hexane fractions included triterpenoid glycosides (Zanzibar), diterpenoids (Bastar and Paris), and steroids (Kebo). These similar fingerprints and slight variations in chemical composition provide insights that are likely to produce subtly different pharmacological effects, thereby sparking further intrigue and eagerness for future research in the field of medicinal plant studies.

Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of local durian (Durio zibethinus) leaf extract from Criwik, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia

2025-01-03T06:43:20+00:00

Abstract. Sawitri AD, Yuniastuti E, Purwanto E, Parjanto. 2025. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of local durian (Durio zibethinus) leaf extract from Criwik, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 55-61. Durian (Durio zibethinus), an important tropical fruit in Indonesia, is widely known for its unique flavor and potential health benefits. Despite extensive research on the nutritional and pharmacological properties of its fruit, the bioactive potential of its other plant parts, particularly the leaves, remains limited. This study explored the phytochemical profile and bioactive compounds in the leaf extract of Criwik durian, a local variety from Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic compounds, all known for their diverse pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Importantly, this is the first study to report the presence of phytochemical in the durian leaf extract. Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was conducted to characterize the bioactive components, which identified 11 distinct compounds. These included squalene, ethyl iso allocholate, neophytadiene, and phytol, all associated with health remedies and pharmacological effects. These results provide a detailed chemical profile of Criwik durian leaves, highlighting their potential as a valuable resource for the development of natural health products and herbal remedies. These findings enhance our understanding of the bioactive potential of durian leaves and encourage further research into their medicinal applications. Thus, Criwik durian leaves could serve as a promising source for the future exploration of natural health product development and sustainable medicinal practices.

Unveiling microbiome diversity and abundance in the ceca and intestine of freshly slaughtered market-sold kampung chickens

2025-02-05T07:03:40+00:00

Abstract. Murwani R, Sembiring A, Cahyani NKD, Anggoro AW, Kurniasih EM, Budiharjo A, Ambariyanto A. 2025. Unveiling microbiome diversity and abundance in the ceca and intestine of freshly slaughtered market-sold kampung chickens. Biodiversitas 26: 909-919. The native Indonesian kampung chicken is a popular and desirable meat source sold live at traditional markets, offering fresh meat for consumers. The aim of this research was to investigate the microbial diversity of intestines and cecum of freshly sacrificed female kampung chickens using genomic sequencing. The DNA from 50 samples of female kampung chickens was extracted and amplified by PCR targeting the 16S rRNA V4 region. The PCR products were sequenced, and the taxonomic composition was summarized using the Phyloseq package, with taxa merged at six levels: domain, phylum, class, family, genus, and species. The result showed that the microbiome was dominated by Firmicutes (61.22%), Bacteroidota (20.06%), Actinobacteriota (7.14%), and Proteobacteria (2.81%). Lactobacillus aviarius (2.82%) was abundant across the samples. The cecum exhibited more diverse microbiomes than the intestines, with a predominance of Firmicutes. Beneficial bacteria, such as L. aviarius (5.26%) and Bacteroides barnesiae (3.03%), were dominant in the small intestine and cecum, respectively. A significant portion of the sequences remained unidentified or uncultured (50.95% and 20.61%, respectively). The gut microbiome of market-sold, freshly sacrificed female kampung chickens displays remarkably high diversity and richness, characterized by beneficial bacterial abundance, crucial for maintaining the chickens' overall health. These findings strongly support the consumer preference for fresh female kampung chicken meat, validating the traditional choice of the local community.

Development of lectin gene-based SNAP and ARMS markers as anticancer biomarkers in mutant rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme) of Pekalongan accession, Indonesia

2025-01-11T14:48:17+00:00

Abstract. Muflikhati Z, Sianipar NF, Reflinur, Anas. 2025. Development of lectin gene-based SNAP and ARMS markers as anticancer biomarkers in mutant rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme) of Pekalongan accession, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 424-433. Typhonium flagelliforme is a medicinal plant with potential anticancer properties. This study aimed to develop Single Nucleotide Amplified Polymorphism (SNAP) and Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) markers from the lectin gene that contributed to anticancer activity found in gamma-irradiated mutant rodent tuber plants of the Pekalongan accession. The two markers were designed for the site of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), which were identified at approximately 500 bp in the length of the lectin gene sequence. The SNAP Lec113 primer designed from a 113 bp silent mutation in the respective gene has successfully differentiated rodent tuber mutant lines across the wild-type, determined by the specific T allele at 351 bp. Meanwhile, the ARMS Lec241 primer, designed from a 241 bp missense mutation (arginine to threonine), distinguished mutants from their wild-type by the specific G allele at 193 bp. The two developed markers demonstrated their high specificity and sensitivity in detecting genetic variations spanning lectin gene involved in anticancer biosynthesis. The SNAP marker effectively distinguished among seven mutant samples, while the ARMS marker provided consistent results across experiments. These molecular markers offer a rapid and accurate method for identifying genetic variations in rodent tuber plants, providing a significant practical benefit for the field of genetic screening and mutation impact studies. The three-primer SNAP system presents a more cost-effective option for large-scale screening compared to the four-primer ARMS system. This study provides a foundation for targeted breeding programs and genetic studies in rodent tuber, potentially accelerating the development of varieties with enhanced medicinal properties. The markers enhance genetic screening efficiency and understanding of medicinal properties in rodent tuber, significantly advancing the field of natural product therapeutics and mutation impact studies.

Butterfly (Lepidoptera) community structure in several habitat types of Tancak Maesan Forest, Bondowoso, East Java, Indonesia

2025-02-06T10:06:19+00:00

Abstract. Rohman A, Subchan W, Buana YC. 2025. Butterfly (Lepidoptera) community structure in several habitat types of Tancak Maesan Forest, Bondowoso, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 651-661. Butterflies are one of the biota in Tancak Maesan Region, Perhutani, Forest Management Unit (FMU) Bondowoso, East Java, Indonesia. The region encompasses several habitat types. Habitat-type variations can influence butterfly diversity and dispersion. Butterfly species may be impacted by habitat loss, modification, degradation, fragmentation, and the escalation of human population and activities. Alterations in species diversity and richness composition directly influence particular regions as producers of ecological services. This study aimed to analyze the composition of the butterfly community in Tancak Maesan Region, Perhutani, FMU Bondowoso. We documented 29 species of butterflies. The safeguarded forest and waterfall ecosystems (28 species) exhibited the highest butterfly species diversity. Protected forest habitats offer critical components for butterfly survival, including ample nectar supplies for adults, host plants for larvae, and stable microclimatic conditions. Symbrenthia lilaea exhibited the most significant population density and importance value (IVI: 11.11). The Nymphalidae family exhibited the most significant species diversity relative to the other families. The safeguarded forest ecosystem exhibited the highest diversity index (H': 3.291). The residential area exhibits the highest bird evenness index (E: 1.19). The agricultural habitat exhibited the highest dominance index (D: 0.072). The abiotic parameters fall within the acceptable tolerance limit. A total of 49 plant species were identified in the vegetation study. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) of butterflies indicated that the species Tanaecia sp., Appias albina, Miletus sp., Papilio memnon, Eurema blanda, Tanaecia palguna, Udara akasa, and Oriens gola had a positive correlation with light intensity and wind speed in forest and agricultural environments. In conclusion, butterfly communities exhibit a significant relationship with diverse habitats, particularly protected forest areas, serving as ecological indicators of habitat alteration.

Metabolite profiles and biomarkers of three Selaginella (Selaginellaceae) medicinal plant species in Java Island, Indonesia

2024-12-24T03:12:51+00:00

Abstract. Khoirunisa A, Chikmawati T, Nugroho G, Miftahudin. 2025. Metabolite profiles and biomarkers of three Selaginella (Selaginellaceae) medicinal plant species in Java Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 434-443. Metabolite content in plants is an important taxonomic marker that facilitates the realistic delimitation of species. Substantial improvement is needed for the metabolomic data of several fern species, including Selaginella, which is widely used as a medicinal plant on Java Island. Therefore, this research aimed to profile metabolite compounds in Selaginella ornata, S. plana, and S. willdenowii, and identify biomarkers for species differentiation. Metabolite content and data were determined with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and MZmine 3.1.0 beta software, respectively. Meanwhile, metabolite profiling, heatmap clusters, and cluster analysis were carried out using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. A total of 113 metabolites were detected in three Selaginella species observed. Based on metabolite characteristics, cluster analysis categorized all individuals into three groups, showing that individuals from the same species were more similar than others, with S. ornata metabolites appearing more similar to S. willdenowii than to S. plana. Three species had similarities in the compounds 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonitrile, 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid, 3-furoic acid, 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid, amentoflavone, avobenzone, ibuprofen, kojic acid, and skyrin. Metabolites only possessed by each species of S. plana, S. ornata, and S. willdenowii included 4-vinylphenol, velutin, and axahine B, respectively. This research reported for the first time several low-weight secondary metabolites with potential application as biomarkers to differentiate three species.

Density and distribution mapping of invasive plant Jatropha gossypiifolia in priority savanna of Bama Resort, Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia

2025-01-15T13:04:29+00:00

Abstract. Solfiyeni, Nurmalasari A. 2025. Density and distribution mapping of invasive plant Jatropha gossypiifolia in priority savanna of Bama Resort, Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 255-264. Jatropha gossypiifolia (Bellyache bush) is one of the invasive alien plant species in the savanna of Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia. The invasiveness of J. gossypiifolia is the main focus of this study because this species has the potential to have a significant and far-reaching impact on the stability of the savanna ecosystem in Baluran National Park. This study aims to determine the density, distribution pattern, and distribution area of J. gossypiifolia and to analyze environmental factors that affect its presence in the savanna of Bama Resort, Baluran National Park. The survey method for distribution mapping and a single plot method to determine density and distribution pattern. Meanwhile, to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and plant density of J. gossypiifolia, Canonical Component Analysis (CCA) was used. The results showed that the density of J. gossypiifolia plants in the observation area of 400 m² was 1.94 individuals/m² or estimated in hectares around 19,400 individuals/ha and this plant was found growing in 15 sub-plots out of a total of 16 sub-plots observed in the field. The distribution pattern of J. gossypiifolia plants in the observation area is clustered with a Morisita Index value of 1.48. Furthermore, it is known that the distribution area of J. gossypiifolia plants in the priority savanna of Bama Resort is around 25 hectares of the total savanna area of Bama Resort of around 512 hectares. The existence of J. gossypiifolia plants is strongly influenced by the high and low light intensity. Jatropha gossypiifolia plants have spread quite widely in the priority savanna of Bama Resort, Baluran National Park. This plant is most commonly found growing in savannas close to the road, so it is necessary to routinely monitor each savanna as an effort to manage invasive alien plants in the savannas of Baluran National Park.

Species diversity and the spread of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia

2024-11-08T23:45:34+00:00

Abstract. Haqqi MRA, Sholichah DM, Armando MF, Sani MF, Aprianto MK, Dewangga A, Yap CK, Dadiono MS, Setyawan AD. 2024. Species diversity and the spread of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4000-4010. Bengawan Solo is the largest and longest river in Java, Indonesia, and has a major role in supporting the life of communities around it. To understand the quality of the Bengawan Solo River environment, the study can be done from physical, chemical, and biological aspects. This research was carried out to inventory the species and the spread of invasive fish found in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. This research was conducted from November to December 2023 and settled on 5 sampling stations located on main body of Bengawan Solo River, including (i) northern spillway of Gajah Mungkur Reservoir, Wonogiri, (ii) Colo Reservoir, Sukoharjo, (iii) Demangan Floodgate, Surakarta, (iv) Tlumpuk, Karanganyar, and (v) Jati, Sragen. Data collection was performed using Visual Encounter Survey (VES) and direct catch with several fishing tools, collected species identified using iNaturalist, and several books such as Jenis Ikan Introduksi dan Invasif Asing di Indonesia, Ikan Air Tawar di Ekosistem Bukit Tigapuluh, Ensiklopedia Populer Ikan Air Tawar, and Baku Saku Pengolah Data Jenis Ikan. Identification also carried out by interviewing local people at study area location to match out vernacular names. The results showed 20 species of fish from 12 families were found, dominated by Cyprinidae. The most fish captured is tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which can be obtained from all the sampling stations. A species with high conservation status according to IUCN Red List was also found, namely Rasbora lateristriata with Vulnerable (VU) status. As many as 6 species discovered were categorized as invasive, including snakehead fish (Channa striata), red devil fish (Amphilophus citrinellus), tilapia (O. niloticus), catfish (Clarias gariepinus), sailfin catfish (Pterygoplichthys pardalis), and guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Their invasive characteristics are usually due to their predatory trait, well adaptability, and high population. The introduction of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River was caused by several reasons, such as intentional release for stocking population, escaping fish from nearby farms, and wild releases from fish keepers.

Composition and role of ants (Formicidae) as indicators of habitat conditions in different stands in urban forest, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

2025-01-07T15:23:28+00:00

Abstract. Budiaman, Nuraeni S, Nurhaini, Prastiyo A. 2025. Composition and role of ants (Formicidae) as indicators of habitat conditions in different stands in urban forest, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 145-152. Urban forests provide ecological services such as air, microclimate, and environmental biodiversity, ecosystems in urban areas, assessing their quality and health through ecological indicators such as ants (Formicidae), which are very sensitive to habitat changes and serve as effective bioindicators for urban forest management sustainable. This research aims to identify the diversity and distribution of ant species and assess the potential of ants as ecological indicators of environmental conditions in urban forests. Sampling was done in three different stands: teak (Gmelina arborea), suren (Toona sureni), and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). The trap method uses a pitfall trap to collect ant specimens, which were then identified. Data analysis was carried out by calculating diversity, dominance, abundance, and evenness indices, as well as further analysis using correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that there was significant variation in ant species composition among various stand types with 9 species, 6 genera, and 3 subfamilies. Species from the Camponotus genus dominate in urban forests, with Camponotus virulens dominating in teak stands, Camponotus sp. in suren stands, and Pheidole plagiaria in mahogany stands. The findings of the correlation analysis demonstrated a highly significant and positive relationship between humidity and ant dominance (0.989). This suggests that humidity is the environmental factor that exerts the greatest influence on the increased dominance of specific species. Furthermore, the very strong and positive relationship between diversity (H') and evenness (E) (0.943) indicates that ecosystems with high diversity tend to have a more even distribution of species. PCA analysis revealed a relationship between ant species composition and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. The differences in ant species (Formicidae) composition across various stand types in the Makassar city forest are influenced by environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, making them suitable ecological indicators for assessing habitat quality and urban forest ecosystem health. This information supports sustainable urban forest management and biodiversity conservation efforts in urban environments, highlighting the importance and significance of ants in ecological studies.

Effect of moon phase during tides on variation of aquatic biodiversity in a tropical coastal lake of Anak Laut Lake, Aceh, Indonesia

2025-02-12T05:28:46+00:00

Abstract. Muhtadi A, Leidonald R, Rohim N, Firdaus M. 2025. Effect of moon phase during tides on variation of aquatic biodiversity in a tropical coastal lake of Anak Laut Lake, Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 810-823. Anak Laut Lake, Aceh, Indonesia, is a coastal lake whose water dynamics are influenced by sea tides. It serves as a vital environment for marine life in Singkil and surrounding waters, functioning as a nursery and feeding grounds for prawns and fish larvae. This study was conducted from March to April 2023 at Anak Laut Lake in Gosong Telaga Barat Village, North Singkil District, Aceh Singkil District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Sampling was conducted on four occasions during the tidal cycle: the new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter. Aquatic biota samples were collected during both high and low tides. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) multivariate analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2016 and Minitab. The nekton in Anak Laut Lake exhibited variations in space and time during high and low tides, with 29 families and 55 species identified. Benthic organisms included 26 species, classified into four distinct classes and 23 families. The abundance of phytoplankton was higher than that of zooplankton, reaching 90.96-95.30% of the plankton community. The larvae and juveniles discovered in Anak Laut Lake predominantly consisted of fish species from marine environments that reproduce in estuaries and seas and are transported into the lake by tidal currents. Fish population and diversity were higher during high tide due to the availability of habitats and the influx of marine fish. The tidal dynamics influenced the presence, abundance, and diversity of aquatic organisms in the lake. The new and full moon phases greatly affected the dynamics of the water quality and biodiversity of the lake due to the pronounced tidal ranges produced.

Selection and validation of stable reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis across seven Musa genomes during early flowering development

2025-01-03T08:52:47+00:00

Abstract. Sujipuli K, Mingmanit Y, Inthima P, Laywisadkul S, Ratanasut K, Premjet D, Premjet S, Pongcharoen P, Pathaichindachote W, Phinyo M, Boonsrangsom T. 2025. Biodiversitas 26: 125-135. Banana (Musa spp.) is a globally important fruit crop, with most edible varieties resulting from hybridizations between Musa acuminata (AA genome) and Musa balbisiana (BB genome). Seed formation in hybrid bananas is undesirable for both fresh consumption and processing, making it crucial to understand the genetic mechanisms controlling pollen viability and development to prevent seed set in commercial cultivation. However, comprehensive evaluations of reference genes for gene expression studies in various Musa genomic groups are still lacking. This study evaluated five candidate reference genes-ACT2, CAC, RPS4, RPL4, and SAMDC1-across seven Musa genomes using reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Four of these genes (CAC, RPS4, RPL4, and SAMDC1) demonstrated high primer specificity, with single PCR amplification peaks and melting curve Tm values ranging from 75.42 ± 0.03 to 82.51 ± 0.03. Expression abundance varied, with Ct values between 21.58 ± 0.26 and 24.68 ± 0.20. Using five stability analysis programs, CAC was identified as the most stable reference gene across all seven Musa genomes, making it the optimal candidate for normalizing gene expression data in banana studies. This study provides a valuable tool for enhancing the accuracy of gene expression analysis in banana breeding programs targeting seedless fruit production, thereby demonstrating the practical relevance of reference gene evaluation in banana genomic studies.

Gut microbiome profile of Namalycastis sp. at Setiu wetland in Terengganu, Malaysia

2025-01-20T07:09:34+00:00

Abstract. Iehata S, Hamzah SR, Azmi SS, Ibrahim YS. 2025. Gut microbiome profile of Namalycastis sp. at Setiu wetland in Terengganu, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 26: 358-367. Marine worm regulates the surrounding sediment microbial composition structure and diversity. While there are increasing reports on marine worm-related microbiome assemblage and their functional role in the ecosystem, more knowledge still needs to be reported on the gut microbiome associated with the Nypa worm (Namalycastis sp.). The present study conducted 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to investigate the microbiome community of the Nypa worm gut as well as the environmental sample (rotten Nypa and surrounding water) and analyzed potential microbial functions using functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa (FAPROTAX). Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and upset plot results revealed the obvious relationship between microbiome compositions associated with Namalycastis sp. gut and their habitat (Nypa). Similarly, some genera, such as genus Demequina, were found to be in higher abundance in Namalycastis sp. gut and Nypa. This higher abundance could indicate a symbiotic relationship or a specific adaptation to the Nypa environment. Functional predictions based on FAPROTAX indicated that Nypa worms possess higher potentials for aromatic hydrocarbon degradation, aromatic compound degradation, aliphatic non-methane hydrocarbon degradation, and hydrocarbon degradation than environmental samples. The findings in this study suggested that the Nypa worm gut is a reservoir of several beneficial bacteria, such as Rhodococcus and Saccharimonadales, which create a unique microbial environment that facilitates the microbiological degradation of organic compounds. In addition, the genus Rhodococcus and candidatus Xiphinematobacter would become potential biomarkers to monitor the shifting environmental condition of mangroves.

Exploration of bacteria from Setigi Lake, Gresik District, Indonesia as a candidate for industrial microalgae production

2025-02-26T07:09:05+00:00

Abstract. Prabaningtyas S, Witjoro A, Laili AN, Devi AS, Sa’diyyah C, Fitria M, Qomaria ZL, Rohman F, Suryanto H, Mawadah I, Saputri DAE, Sa’diyah W. 2025. Exploration of bacteria from Setigi Lake, Gresik District, Indonesia as a candidate for industrial microalgae production. Biodiversitas 26: 1135-1144. The diversity of microorganisms leads to the utilization of biological resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the community structure of microalgae and identify and assess the microbial community and bacterial potential that were collected from Lake Setigi in Gresik District, East Java, Indonesia. The field sampling was done by collecting water from 0, 50, and 100 cm depths. Microalgae were identified according to the guidebook, while the bacterial genome was isolated for metagenomic analysis. The results revealed varying taxa numbers and density of microalgae in Lake Setigi, such as 54 species at a depth of 0-10 cm (35.63 × 10⁸ cells/mL), 42 species at a depth of 50 cm (6.12 × 10⁸cells/mL); and 24 species at a depth of 100 cm (1.56 × 10⁸ cells/mL). Microalgal diversity was categorized as intermediate, well-distributed, or predominant. The three most abundant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria (56%), Bacteroidetes (16%), and Actinobacteria (13%). The potential functions of the selected bacterial isolates and their species were determined based on the similarity in 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic reconstruction. Isolates IAA17 (Delftia sp.), P15 (Pseudomonas libanensis), S14 (Bacillus subtilis), and SG5 (Lysinibacillus sp.) produced IAA, phosphate solubilization, vitamin B12, and ammonium, respectively, as a result of nitrogen-fixing activity. These abilities of bacteria underline their potential roles in biogeochemical cycling and ecosystem processes.

Peat-derived Streptomyces spp. isolated from edamame rhizosphere with plant growth-promoting properties

2025-01-17T11:09:31+00:00

Abstract. Erdiandini I, Tjahjoleksono A, Astuti RI, Husen E, Wahyudi AT. 2025. Peat-derived Streptomyces spp. isolated from edamame rhizosphere with plant growth-promoting properties. Biodiversitas 26: 326-334. Peatlands, which are known for their high organic matter content, are common habitats for actinomycetes. These microorganisms have been recognized for their potential as plant growth promoters. However, there have been limited reports on peat-derived actinomycetes with plant growth-promoting properties, especially in edamame-cultivated peatlands. This study aimed to isolate and investigate plant growth-promoting actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of edamame-cultivated peatlands. The results showed that a total of 46 strains were isolated from the edamame rhizosphere during the anthesis and reproductive phase. Importantly, 36 of these strains were found to be biologically safe, as showed by the negative hemolysis and hypersensitivity test. All 36 strains produced indole-3-acetic acid in the range of 2.42 to 50.07 µg/mL. Based on the in vivo plant growth-promoting activity assay, strains RT34, AR26, AR39, and BT59 promoted the highest primary root growth of edamame sprouts. Interestingly, the acetylene reduction assay revealed that only RT34 and AR39 strains exhibited nitrogenase activity as high as that of Azotobacter sp. as a positive control. The nitrogenase activity of these strains was up to 27.42 nmol C₂H₄ h^-1tube^-1 and 28.10 nmol C₂H₄ h^-1tube^-1. Furthermore, quantitative phosphate solubilization assay showed phosphate solubilization up to 527.76 µg/mL in the range of 258.31 to 527.76 µg/mL. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing, these strains were closely related to the genus Streptomyces. The finding of present results strongly indicates that these Streptomyces strains have plant growth-promoting properties and can be proposed as biostimulants to enhance edamame growth in peatlands.

Estimation of genetic parameters and path analysis in sweet-waxy corn (Zea mays var. ceratina)

2025-02-10T12:50:51+00:00

Abstract. Ritonga AW, Mukhlisin, Sutjahjo SH. 2025. Estimation of genetic parameters and path analysis in sweet-waxy corn (Zea mays var. ceratina). Biodiversitas 26: 879-889. Waxy corn is commonly consumed as a staple food in Eastern Indonesia. The development of hybrid sweet-waxy corn is crucial for enhancing its quality and productivity. The information about genetic parameters and yield-related traits is essential in plant breeding programs to obtain high-yielding hybrids. This study aimed to determine the genetic variability, heritability, and yield-related traits in sweet-waxy corn hybrids. This research was carried out at two locations, Bogor and Lampung, from September 2023 to February 2024. Fifteen sweet-waxy corn hybrids were sown in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The recorded data were plant height, ear height, stem diameter, leaf width, leaf length, the number of leaves, the number of kernels per row, the number of rows per ear, ear diameter, ear length, and ear weight without husk. The findings revealed that the G1, G7, and G12 hybrids demonstrated superior yield traits at both locations. All observed traits demonstrated high heritability, with the exception of stem diameter and the number of kernels per row. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were within the moderate to high, with percentages ranging from 4.15% to 16.69%. Correlation analysis suggested a positive association between ear weight without husks with the other traits. Ear diameter, ear length, and the number of kernels per row had highly positive direct effects on the ear weight without husks, while leaf width had a strong indirect effect through ear diameter (0.415). Thus, these traits may be utilized as selection criteria in corn breeding programs.

The diversity of wild edible plants used by community living around Mount Merapi National Park, Central Java, Indonesia

2024-11-06T07:02:44+00:00

Abstract. Farikha KN, Syahrani LPW, Alfiyah LK, Luthfia, Nurwulandari M, Nazar IA, Junaedi E, Setyawan AD. 2024. The diversity of wild edible plants used by community living around Mount Merapi National Park, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3041-3049. Mount Merapi National Park is one of the conservation areas in Indonesia that serves as habitat for various species of wild plants with ecological value and social benefits for local communities. However, the impacts of social, economic, and environmental changes have led to a decline in community interest in utilizing the presence of wild plants there. This research aims to document the diversity of wild edible plants used by local community living around Mount Merapi National Park in Kemalang Sub-district, Klaten District, Central Java, Indonesia. Data collection involved physical observation and semi-structured questionnaires to 58 respondents. Data analysis was carried out by classifying plants based on their local names, families, scientific names, growth forms, parts utilized, uses, and conservation status. This study documented 45 species of wild edible plants belonging to 32 families with the dominance of the Zingiberaceae family. Wild edible plants are utilized as food sources, cooking ingredients, and traditional medicine with leaves being the most commonly utilized part. Andrographis paniculata is most frequently utilized by the community. Based on the IUCN Red List, there are 20 wild edible species categorized as Least Concern, 13 species Not Evaluated, 11 species Data Deficient, and 1 species Endangered.

Exploring habitat characteristics and herpetofauna diversity in the Kamojang and Darajat Geothermal Power Plants, West Java, Indonesia

2025-01-13T09:45:19+00:00

Abstract. Megantara EN, Husodo T, Mutaqin AZ, Kendarto DR, Wulandari I, Pujianto MP, Shanida SS, Afriyanti F. 2025. Exploring habitat characteristics and herpetofauna diversity in the Kamojang and Darajat Geothermal Power Plants, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 203-222. Considering their vital role in preserving ecological stability, herpetofauna are essential indicators of the environment's health. From 2019 to 2023, this project examines the herpetofauna's habitat and variety surrounding the Kamojang and Darajat Geothermal Power Plants, West Java, Indonesia. The study's objectives were to monitor species diversity, evaluate habitat conditions, and understand how land use changes affect these species. Data were gathered by vegetation analysis and visual and auditory encounter surveys in various land cover types, including natural forests, mixed gardens, pine plantations, shrubs, swamps, riparian, artificial gardens, craters, and replanting areas. The results identified 37 species of herpetofauna, including 18 amphibians and 19 reptiles. Vegetation analysis revealed that natural forests and riparian zones supported the highest species richness. In contrast, areas with monoculture vegetation, such as pine plantations, had lower biodiversity. Natural habitats tend to have lower temperatures and high humidity, creating ideal conditions for specialist species requiring a stable and humid environment. In contrast, artificial habitats have warmer temperatures and lower humidity, favoring generalist species, which are more adaptable to variable environmental conditions. Artificial habitats also provide diverse microhabitats, such as open areas for basking and shade from plant canopies, which favor certain reptiles and amphibians. Adapting species to these different conditions reflects the importance of maintaining a balance between natural habitats to support specialist species and artificial habitats for more flexible species. This combination of abiotic factors and habitat structure is key to the sustainability of herpetofauna diversity in both areas. Habitat quality was affected by human activities such as land conversion and agriculture, which decreased the diversity of herpetofauna and the vegetation structure. This study emphasizes the significance of habitat conservation and sustainable land management in maintaining biodiversity in geothermal areas.

Species distribution model and population dynamics of invasive alien plant Calliandra calothyrsus in Gunung Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia

2024-12-05T23:33:55+00:00

Abstract. Nasihin I, Widhiono I, Sudiana E, Nurdin, Herlina N, Imaningsih W. 2024. Species distribution model and population dynamics of invasive alien plant Calliandra calothyrsus in Gunung Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4806-4815. Invasive alien plants are a serious threat to conservation areas since they will threaten biodiversity by over-dominating species composition and reducing diversity. However, conservation area managers have not taken invasive alien plant management seriously. Calliandra calothyrsus is one of the invasive alien plant species that has been reported to occur in conservation areas. The purpose of this study was to develop a habitat suitability model and investigate population dynamics of C. calothyrsus in Gunung Ciremai National Park (GCNP), West Java Province, Indonesia. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) was used to build the model using 13 environmental predictors, including climate, physical, and soil characteristic variables. Population structure data were collected from 98 sampling plots, each measuring 10x10 m. The population dynamics and distribution of C. calothyrsus populations were analyzed using RangeShifter software with 50 years of simulation. The results showed an AUC value of >0.80, indicating the distribution model of C. calothyrsus has a high level of agreement between the model prediction and actual observation. Simulation analysis shows that the population of C. calothyrsus in GCNP will continue to increase over the next 50 years and spread throughout the park from where the occurrences of C. calothyrsus were recorded. The findings of this study suggest that managing the growth of the C. calothyrsus population from seedling to sapling is necessary, while restoring bare ground and shrub can prevent the spread of C. calothyrsus.

The anatomy, histology, and oxidative stress level of the liver in fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus)

2024-12-18T15:11:06+00:00

Abstract. Dhamayanti Y, Suryadiningrat M, Mujiburrahman A, Firdausy LW, Maslamama ST, Purnama MTE. 2025. The anatomy, histology, and oxidative stress level of the liver in fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus). Biodiversitas 26: 102-110. Among the wildlife species known for propagating zoonoses is the fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus). It is known that the liver organ serves as a detoxifying center in the only flying mammal. An examination of the liver's anatomy, histology, and oxidative stress level was essential to bridge the gap between earlier research and take into account the liver's critical function in bats. Seven bats—four males and three females—were enlisted to examine the liver's gross anatomy, histology, levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT). The study's findings, which highlight the unique aspects of bat liver anatomy and the absence of gender differences in enzyme levels, have significant implications for our understanding of zoonotic diseases. As a result, the liver is covered by connective tissue, which also separates the liver parenchyma into three lobes: the cranial, middle, and caudal lobes. The liver of a bat lacked an additional lobe, in contrast to most mammals. According to histology, the liver lobule's hepatocytes are grouped radially from the center and terminate in the central vein. The portal vein, bile ductules, and hepatic artery branches were all visible in the triad. Furthermore, this study found no significant differences (p<0.05) between male and female bats in terms of MDA (p = 0.463), SOD (p = 0.686), GPx (p = 0.455), and CAT (p = 0.443). As a reference for typical circumstances, this study concluded the anatomy, histology, and antioxidant enzymes of fruit bats' livers. Furthermore, fruit bats with normal liver conditions might be compared to the antioxidant enzyme profiles we reported.

Identification of subterranean termites and their attack characteristics on settlements in Jakarta Province, Indonesia

2025-01-02T15:47:04+00:00

Abstract. Arinana A, Ardiansyah F, Andika R, Tarmadi D, Satimo. 2025. Identification of subterranean termites and their attack characteristics on settlements in Jakarta Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 22-35. The increase in termite attacks on buildings in Jakarta, Indonesia coinciding with the city's construction boom, is reshaping environmental dynamics. This study aims to identify the subterranean termite species responsible for damaging residential structures and to analyze the patterns of these infestations throughout Jakarta. The research was conducted across 57 settlement sites within the city, guided by a comprehensive survey of termite-induced damage and a four-month monitoring period from September to December 2021, during which Perseroan Terbatas (PT) Larusa Adi Sumindo, Jakarta implemented a baiting system. Morphometric identification of the termites revealed at least four species associated with building infestations: Coptotermes curvignathus, C. gestroi, Macrotermes gilvus, and Microtermes insperatus. Coptotermes gestroi was the most prevalent among these, found at 39 sites. The findings indicate that termite damage was most severe in window and door frames (49.1%), while the foundation exhibited the least damage (3.5%). This research highlights not only the diversity of termite species infesting urban areas but also the specific structural components vulnerable to their attacks, including frames, foundations, floors, walls, ceilings, archives, and garden trees. These insights are crucial for developing targeted mitigation strategies and building resilience against these pervasive subterranean termites, supporting sustainable urban development in Jakarta and beyond.

Diversity of diurnal birds and their ecological role in Papua’s oil palm plantation landscape, Indonesia

2025-02-12T04:54:10+00:00

Abstract. Affandi R, Santosa Y, Kwatrina RT. 2025. Diversity of diurnal birds and their ecological role in Papua’s oil palm plantation landscape, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 799-809. Oil palm plantations significantly impact biodiversity, particularly in Indonesia, where they play a crucial economic role. However, the ecological consequences remain underexplored in Papua, especially for avian communities. This study examines bird diversity and ecological roles within Papua's oil palm agroecosystem. Observations were conducted in various land cover types in Kaureh Sub-district, Jayapura District, Papua, Indonesia, including oil palm blocks, High Conservation Value (HCV) areas, secondary forests, and shrubs. Using transect surveys, we recorded 46 bird species from 23 families, with the highest species richness in HCV areas. Bird communities contribute vital ecosystem services such as seed dispersal, pollination, and pest control. Granivorous and frugivorous species facilitate habitat regeneration, while insectivorous birds mitigate pest outbreaks, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. Raptors and carnivorous species regulate small mammal populations, enhancing ecological stability. Statistical analysis revealed significant correlations between bird abundance and environmental factors, including vegetation diversity and proximity to HCV areas. Despite their ecological importance, oil palm plantations exhibited lower species richness and evenness than natural habitats. Conservation strategies should integrate bird-friendly management practices, such as maintaining native vegetation, establishing ecological corridors, and minimizing chemical inputs. Enhancing biodiversity in oil palm landscapes can support agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. This study underscores the need for further research and conservation efforts to balance economic gains with biodiversity preservation in Papua's oil palm agroecosystems.

Effect of host tree site conditions of Schima wallichii on vertical structure of epiphytic orchid community

2025-02-10T08:52:20+00:00

Abstract. Fardhani I, Kitagami Y, Torimaru T, Kisanuki H. 2025. Effect of host tree site conditions of Schima wallichii on vertical structure of epiphytic orchid community. Biodiversitas 26: 715-722. It is crucial to recognize the conservation challenges and potential intertwined with the delicate balance of epiphytic orchid communities. Therefore, it is imperative to deepen our understanding regarding the factors influencing the ecology of epiphytic orchid community, including how orchid diversity is distributed on a host tree. To clarify the variation in vertical community structure of epiphytic orchids on a host tree species, Schima wallichii, species richness and abundance of these orchids were investigated. Epiphytic orchids occurring on each host tree were allocated to one of five vertical zones. To understand their effects on community structures, host tree site factors such as density of trees surrounding the host, and angle and direction of slope on which the host tree stood, were measured. Crown zones of S. wallichii trees accumulated more species of epiphytic orchids than the trunk zone because the crown contains many branches, to which epiphytes can attach more easily than on the trunk. Zone 3, at the bottom of the crown zone, offered the most potential for many kinds of epiphytic orchid to colonize, according to the accumulation curves of species richness against both the number of host trees and orchid abundance; this is probably because it had larger branches than the other crown zones. The vertical community structures of epiphytic orchid on S. wallichii were not clearly segregated, even between trunk and the three crown zones. Host tree angle of slope significantly drove the vertical structure of the epiphytic orchid community.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Araucaria spp. from Taman Bunga Nusantara, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia

2025-01-02T04:53:08+00:00

Abstract. Sugita P, Ustati MN, Kurniawanti, Syahbirin G, Dianhar H, Rahayu DUC. 2025. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Araucaria spp. from Taman Bunga Nusantara, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 118-126. Araucaria columnaris (AC) and Araucaria cunninghamii (ACu) are members of the Araucaria genus known for their various pharmacological activities. This study aims to analyze the phytochemical properties, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and antioxidant activities of twigs from AC and ACu, using different solvents (i) acetone (A); (ii) ethanol (E); and (iii) Ethyl acetate (Ea). Quantitative measurements for TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity were conducted using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, and the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, respectively. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids in all extracts. Saponins were found exclusively in acetone extracts, while none contained alkaloids. The TPC is expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g of extract, while TFC is presented as mg of quercetin equivalent (QE) per g of extract. The TPC of AC twigs in acetone (ACA) was the highest, followed by ethanol (ACE) and ethyl acetate (ACEa). Similarly, the highest TPC was also observed in acetone (ACuA) for ACu twigs, followed by ethanol (ACuE) and ethyl acetate (ACuEa). Regarding TFC, the order for AC twigs was ACA > ACEa > ACE, while for ACu twigs, it was ACuEa > ACuE > ACuA. ACuE exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 29.57 ± 1.11 µg/mL, whereas the other extracts displayed moderate antioxidant activity. The results of this research provide preliminary data that can serve as a foundation for future studies.

Comparative micromorphology of Costus pictus and Hellenia speciosa collected from Vietnam

2025-01-11T09:21:02+00:00

Abstract. Triet NT, Chen TV, Lam DNX, Hien NTT, Nga NT, Quynh TTT. 2025. Comparative micromorphology of Costus pictus and Hellenia speciosa collected from Vietnam. Biodiversitas 26: 407-417. Costus pictus and Hellenia speciosa are two herbs belonging to the family Costaceae that have been used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes and are also used as daily food. The comparative anatomical characteristics between C. pictus and H. speciosa from Vietnam have not been systematically noted. This study aimed to develop microanatomical monographs of C. pictus and H. speciosa from Vietnam. Six fresh plants each were randomly collected for use in this study. Anatomical structures of rhizomes, roots, stems, and leaves were carried out using the iodine green-carmine staining method. The anatomical structural features of plant parts were analyzed and recorded through optical microscopy. The anatomical structural features of the tested samples are similar to those of Costus species. Notably, the anatomical structure of H. speciosa rhizome is similar to its stem, but different from that of C. pictus rhizome. The microstructures of their roots and leaves easily distinguish these species from each other. Additionally, smaller unicellular trichomes were observed in C. pictus leaves, while sub-air cavities, larger unicellular stout trichomes, and peltate glandular trichomes were found in H. speciosa leaves. The present evidence highlights the main structural features for distinguishing and identifying Vietnamese C. pictus and H. speciosa.

Botanical survey of ethnomedicines in Dayak sub-ethnic groups, Ot Danum and Tomum in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

2025-01-27T22:36:54+00:00

Abstract. Neneng L, Nawan, Naibaho FG, Rahman S, Septya L, Panjaitan D, Lestari RW, Irsyam ASD, Norwahyunie, Noraini. 2025. Botanical survey of ethnomedicines in Dayak sub-ethnic groups, Ot Danum and Tomum in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 458-469. The rise of globalization, urbanization, and environmental changes has led to the emergence of new infectious diseases and increased Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), posing significant public health threats. This study aims to document the traditional medicinal knowledge of the Dayak Ot Danum and Tomum subtribes in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, particularly regarding their ethnobotanical remedies for treating infectious diseases. Field surveys were conducted in August 2024 across four villages, utilizing purposive and snowball sampling techniques to interview 12 key informants, including traditional healers. Semi-structured interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and field observations were employed to gather information on the local use of medicinal plants. A total of 62 plant species were identified, with the highest proportions targeting bacterial infections (24 species), followed by viral (21 species), fungal (11 species), and parasitic infections (4 species), with mixed efficacy as antibacterial and antifungal (10 species) and antibacterial and antiviral (3 species). The Zingiberaceae family was the most frequently documented, a testament to the diverse and rich ethnobotanical knowledge of these communities. The findings highlight the effective use of traditional medicine in combating infections, suggesting the potential for integrating ethnobiological practices into contemporary healthcare strategies to address AMR. As indigenous populations face increasing health risks, preserving and leveraging traditional medicinal knowledge is crucial for developing sustainable approaches to health and wellness.

Rare, Endangered, Endemic, and Protected Species (REEPS) conservation in the Cisokan, West Java, Indonesia

2024-12-30T04:46:38+00:00

Abstract. Husodo T, Megantara EN, Mutaqin AZ, Kendarto DR, Withaningsih S, Wulandari I, Shanida SS, Febrianto P. 2024. Rare, Endangered, Endemic, and Protected Species (REEPS) conservation in the Cisokan, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 5094-5102. The Upper Cisokan Pumped Storage (UCPS) hydropower construction poses significant challenges to local biodiversity, particularly Rare, Endemic, Endangered, and Protected Species (REEPS). This study aimed to describe the distribution of REEPS threatened by the construction and analyze the trend of their presence during the development. Methods applied include sign surveys, camera trapping, and literature review across a 47-grid study area. The findings show that ten REEPS continue to occupy forest patches and corridors despite ongoing construction activities. All REEPS species were consistently recorded from 2009 to 2022, indicating that their habitat can still meet their survival needs. However, habitat fragmentation and overlapping land use due to construction threaten these species' long-term sustainability. The grid-based analysis identified nine grids as core habitats for multiple REEPS species, emphasizing the need for ongoing biodiversity management. This includes preserving critical corridors and forest patches, which are crucial for the survival of these species. Long-term monitoring ensures coexistence between wildlife and human activities, maintaining ecosystem balance while advancing the hydropower project. This study highlights the importance of integrating wildlife conservation with infrastructure development in biodiversity-rich areas.

Characterization and potential of L-glutaminase enzyme from symbiotic red algae Eucheuma spinosum as antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral dengue agents by in vitro

2024-12-20T01:34:19+00:00

Abstract. Karim H, Azis A, Ramadani A, Pine ATD, Anita, Ahmad A, Mukriani, Massi MN, Permana AD. 2024. Characterization and potential of L-glutaminase enzyme from symbiotic red algae Eucheuma spinosum as antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral dengue agents by in vitro. Biodiversitas 25: 4939-4949. Cancer is a disease caused by the abnormal growth of body tissue cells. A new approach in cancer treatment through targeted therapy is using microbial enzymes. One enzyme that has potential for future cancer therapy is L-glutaminase. On the other hand, dengue fever is endemic in Indonesia, necessitating maximum and sustained efforts to address the dengue problem, including infection and cancer. Indonesia is an archipelagic nation, with two-thirds of its territory comprising seas, and boasts many diverse marine biota and macroalgae. One cultivated variety of marine algae is the red algae Eucheuma sp.. This study aimed to isolate the L-glutaminase enzyme produced by symbiotic Cobetia marina from red algae Eucheuma spinosum. The optimum activity of the L-glutaminase enzyme was found at pH 8 and 37°C. It was activated by metal ions Mg²⁺, Co²⁺, and Mn²⁺. The antibacterial activity test revealed that L-glutaminase at a concentration of 5 mg/L exhibited inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the cytotoxic test demonstrated the most substantial impact in the F1 fraction at a concentration of 160 µg/mL, with a percent inhibition value of 25.65% and an IC₅₀ value of 64.26 µg/mL on MCF-7 cells. The anti-dengue activity of L-glutaminase in crude extract toward Vero cells indicates inhibition percentage and CC₅₀ value of 78% and 167.15 ?g/mL, respectively. These findings suggest that the L-glutaminase enzyme fractions from symbiotic C. marina hold promise for antibacterial and anticancer uses and antiviral activity against dengue.

Elucidating hard coral community in tropical coral reefs of Pulau Bidong and nearby islands, South China Sea

2025-01-16T01:37:58+00:00

Abstract. Qamarina MFN, Boo WH, Ping YH, Bachok Z, Safuan CDM. 2025. Elucidating hard coral community in tropical coral reefs of Pulau Bidong and nearby islands, South China Sea. Biodiversitas 26: 444-457. This study investigates the intricate dynamics of hard coral communities within the tropical coral reefs of the South China Sea, a region renowned for its high marine biodiversity. Data were collected through video sampling to assess the hard coral composition around Pulau Bidong and nearby islands, analyzing variations of hard coral communities across different variables such as island, depth, habitat, and exposure. In total, 40 hard coral genera from 15 families were identified in the study area. Overall, Acropora (22.41% ± 22.17) emerged as the most prominent genus, followed by Porites (5.8% ± 10.27). Acropora dominated in leeward reefs (28.70% ± 22.84) and sandy habitats (29.11% ± 23.89), both sheltered from intense winds and currents. Porites were abundant in exposed reefs (13.69% ± 16.4) with submerged habitats (35.64% ± 8.42) and windward reefs (9.33% ± 10.47) with rocky habitats (8.17% ± 9.46), both of which are subject to higher physical disturbances. Varying local conditions significantly influence the composition of hard coral communities in these tropical reefs. These findings underscore the urgent need for conservation in disturbed reefs, as they should be protected from intense human activities to preserve hard coral diversity. The recommendation that sheltered areas, such as leeward reefs, may be more suitable for water activities and controlled human development supports the responsible utilization of Pulau Bidong and nearby islands while ensuring the long-term sustainability of the marine ecosystem. Overall, this study provides a foundational understanding of how local environmental variables affect hard coral communities in the South China Sea, a crucial insight for developing effective coral reef management strategies amid increasing pressures from climate change.

Impact of intermittent stream flow on water quality and structural composition of macroinvertebrates in a semi-arid region of South Africa

2024-12-24T11:48:22+00:00

Abstract. Matita TP, Addo-Bediako A, Luus-Powell W. 2024. Impact of intermittent stream flow on water quality and structural composition of macroinvertebrates in a semi-arid region of South Africa. Biodiversitas 25: 5074-5082. This study investigated the impact of varying flow regimes on water quality and the structural composition of macroinvertebrates in the Moopitse River, South Africa. Samples were collected during three distinct flow conditions: high flow, low flow, and intermittent flow. Water quality parameters were measured in situ, and water samples were collected for nutrient analysis before macroinvertebrate sampling. A total of 4,094 individuals, representing seven orders and 22 families, were recorded. The assessment, based on water quality and macroinvertebrate structure, revealed that intermittent flow (cessation of flow) negatively affected both water quality and the distribution of macroinvertebrates. There was a decline in both taxa richness and abundance in response to flow intermittency. The observed low taxa richness and abundance, particularly during high flow and intermittent regimes, align with expectations for such hydrologically extreme habitats. Compared to the perennial rivers in the Olifants River Basin, the Moopitse River is less diverse, as the intermittent environment favors generalist and stress-tolerant taxa rather than sensitive taxa. Water parameters such as turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and nutrient levels were significantly higher during intermittent flow, while dissolved oxygen levels were notably lower. Overall, water quality was best during low flow, which also supported greater macroinvertebrate richness and abundance. These findings suggest that river discontinuity may lead to habitat degradation, thereby altering the structural distribution of macroinvertebrate communities. Understanding the effects of flow variation and habitat changes is crucial for environmental and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, conservation strategies should incorporate innovative approaches to mitigate the impacts of flow discontinuities and habitat degradation.

Assessing the nucleotide sequence diversity of COI, COII, CYTB, ND5 in several silkworm strains raised in Vietnam

2025-02-06T06:21:38+00:00

Abstract. Nguyen TTB, Nhai NT, Xuan LT, Duc HV, Duy ND, Hanh TTH, Nhien NT. 2025. Assessing the nucleotide sequence diversity of COI, COII, CYTB, ND5 in several silkworm strains raised in Vietnam. Biodiversitas 26: 1061-1068. The selection of silkworm breeds is currently a subject of great interest in Vietnam, where assessing genetic diversity plays a crucial role. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity characteristics of the COI, COII, Cytb, and ND5 loci of mtDNA in 15 parental Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758) lines raised in Vietnam. This includes 10 high-yielding white cocoon strains (bivoltine) and 5 low-yielding yellow cocoon strains (multivoltine), which are well adapted to the local climate conditions in Vietnam. The research used the PCR technique with specific primer pairs, performed sequencing using the Sanger method, and processed the data with BioEdit, DnaSP, and MEGA 11 software. The nucleotide sequencing results revealed a high A+T content in all four loci, particularly at the ND5 locus, where the total A+T content reached 84.94%. The study indicated that COI, COII, and ND5 markers alone are insufficient for differentiating between strains. However, the nucleotide sequences of the COII and ND5 loci can be used to identify the 5 multivoltine yellow cocoon native strains of Vietnam. Additionally, the nucleotide sequence of the Cytb locus can be used to distinguish these 5 native silkworm strains. These results will support breeders in identifying and differentiating native Vietnamese silkworm breeds.

Combining ability and heterotic effects of maize (Zea mays) lines for drought tolerance using the line × tester method

2025-02-11T21:57:30+00:00

Abstract. Amzeri A, Santoso SB, Adiputra F, Khoiri S, Badami K, Umam AS. 2025. Combining ability and heterotic effects of maize (Zea mays) lines for drought tolerance using the line × tester method. Biodiversitas 26: 748-760. Assembling superior varieties requires information on the combining ability and heterosis of several lines being tested to select lines that can be used as parents in assembling varieties. This research aimed to determine General Combining Ability (GCA), Specific Combining Ability (SCA), and heterosis of maize lines using the line x tester method on dry land. The genetic material used was 40 hybrids from crossing 20 lines with UTM08.5 and UTM09.6 testers. The research used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 62 genotypes (20 lines, 2 testers, 40 hybrids) as treatments and was repeated three times. The research results showed that lines that have a significant negative GCA value in harvest age character and can be used as parents in assembling early maturity maize varieties are T2S-5-11, DuS-5-24, Su-S-4-2-4, Su-S-4 -1-12, Su-S-4-1-12, and Su-S-4-1-15. Lines with a large positive GCA value and can be used as parents for assembling maize varieties with high production character are T2S-5-11, Su-S-4-2-4, Su-S-4-1-12, Su-S-4-1-15, and Su-S-4-3-16. The crosses T2S-5-11 × UTM08.5, Su-S-4-2-4 × UTM 08.5, and Su-S-4-1-15 × UTM08.5 had significant negative SCA values ??for harvest age and significant positive SCA values for the production per hectare character so that the three cross combinations can be used as candidates for the formation of early maturity and high production hybrid maize varieties. The best crosses are ES-5-24 × UTM09.6, T2S-5-11 × UTM08.5, T2S-5-11 × UTM09.6, and TS-5-20 × UTM09.6. They have positive heterosis for production per hectare character and negative heterosis for harvest age character.

Phytochemical composition and bioactivity of Parkia timoriana leaf extract from Kediri, Indonesia in various solvent polarities

2024-12-09T10:13:32+00:00

Abstract. Sariwati A, Sari F, Suryanti V, Handayani DS, Setyono HA, Yuliati N. 2024. Phytochemical composition and bioactivity of Parkia timoriana leaf extract from Kediri, Indonesia in various solvent polarities. Biodiversitas 25: 4900-4908. The potential therapeutic uses of bioactive chemicals found in natural sources have led to a significant increase in focus on their investigation in recent years. Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. has secondary metabolites, which have been used as a traditional medicine. This work studies the phytochemical composition and bioactivities evaluation of the P. timoriana leaf extract of varying solvent polarities, such as methanol, water, ethyl acetate, and hexane. The methanol extract has the highest secondary metabolite contents, excluding terpenoids contents. The Follin-Ciocalteu method showed that the total phenolic content of methanol extract was 302.02 mg GAE/g. The aluminum chloride colorimetric method revealed that the total flavonoid content of the methanol extract was 256.85 mg QE/g. The tannin acid, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids contents of methanol extracts were determined by Spectrophotometer UV-Vis, which were found to be 32.07 mg TAE/g, 23.86 mg CoE/g, 18.35 mg DE/g, 5.23 mg Linalool Eq./g, and respectively. The highest terpenoid contents were found in hexane extract, which was 11.34 mg of Linalool Eq./g. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were assessed by measuring the free-radical of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and scavenge of 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzene-thiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid (ABTS)). The methanol extract was shown to have the strongest antioxidant activity, where the DPPH and ABTS IC₅₀ values were 47.78 and 39.54 µg/mL, respectively. The methanol extract exhibited the greatest antimicrobial activities, where the inhibition zone for Candida albicans and Escherichia coli fungus were 21 and 22 mm, respectively. Antidiabetic effects were assessed in vitro by blocking ?-amylase and ?-glucoside. The methanol extract shows an inhibition of 50.19 µg/mL for ?-glucoside and 42.50 µg/mL for ?-amylase. The secondary metabolites of P. timoriana leaf are great building blocks for making potent medications.

Fishing area mapping and gear competition in Paiton Waters, East Java, Indonesia

2025-02-05T07:06:05+00:00

Abstract. Sari WK, Rahmalinda WPF, Harlyan LI, Sambah AB, Matsuishi TF, Rust S. 2025. Fishing area mapping and gear competition in Paiton Waters, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 636-650. Fisheries in the northern waters of Java Island, Indonesia, particularly in East Java, exhibit high complexity, requiring comprehensive management to effectively address multiple challenges. However, this complexity requires simplification of contributing variables to facilitate sustainable management. One potential solution is spatial clustering. This study aims to analyze species diversity, identify the distribution of fishing gear, cluster areas and fishing gear, and assess indications of competition between fishing gear operating at the Paiton Fish Landing Base (PPI). This study used the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) method. The results showed that species diversity in Paiton waters was categorized as moderate (0.00-1.52), with species richness categorized as low (0.00-0.72). Spatial clustering identified two clusters of fishing areas and one cluster of different fishing gears. Fishing areas near the harbor and close to Madura Island are dominated by Indian scad Decapterus russelli, while the central part of the Madura Strait is dominated by Bullet tuna Auxis rochei. Gear groupings showed competition between gillnets and driftnets, both of which target Savalai hairtail Lepturacanthus savala. This research contributes to fisheries management by providing insights into the spatial distribution and competition of fishing activities, supporting better resource allocation and sustainable practices in the region.

Investigation of endophytic bacteria associated with Paederia foetida: Population, characterization, antibacterial, and pathogenicity analysis

2025-02-15T13:28:50+00:00

Abstract. Yunita M, Ohiwal M, Warella JC, Azizah SN, Asmin E, Siahaya PG. 2025. Investigation of endophytic bacteria associated with Paederia foetida: Population, characterization, antibacterial, and pathogenicity analysis 26: 981-991. The aim of this study was to obtain non-pathogenic endophytic bacterial isolates that can be developed as antibacterials for further applications. Endophyte isolation was carried out in 4 different media to obtain diverse endophytes and characterized macroscopically and microscopically. Endophyte screening was done through antibacterial tests against 10 different pathogenic bacteria. Pathogenicity analysis was performed on Blood Agar Plate (BAP) to differentiate pathogenic and non-pathogenic group of endophytic bacteria. The results showed that Starch Casein Agar was the best media for isolation in terms of total population and morphological characteristics compared to the other three media. A total of 27 isolates were collected according to the different morphology. Screening through antibacterial tests revealed that 19 endophytic isolates were significantly able to inhibit various species of pathogenic bacteria (p-value of 0.001). Pathogenicity analysis showed that 8 of 19 isolates (HR1, HR2, HR3, K2, NL3, S2, A2, and A9) were categorized as ? hemolysis, while the other 11 isolates were categorized as ? hemolysis and ? hemolysis. The study concluded that 8 endophytic bacterial isolates associated with P. foetida leaves had the strong potential to be developed and can be applied in advanced antibacterial applications.

Isolation of lactic acid bacteria as potential probiotic candidates from the digestive tract of Gobiopterus sp.

2025-02-19T08:36:29+00:00

Abstract. Hakkinen M, Faqih AR, Prihanto AA, Anitasari S. 2025. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria as potential probiotic candidates from the digestive tract of Gobiopterus sp. Biodiversitas 26: 1008-1017. The distinctive ecological niche presented by the volcanic Lake Ranu Grati offers a fascinating setting for the exploration of microbial diversity, with a particular focus on lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are renowned for their advantageous characteristics and hold significant promise as potential probiotics. The fish species Gobiopterus sp., which resides within this lake, presents a compelling opportunity for the isolation of novel strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize probiotic bacteria from the digestive system of Gobiopterus sp. and to find bacterial strains that can improve aquaculture cultivation, health, and disease resistance. This study obtained 30 bacterial isolates originating from the digestive tract of Gobiopterus sp., of which 8 isolates were Gram-positive and catalase-negative. These isolates showed the ability to tolerate acid and bile salts which were one of the properties for probiotic candidates. Antibacterial activity varied among the isolates, with some showing significant inhibition against Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio harveyi. Enzyme activity test found that the selected isolates can produce protease and cellulase enzymes. The selected isolates had sufficient hydrophobicity properties ranging from 23-41% and the DNA sequencing results identified the 3 isolates as the member of genus Enterococcus. The results of this study yielded isolates that have the potential as probiotics in the field of aquaculture. Therefore, further research should be conducted for the comprehensive characterization and safety assessment required for the use of probiotic bacteria.

Discovery of potential alleles for iron (Fe) toxicity tolerance in rice: Phenotypic and genotypes analysis of doubled haploid lines

2025-02-13T08:39:59+00:00

Abstract. Chrisnawati L, Miftahudin, Utami DW. 2025. Discovery of potential alleles for iron (Fe) toxicity tolerance in rice: Phenotypic and genotypes analysis of doubled haploid lines. Biodiversitas 26: 851-858. Tidal swamplands present a promising opportunity for expanding rice cultivation. However, iron (Fe) toxicity poses major obstacles to development. To overcome these challenges, it is crucial to develop Fe-tolerant rice genotypes and identify molecular markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This study aimed to identify Fe-tolerant doubled haploid rice genotypes and SNP markers related to Fe toxicity tolerance. The experiment was carried out by cultivating 45 doubled haploid rice lines (BMIP 1-BMIP 33 and BMIP 39-BMIP 50), derived from reciprocal crosses between IR54/Parekaligora and Bio 110/Markuti, under Fe-toxic conditions. Phenotypic evaluations were based on the leaf bronzing symptom (LBS) score and genotype analysis was performed using high-throughput sequencing of 384 SNPs. SNPs correlated with phenotypic data were analyzed using the Tassel 2.0 software, with significance set at a p-value <0.05. The results showed that there were 12 highly Fe-tolerant and 33 lines with moderate tolerance and seven SNPs were identified in proximity to QTLs/genes associated with iron (Fe) toxicity and abiotic stress responses, namely qFETOX-2, OsIRT, OsFRO2, OsNRAMP5, and Cyclin-like F-box. Phylogenetic analysis grouped Fe-tolerant lines, including BMIP 25, BMIP 26, BMIP 46, BMIP 47, BMIP 48, BMIP 49, and BMIP 50, with Mahsuri as the positive control, showing shared genetic traits. These results provided valuable markers for breeding programs to obtain Fe-tolerant rice.

Identification of virulence genes from clinical isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

2024-12-27T22:19:54+00:00

Abstract. Mohammad SQ_, Awayid HS, Zarrouk-Mahjoub S. 2024. Identification of virulence genes from clinical isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Biodiversitas 25: 5083-5093. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillin, methicillin, amoxicillin, and oxacillin. This resistance complicates treatment compared to non-resistant strains. While previous studies have defined MRSA phylogeny and transmission in well-resourced settings, this study specifically highlights the effectiveness of five targeted loci analyses (ermA, ermB, ermC, hla-?, and tsst-1) for understanding MRSA evolution in diverse clinical contexts. This study analyzed the phylogenetic relationships among 20 MRSA isolates, which were amplified from the targeted loci. The research focused on the ermA locus in three isolates (A1-A3), the ermB locus in nine isolates (B1 to B9), the ermC locus in six isolates (C1 to C6), the hla-? gene in one isolate (D1), and the tsst-1 gene in one isolate (E1). Genetic diversity was assessed based on the variants identified within these loci. Direct sequencing of the amplified fragments was conducted to detect genetic polymorphisms, and coding variants were translated to evaluate their potential effects on protein function. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to evaluate the associations and distributions of the experimental variables. Sequencing results confirmed that the isolates were S. aureus. The alignment revealed no variants in samples A1-A3, C1-C6, and D1. One variant (176G>A) was found in group B1-B9, resulting in a missense mutation (p.100Ser>Asn). Sample E1 contained a single nucleotide deletion (56C-del). Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct clades of isolates that corresponded with various clinical and non-clinical sources. The ermA locus proved to be more effective in tracking the evolutionary trajectories of the studied S. aureus isolates compared to the other loci. These findings suggest that ermA markers could be valuable for broader applications in monitoring the evolutionary distributions of bacterial strains across diverse contexts. Further investigation may enhance our understanding of bacterial evolution in various environments.

Isolation and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi from Orthosiphon aristatus

2025-02-08T14:20:54+00:00

Abstract. Satriawan H, Zaimi NA, Eriadi A, Efdi M, Tallei TE, Andayani R, Handayani D. 2025. Isolation and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi from Orthosiphon aristatus. Biodiversitas 26: 963-970. Orthosiphon aristatus, known as cat's whiskers or Javanese tea in Indonesia, has been used in traditional medicine to enhance urination, treat kidney inflammation, mitigate kidney stones, regulate diabetes, address albuminuria and syphilis, alleviate rheumatism, reduce blood glucose levels, and function as an antibacterial agent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the endophytic fungal resources of Orthosiphon aristatus and evaluate its potential as a source of bioactive compounds, particularly against antibiotic-resistant pathogens like Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Eleven fungal isolates were obtained from the plant’s leaves, stems, and roots. The ethyl acetate extract of isolates was subjected to comprehensive antimicrobial screening at a concentration of 5%. Three isolates-OAA1, OAA3, and OAD1-exhibited considerable antibacterial activity, with OAD1 displaying the most significant efficacy, as evidenced by a 12.57 ± 1.09 mm inhibition zone against MRSA. Nevertheless, none of the extracts could suppress the proliferation of Candida albicans. Subsequent molecular identification verified that OAD1 was Aspergillus niger. The phytochemical analysis revealed that the triterpenoid and flavonoid groups exhibited a positive reaction, whereas the alkaloid and phenol compound groups exhibited a negative response. The findings highlight the potential of endophytic fungi from O. aristatus as promising sources of novel bioactive compounds, especially for addressing antibiotic-resistant pathogens like MRSA. The identification of A. niger as a powerful antibacterial-producing organism presents promising prospects for the creation of novel pharmaceuticals, particularly regarding multidrug-resistant infections. This study emphasizes the pressing necessity for additional research to identify and characterize the specific compounds that confer antibacterial activity and to investigate their extensive therapeutic applications.

Ethnozoological knowledge of diversity, folk taxonomy, and animal hunting among the Baduy in Banten, Indonesia

2024-12-18T07:43:23+00:00

Abstract. Iskandar BS, Iskandar J, Mulyanto D, Supriatna J. 2024. Ethnozoological knowledge of diversity, folk taxonomy, and animal hunting among the Baduy in Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 5031-5045. Presently, biocultural systems, an emergent ecosystem, are experiencing significant growth in traditional villages due to the presence of natural resources. Baduy, a sacred community rich in natural and environmental resources, has a high diversity of animals, which needs to be managed based on their unique Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and beliefs. Therefore, this research focused on the TEK of the community on animal diversity, folk taxonomy, and wildlife hunting. The qualitative with an ethnozoological method was used with data collected from field observation, semi-structured interviews with informants, and participant observation. We found 90 species of birds, 16 mammals, 14 fishes, 10 insects, and 9 reptiles known by the Baduy in Banten, Indonesia and at least 3 taxa levels of Baduy zoological classification. The primary, secondary, and third taxa represented life forms, species, and races or sub-species. Animals can be classified based on their distinctive morphological characteristics, specific behavior, time activity, special habitat, and functions. The hunting of animals carried out by the Inner Baduy community was in accordance with customary rules supervised by informal Baduy leaders. However, unlike the Inner Baduy, Outer Baduy has hunted wild animals for semi-commercial purposes instead of subsistence purposes. In conclusion, safeguarding the Baduy people's land, language, and culture plays an important role in conserving animals in the rural ecosystem of the traditional communities.

Diversity and utilization of vegetables and spices by coastal community in East Aceh, Indonesia

2025-02-04T16:12:35+00:00

Abstract. Nursamsu, Susantini E, Yuliani, Nurhafidhah. 2025. Diversity and utilization of vegetables and spices by coastal community in East Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 837-850. Food security a major concern in many countries, particularly in coastal regions potentially impacted by climate change and natural hazards. Food security correlates with the loss of traditional culinary expertise, particularly among the younger generation. Therefore, this research aimed to explore and document traditional knowledge about various plants used as vegetables and spice by a coastal community in East Aceh District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Ethnobotanical knowledge data was collected in five villages using field surveys and semi-structured interviews. A total of 92 plant taxa from 41 families are used as vegetables and spices by coastal community in East Aceh, emphasizing their importance in traditional food and local culture. The Cucurbitaceae family is the family with the largest use, comprising 10 taxa which show high protein and dietary fiber content. Cocos nucifera and Nypa fruticans have the greatest Use Value (UV), with C. nucifera ranking first on the Index of Cultural Significance (ICS). Furthermore, the vegetables and spices are collected from cultivated plants (77.2%) and those grow wild (22.8%), showing a relatively high community dependence on natural ecosystem. The most widely used plant parts are fruits (42.5%) and leaves (25.7%). In conclusion, this research showed the importance of plants for food security, health, and cultural preservation, with sustainable methods such as agroecology to ensure their continuing use.