Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Biodiversitas encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all biodiversity aspects of plants, animals and microbes at the level of the gene, species, and ecosystem as well as ethnobiology. Scopus (Q3)
Modeling the current habitat suitability of genus Selaginella in Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Setyawan AD, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Sulton MN, Nugroho GD, Nursamsi I. 2026. Modeling the current habitat suitability of genus Selaginella in Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270342. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270342. Species Distribution Models (SDMs) have become essential tools in ecology, biogeography, biodiversity conservation, and natural resource management. Among the available approaches, Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) is widely used to predict species distributions based on occurrence records and environmental variables. Selaginella (Selaginellaceae) is a lycophyte genus that depends on moist environmental conditions because free water is required for fertilization, making its distribution closely associated with climatic factors. This study aimed to model the current habitat suitability of Selaginella in Java, Indonesia, and to identify the climatic and topographic variables influencing its distribution. Occurrence records were compiled from field surveys, herbarium collections, and biodiversity databases, yielding 1,962 filtered records representing 21 accepted species and one unidentified accession. After data cleaning and 5-km spatial thinning, 811 occurrence records from 434 localities were retained for modeling. Twenty-two environmental predictors were evaluated, and model performance was assessed using cross-validation and Jackknife analyses. The MaxEnt model achieved good predictive performance (AUC = 0.811), indicating reasonably reliable discrimination between suitable and unsuitable habitats. Habitat suitability was primarily influenced by elevation (28.9%), Solar Radiation in April (19.4%), Precipitation of the Warmest Quarter (17.2%), and Annual Precipitation (17.0%). Response curves indicated optimal suitability at elevations of approximately 1,000–1,500 m above sea level under humid climatic conditions with high annual rainfall. Suitable habitats covered approximately 63,870 km², representing 49.19% of Java’s land area, and were concentrated in mountainous regions of West Java, Central Java, East Java, and the Dieng Plateau. These findings demonstrate that climatic and topographic conditions strongly influence the distribution of Selaginella in Java and provide a valuable baseline for conservation planning, habitat management, and future climate-change assessments.
Climate variables, habitat suitability, Java, MaxEnt, Selaginella
Copyright (c) 2026 AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN, SUTARNO, SUGIYARTO, SUNARTO, MUHAMMAD NUR SULTON, GILANG DWI NUGROHO, ILYAS NURSAMSI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Diversity, distribution, and habitat preferences of Selaginella in Java Island, Indonesia
Abstract. Setyawan AD, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Nugroho GD, Sulton MN. 2026. Diversity, distribution, and habitat preferences of Selaginella in Java Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270442. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270442. Selaginella (spike mosses) is an ancient lineage of vascular plants with broad ecological adaptability, yet comprehensive ecological assessments remain limited in many tropical regions. This study investigated the diversity, distribution, and habitat preferences of Selaginella across Java Island, Indonesia, along a broad elevational gradient. Field surveys and herbarium records collected between 2007 and 2021 yielded 1,962 occurrence records, comprising 1,362 field collections and 600 herbarium specimens from BO and GBIF. Species occurrences were classified into five elevational zones: colline (0-650 m), submontane (650-1,500 m), montane (1,500-2,400 m), subalpine (2,400-3,000 m), and alpine (>3,000 m). Species diversity indices, Indicator Value Analysis (IndVal), Paired Difference Index (PDI), bipartite networks, and habitat-association analyses were used to evaluate ecological patterns. A total of 21 Selaginella species and one unidentified taxon were recorded. Species richness was highest across the colline-montane zones (0-2,400 m asl), with the greatest concentration of species occurring in the submontane zone, where diversity also reached its highest value (H′ = 2.35). Dominant species included Selaginella plana (404 individuals), Selaginella ciliaris (387), Selaginella ornata (214), and Selaginella willdenowii (205), whereas several species exhibited restricted distributions and narrow habitat preferences. Community composition differed significantly among elevational zones (p<0.05), and indicator-species analyses identified distinct habitat associations, particularly within submontane environments. These findings underscore the influence of elevation on Selaginella distribution and highlight the vulnerability of lowland and highland species to threats such as climate warming and habitat fragmentation. Conservation efforts should adopt an elevation-based strategy, emphasizing the protection of humid lowland habitats and maintaining altitudinal corridors in mountainous regions to accommodate climate-driven shifts. Safeguarding Selaginella diversity is essential for preserving the ecological integrity of tropical forest ecosystems in Southeast Asia.
Elevational gradient, habitat specialization, lycophyte, Selaginella, tropical montane forest
Copyright (c) 2026 AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN, SUTARNO, SUGIYARTO, SUNARTO, GILANG DWI NUGROHO, MUHAMMAD NUR SULTON https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Revisiting Selaginella diversity in Java (Indonesia) through combined ecological and taxonomic reassessment
Abstract. Setyawan AD, Chikmawati T, Miftahudin, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto. 2026. Revisiting Selaginella diversity in Java (Indonesia) through combined ecological and taxonomic reassessment. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270150. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270150. Selaginella species have traditionally been distinguished mainly by vegetative traits. Because these traits vary with environmental conditions, the taxonomy of this lycophyte genus has remained complex, especially in tropical Asia. In Java, species diversity estimates remain inconsistent among classical floristic treatments, global databases, and recent field observations. This study reassessed Selaginella diversity in Java using field surveys, herbarium examination, taxonomic standardization, and ecological analyses. A total of 1,962 occurrence records were compiled across multiple habitat types and elevational zones. Species identities were verified through comparison of field collections, herbarium specimens, and published taxonomic references. Ecological structuring was analyzed using descriptive habitat analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). The reassessment recognized 21 confirmed Selaginella species in Java, consisting of 17 native non-endemic taxa, two endemic taxa, and two introduced or naturalized species. Species richness was highest in humid submontane forests, whereas disturbed habitats contained simplified assemblages dominated by ecological generalists. NMDS analysis indicated significant habitat differentiation (ANOSIM: R = 0.684; p < 0.05 after 999 permutations), while several historically recognized taxa, including S. ascendens, S. springiana, and S. caudata, were not retained as independent species because of extensive overlap with broader species complexes. These results suggest that relying solely on vegetative morphology may overestimate Selaginella species richness in Java. This assessment updates our knowledge of Selaginella diversity in Java by integrating field observations, herbarium evidence, and ecological analyses. Conservation efforts should prioritize humid forest habitats, particularly submontane areas, which support the highest diversity and several habitat-specialist Selaginella species.
Java, lycophytes, phenotypic plasticity, Selaginella, taxonomic reassessment
Copyright (c) 2026 AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN, TATIK CHIKMAWATI, MIFTAHUDIN, SUTARNO, SUGIYARTO, SUNARTO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Taxonomic reassessment of the Selaginella flora of Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Setyawan AD, Chikmawati T, Miftahudin, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto. 2026. Taxonomic reassessment of the Selaginella flora of Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270239. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270239. Selaginella Beauv. is one of the most taxonomically complex lycophyte genera in tropical Asia, and species delimitation in Java has long been complicated by extensive morphological variation, nomenclatural inconsistency, and contrasting taxonomic interpretations. This study provides a comprehensive floristic and taxonomic reassessment of Selaginella in Java based on 1,962 occurrence records from field surveys and herbarium collections. Species diversity, distribution patterns, and taxonomic relationships were evaluated using comparative morphology, ecological evidence, herbarium examination, and contemporary nomenclatural standardization. A total of 21 species are recognized, including 19 native taxa and two introduced or naturalized species (S. kraussiana and S. uncinata). Updated diagnostic descriptions and identification keys are provided, and several problematic taxa are reassessed. Selaginella ascendens and S. springiana are interpreted within the S. intermedia complex, whereas S. caudata and S. caulescens are treated within the S. plana and S. involvens complexes, respectively. Several vegetative characters traditionally used for species delimitation, including branch flattening, foliage density, and leaf overlap, were found to be highly variable and environmentally responsive, whereas stem pubescence, aristate leaf apices, and certain growth-form characteristics remain more reliable for identification. Floristic comparisons indicate strong affinities between the Javan Selaginella flora and other regions of Sundaland, particularly Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, together with secondary connections to Wallacea and the broader tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. The study provides an updated checklist, identification framework, and taxonomic baseline for future ecological, biogeographical, and evolutionary research on Asian Selaginella.
ecological differentiation, Java, lycophytes, morphology-based taxonomy, phenotypic plasticity, Selaginella, species complexes, taxonomic reassessment
Phytochemical profile, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial activity of Thai polyherbal formulation, a Ya Kae Rok Bit remedy
Abstract. Yongram C, Chimpalee P, Chokchaisiri S, Krutchangthong S, Songsri J, Kamoltham T, Sripan P. 2026. Phytochemical profile, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial activity of Thai polyherbal formulation, a Ya Kae Rok Bit remedy. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270516. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270516. This study investigated the quantitative and qualitative phytochemical diversity and biological activities of Ya Kae Rok Bit (YKRB) extracts prepared using different solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol). Total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents were also evaluated. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, while antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was determined by disc diffusion and broth microdilution. GC-MS analysis identified 28 phytochemical constituents, including neutral cannabinoids, with tetrahydrocannabinol (23.24-27.91%) and cannabinol (14.18-21.06%) as relatively abundant compounds based on peak area normalization, together with macelignan (6.34-10.55%). HPLC confirmed the highest Δ9-THC content in the hexane extract (6.92 mg/g extract). The extracts showed measurable antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay (IC50 = 56.72-95.25 µg/mL) and stronger radical scavenging activity in the ABTS assay (IC50 = 23.26-26.93 µg/mL), with reducing capacity observed in the FRAP assay (200.92 mmol Fe²⁺/100 g extract). Moreover, YKRB showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus (MIC = 25 mg/mL), while no activity was observed against E. coli. These findings demonstrate solvent-dependent phytochemical variation and provide preliminary evidence of antioxidant and selective antibacterial activities of YKRB extracts.
Antioxidant activity, cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, polyherbal remedy, traditional herbal medicine
Copyright (c) 2026 CHAWALIT YONGRAM, PALAPON CHIMPALEE, SUWADEE CHOKCHAISIRI, SASIPEN KRUTCHANGTHONG, JIRAPORN SONGSRI, THAVATCHAI KAMOLTHAM, PANUPAN SRIPAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Genetic diversity and molecular differentiation among Javanese Selaginella revealed by SSR and ISSR markers
Abstract. Setyawan AD, Supriatna J, Darnaedi D, Rokhmatuloh, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Kusumadewi Y. 2026. Genetic diversity and molecular differentiation among Javanese Selaginella revealed by SSR and ISSR markers. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270520. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270520. Selaginella is a highly diverse lycophyte genus in tropical Asia, yet molecular information for Indonesian taxa remains limited, particularly for evaluating species differentiation across geographically separated populations. This study assessed genetic diversity and molecular relationships among 32 Selaginella accessions representing eight recognized species and three unidentified taxonomic entities, collected mainly from Java, Indonesia, with additional materials from Bali, Lombok, and Papua. Genetic variation was analyzed using four SSR primers and five ISSR primers, which together generated 122 scorable loci, all of them polymorphic. SSR markers produced 43 loci, whereas ISSR markers generated 79 loci and contributed higher discriminatory power through greater polymorphism information content, resolving power, and marker index. Genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.42 to 0.93, indicating moderate to high molecular affinity among accessions. Both UPGMA clustering and principal component analysis consistently separated the major taxa, although widespread species such as S. plana and S. involvens showed moderate internal dispersion across accessions from different localities. AMOVA revealed that 80.1% of molecular variation occurred within species and 19.9% among species, with significant species-level differentiation (PhiPT = 0.199; P = 0.001). Nei's genetic distance revealed moderate molecular affinity among most Javanese taxa, whereas the Lombok and Papuan accessions occupied more divergent molecular positions. Geographic origin had little influence on the overall molecular structure, suggesting that species identity was the primary determinant of genetic differentiation. These findings demonstrate that combining SSR and ISSR markers provides a reliable molecular framework for refining taxonomy and supporting future conservation efforts for tropical Selaginella in Indonesia.
Genetic diversity, ISSR marker, molecular differentiation, Selaginella, SSR marker
Copyright (c) 2026 AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN, JATNA SUPRIATNA, D. DARNAEDI, ROKHMATULOH, SUTARNO, SUGIYARTO, SUNARTO, YULITA KUSUMADEWI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Morphological traits and non-destructive leaf area estimation of Moringa oleifera under different stem cutting lengths
Abstract. Gustiar F, Ria RP, Krhisma NA. 2026. Morphological traits and non-destructive leaf area estimation of Moringa oleifera under different stem cutting lengths. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270523. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270523. Moringa oleifera is widely cultivated for its highly nutritious leaves, making efficient propagation and accurate growth evaluation essential for improving leaf productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different stem cutting lengths on the morphological traits and early growth of M. oleifera and to develop a non-destructive method for estimating leaf area. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a randomized complete block design with five stem cutting lengths (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm). Leaf area estimation models were developed using measurements of leaf length and width of fully expanded compound leaves using regression analysis. Among the evaluated models, the linear regression based on leaf Length × Width (L × W) produced the highest predictive performance (R² = 0.9636) within the calibration dataset used in this study. Stem cutting length was associated with variation in early growth responses. Cuttings of approximately 40 cm generally showed more favorable early-growth characteristics, including higher survival percentage, larger leaf area, and greater dry biomass accumulation compared with several other treatments. Because survival data were derived from a limited number of plants per treatment, survival responses are interpreted descriptively. Differences in fresh biomass variables were not statistically significant, although variation was observed in leaf and root dry weight. These findings suggest that moderate cutting length may support balanced early establishment of M. oleifera under greenhouse conditions. The developed leaf area model provides a practical tool for repeated growth monitoring without destructive sampling. However, because the model was not validated using an independent dataset, further testing under field conditions and across broader environmental settings is still required before wider application.
Kelor, non-destructive, perennial vegetable, propagation, regression
Copyright (c) 2026 FITRA GUSTIAR, ROFIQOH PURNAMA RIA, NABILA AYU KRHISMA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Prospects for the conservation of Fraxinus sogdiana through micropropagation and slow growth storage approaches
Abstract. Rakhimzhanova A, Kali B, Zhumabay N, Tussipkan D, Manabayeva S. 2026. Prospects for the conservation of Fraxinus sogdiana through micropropagation and slow growth storage approaches. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270421. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270421. Fraxinus sogdiana is a rare species listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan, highlighting the urgent need for effective conservation strategies. This study aims to develop an effective micropropagation protocol, slow growth storage approaches and analyze phylogenetic relationships by comparing F. sogdiana from Kazakhstan with species from the NCBI database. The results of this study demonstrate that the DKW medium outperformed the MS medium in promoting shoot development. A DKW-based MP-V medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BAP, 0.1 mg/L NAA, and 0.5 mg/L gibberellic acid was found to be optimal for shoot proliferation. This resulted in maximum shoot lengths of 11.54 cm and an average of seven shoots per explant. High concentrations of BAP alone inhibited shoot formation. In slow-growth storage experiments, the addition of 0.5 mg/L CCC provided the best balance between shoot survival and growth retardation. In contrast, mannitol and ABA suppressed shoot development and decreased the survival rate. Based on their ITS patterns, five main groups were identified according to the sections of genus Fraxinus, including Fraxinus, Sciadanthus, Melioides, Pauciflorae, and Ornus. Notably, seven sequences from the species Fraxinus angustifolia, Fraxinus obliqua, Fraxinus sogdiana, and Fraxinus turkestanika, previously considered synonyms, were grouped together with strong bootstrap support. The results of the matK and rbcL gene patterns did not correspond to clearly defined taxonomic groups according to sections. The main finding of the matK gene region analysis was that the populations from Kazakhstan and China were closely related, as indicated by a high bootstrap value. These findings provide an effective protocol for preserving the genetic resources of F. sogdiana, as well as a phylogenetic framework to support future biotechnological and molecular studies.
DNA barcoding, Fraxinus sogdiana, micropropagation, phylogenetic analysis, slow growth storage
Copyright (c) 2026 AIZHAN RAKHIMZHANOVA, BALNUR KALI, NURBEK ZHUMABAY, DILNUR TUSSIPKAN, SHUGA MANABAYEVA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Species composition and medicinal uses of mangrove plants in Southwest Aceh, Indonesia
Abstract. Wintah, Sastranegara MH, Kiswanto, Fithor A. 2026. Species composition and medicinal uses of mangrove plants in Southwest Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270321. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270321. Mangrove ecosystems are among the most productive ecosystems in the world, serving ecological, economic, and cultural functions. Mangroves play an important role in maintaining the biological integrity and resources of marine ecosystems. The village of Tadu Raya Sub-district, Nagan Raya District of South West Aceh has a mangrove forest covering 50 ha. The potential of the mangrove forest in this area is enormous, including medicinal plants. This study aims to identify plants with potential as medicines. The study used a survey method, with sampling conducted at three stations with transects perpendicular to the coast at fixed intervals. Vegetation sampling was conducted randomly at each station and repeated three times in 10 x 10 m plots for trees, 5 x 5 m plots for saplings, and 1 x 1 m plots for seedlings. Information on the use of mangroves through investigations of local communities and a review of the scientific literature. The study found nine medicinal plant species, including trees and undergrowth plants: Acanthus ilicifolius, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris. The local community uses these species as medicine for thrush, toothache, wounds, diarrhea, stomach ache, abdominal pain, bruises, chickenpox, fever, itching, and cough. The highest species importance value (IVI) at Station 1 (ST1) was R. apiculata (54.9%) with relative density (16.67%), relative frequency (18.75%), and relative dominance (19.53%). The highest species importance value (IVI) at Station 2 (ST2) was R. apiculata (56.66%), with relative density (20%), relative frequency (20%), and relative dominance (14.08%). Station 3 (ST3) had the highest species importance value (IVI) of R. mucronata (57.4%) with relative density (20%), relative frequency (20%), and relative dominance (17.35%).
Aceh, ethnobotany, mangrove, potential medicine, species importance value
Copyright (c) 2026 WINTAH, MOH. HUSEIN SASTRANEGARA, KISWANTO, ALIN FITHOR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
First checklist of centric and araphid diatoms from the benthic environments of the Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Arsad S, Bąk M, López-Fuerte FO, Park J, Rybak M, Gastineau R. 2026. First checklist of centric and araphid diatoms from the benthic environments of the Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270510. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270510. Sulawesi, one of the largest islands in Indonesia, includes the Gulf of Tomini, a region with diverse coastal ecosystems. However, comprehensive taxon-based checklists of benthic diatoms remain limited. The aim of this study is to present the first systematic checklist of centric and araphid marine diatoms from the benthic environment of the Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi, documenting their occurrence across sampling sites and substrate types, and highlighting taxa with the highest cumulative counts and taxonomically uncertain taxa. Fourteen samples were collected from seven sites across the gulf from various substrates, including sediment, rocks, macroalgae, seagrass, and mangrove roots. Identification was carried out using Light Microscopy (LM) based on standard taxonomic literature. A total of 82 taxa were recorded, comprising 40 genera and 20 families; among these, 13 taxa were identified as sp., seven as cf., and four as var. The species-level uncertainty for taxa identified as sp., including Cyclophora, Thalassiosira, Cratericulifera, Opephora, Ardissonea, Dimeregramma, Neofragilaria, Rhaphoneis, Tabularia, and Talaroneis may result from the limited ultrastructural resolution of LM and the absence of comparable data in the literature. Grammatophora marina and Hyalosynedra laevigata were consistently recorded across all sampling sites and substrates. Together with Tabularia fasciculata, Cyclophora sp., Paralia longispina, and P. sulcata, these taxa represented the highest cumulative counts from all sites and substrates. This study provides baseline taxonomic information on centric and araphid diatoms for this region and establishes a foundation for future taxonomic, ecological, and diatom diversity in Indonesian coastal waters.
Bacillariophyta, biodiversity, biogeography, Celebes, taxonomy
Copyright (c) 2026 SULASTRI ARSAD, MAŁGORZATA BĄK, FRANCISCO OMAR LÓPEZ-FUERTE, JINSOON PARK, Mateusz Rybak, ROMAIN GASTINEAU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Diversity and altitudinal structure of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) in the Zarafshan Valley, Uzbekistan
Abstract. Umirzokova MS, Alimova LKH, Akramov IB, Rakhimov MR, Khamzaev RA, Sayfullayev GM, Daminov MA, Urazova RS, Safarova MS, Usanov UN, Baysariyev SU, Oljayev DN, Arepbaev IM, Khalimov FZ. 2026. Diversity and altitudinal structure of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) in the Zarafshan Valley, Uzbekistan. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270411. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270411. Darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) are a major component of arid and semi-arid ecosystems and are widely used as indicators of environmental conditions, particularly under increasing aridization in Central Asia. The present study aims to assess species diversity, taxonomic structure, and altitudinal patterns of Tenebrionidae assemblages in the Zarafshan Valley, one of the most biogeographically heterogeneous regions of Uzbekistan. Sampling was conducted in 2022-2024 across 30 localities representing different elevations and vegetation types. Beetles were collected using pitfall traps, light traps, and manual sampling. Uzbekistan, using standardized sampling across 30 sites (2022-2024). A total of 84 species belonging to 36 genera, 17 tribes, and 4 subfamilies were recorded, including 1 genus newly reported for Central Asia and 11 species newly recorded for Uzbekistan. Community structure was characterized by high diversity (Shannon H′: 3.67; Simpson 1-D: 0.96) and low dominance (D: 0.04), indicating a relatively balanced assemblage. Multivariate analyses revealed significant compositional differentiation along the elevational gradient (PERMANOVA: R²: 0.176, p: 0.009), with a strong association between elevation and community structure in PCA ordination (R²: 0.492, p: 0.002). Overall, the results support a pattern of continuous, gradient-driven restructuring of Tenebrionidae communities rather than sharply defined altitudinal belts. These findings provide a quantitative baseline for monitoring climate-driven changes in arid insect communities and highlight the importance of integrating environmental variables in future studies to clarify the mechanisms underlying elevational patterns.
Central Asia, community turnover, darkling beetles, elevational gradient, new records
Copyright (c) 2026 MANZURA S. UMIRZOKOVA, ISLAMBEK M. AREPBAEV, DILSHOD N. OLJAYEV, SHOVKAT U. BAYSARIYEV, ULUGBEK N. USANOV, MASHKHURA S. SAFAROVA, RANO S. URAZOVA, MUSLIMBEK A. DAMINOV, GULOM M. SAYFULLAYEV, RAFIK A. KHAMZAEV, MUKHAMMADTUYCHI R. RAKHIMOV, IXTIYOR B. AKRAMOV, LUIZA KH. ALIMOVA, FAZLITDIN Z. KHALIMOV https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The effect of kweni mango and randu honey addition on the characteristics of synbiotic etawa goat milk
Abstract. Rizal S, Suharyono AS, Astuti S, Dewanti AS, Nugroho YB. 2024. The effect of kweni mango and randu honey addition on the characteristics of synbiotic etawa goat milk. Biodiversitas 25: 1580-1587. The addition of kweni mango and randu honey as ingredients for producing synbiotic etawa goat milk is widely known to have a significant effect on the characteristics of the product. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the best formulation of kweni mango and randu honey in producing synbiotic etawa goat milk. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design with 4 replications. A single factor with six levels of formulations of kweni mango extract and randu honey was used in producing synbiotic etawa goat milk. These formulations included F1 (0%:25%), F2 (5%:20%), F3 (10%:15%), F4 (15%:10%), F5 (20%:5%), and F6 (25%:0%). Subsequently, the microbiological, chemical, and sensory properties, as well as antimicrobial activity of the product were evaluated. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that formulation (F4) containing 15% kweni mango extract and 10% randu honey produced the best synbiotic Etawa goat milk beverage. In addition, F4 formulation showed higher antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli. The optimal beverage met the standards for lactic fermentation products from a chemical perspective and was favored by the panelists.
Antibacterial activity, etawa goat milk, kweni mango, randu honey, synbiotic
Copyright (c) 2024 Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Checklist, functional traits, and conservation status of the Ichthyofauna of rivers in Hu’u District, Sumbawa, Indonesia
Abstract. Fahlevy K, Sembiring A, Magenta RK, Suroso A, Simanjuntak CPH, Asriansyah A, Manik NWQ. 2026. Checklist, functional traits, and conservation status of the Ichthyofauna of rivers in Hu’u District, Sumbawa, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270404. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270404. The freshwater fish community of Hu’u District, Sumbawa, Indonesia, remains poorly documented, particularly in rivers outside previously surveyed areas. Rapid assessments were conducted across seven rivers (Hu’u, Lakey, Ncangga, Nangadoro, Puma, Onto, and Tenga) during the wet (February 2023) and dry (July 2023) seasons using cast nets and scoop nets, with two to three hours of sampling effort per site. Fish identification followed standard taxonomic keys, and trait data from available literature were used to classify species into functional entities based on four categorical traits: water column position, substrate preference, feeding habit, and migratory behavior. A total of 17 fish species from seven orders and ten families were recorded. 12 functional entities were recorded. Demersal species were more common across all rivers. Fish species occurred roughly equally across all substrate types. Omnivores were most common. Most species were amphidromous or catadromous. According to IUCN, 13 species are Least Concern, three are Data Deficient, and one is Not Evaluated, and none of the species is protected under Indonesian regulation. These findings provide the first integrated account of species occurrence, functional richness, and conservation status for freshwater fish in Hu’u District rivers. The low species richness and limited functional redundancy suggest potential vulnerability of ecosystem functioning, and the results support the monitoring and prioritization of downstream river conservation in the region.
Freshwater fish, functional diversity, functional entities rapid assessment, trait-based ecology
Copyright (c) 2026 KARIZMA FAHLEVY, AGUSTINUS SEMBIRING, RIAS KAESSARI MAGENTA, ADI SUROSO, CHARLES P. H. SIMANJUNTAK, ARIES ASRIANSYAH, NURUL WAHIDAH Q. MANIK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Structural degradation of community-managed mangroves under illegal logging pressure in Lubuk Kertang, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Onrizal, Ratua D. 2026. Structural degradation of community-managed mangroves under illegal logging pressure in Lubuk Kertang, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270440. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270440. Illegal logging is a major pressure on mangrove ecosystems, but field-based evidence that links ecological condition with community perception remains limited in Indonesia. This study assessed whether mangrove structure and health differed between two stations with contrasting disturbance levels in Lubuk Kertang Village, North Sumatra, and how local people perceived current mangrove condition and management priorities. Vegetation was sampled in nested seedling, sapling, and tree plots along two 300-m transects, and community structure, importance value index, and Mangrove Health Index (MHI) were calculated. Perceptions were analyzed from an 11-item Likert questionnaire administered to 52 respondents. Ecological differences between stations were evaluated using independent t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests, depending on data distribution. Station I contained seven species and showed moderate condition (MHI 56.27%), whereas Station II contained six species and showed poor condition (MHI 32.95%). The disturbed station had significantly lower canopy cover, tree density, seedling abundance, basal area, mean stem diameter, and mean height, while felled stands occurred only at that station. Respondents strongly acknowledged mangrove benefits, recognized ongoing degradation, and supported stricter supervision, sanctions, and rehabilitation. Taken together, the results indicate that illegal logging in Lubuk Kertang is associated more strongly with structural degradation than with immediate local species loss. These findings support two near-term management priorities: stronger protection of remaining higher-integrity stands and hydrology-informed restoration of degraded and abandoned-pond areas.
Community-based management, illegal logging, mangrove health index, North Sumatra, vegetation structure
Copyright (c) 2026 ONRIZAL, DEBORA RATUA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Diversity and habitat preferences of mangrove species in Demta Bay, Papua Province, Indonesia
Abstract. Kalor JD, Sumarga E, Choesin DN, Syamsudin TS. 2026. Diversity and habitat preferences of mangrove species in Demta Bay, Papua Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270338. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270338. Mangrove species diversity is shaped by complex interactions among environmental factors that influence species-specific habitat preferences. This study aims to assess mangrove species diversity and identify the key environmental factors affecting their habitat preferences in Demta Bay, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia. Fieldwork was carried out from September 1 to 20, 2024, across 10 research stations covering a total area of 40,000 m². Data were collected using the line transect plot method. At each station, two transects (100 m × 20 m) were established perpendicular to the shoreline, with a spacing of 100 m apart. Along each transect, four plots measuring 10 m × 10 m were established two plots with two replications, resulting in a total of 20 transects and 80 plots. Soil sampling and analysis were performed both in situ and ex situ, with four replications per transect. Data analysis included the Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Margalef, and Pielou indices, as well as the Important Value Index. Habitat relationships were examined using Principal Component Analysis and Pearson correlation. This study documented 14 mangrove species from 6 families in Demta Bay, indicating moderate diversity. The composition of mangrove vegetation was characterized by an average density of 146.3±14.84 individuals/station (800m2), a diversity index of 1.36±0.25, a dominance index of 0.32±0.07, a species richness of 1.13±0.43, and an evenness index of 0.74±0.10, suggesting stable ecological interactions and functional redundancy among species. Key habitat variables, soil bulk density (0.63±0.21 g cm⁻³), soil pH (6.80±0.32), soil salinity (24.79±2.98 PSU), soil temperature (29.21±1.54°C), and soil moisture (48.70±18.53%), were measured across sites. This study demonstrates that soil characteristics exert a significant influence on mangrove species diversity and endemism in Demta Bay, Jayapura. Elevated salinity was linked to reduced species richness and evenness. Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata were the most dominant and widely distributed species, thriving in saline, compacted soils alongside Bruguiera sexangula. In contrast, Excoecaria agallocha favored moist soils with moderate pH, while Ceriops decandra performed best under slightly alkaline conditions. Given the geomorphological and ecological heterogeneity that drives localized species zonation in Demta Bay, as well as its benefits to local coastal communities, conservation efforts should focus on habitat-specific planting.
Demta Bay, habitat preferences, Jayapura, mangrove species diversity, Papua
Copyright (c) 2026 JOHN D. KALOR, ELHAM SUMARGA, DEVI N. CHOESIN, TATI S. SYAMSUDIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Biodiversity and distribution of selected freshwater mollusks and crayfish along a mineralization gradient in the Zarafshan River, Uzbekistan
Abstract. Boymurodov K, Yunusov K, Izzatullaev Z, Raximov M, Boymurodov S, Djalilov F, Khasanov N, Egamkulov A, Otakulov B, Suyarov S, Aliyev B, Mirzamurodov O, Saboxiddinov B, Jabborova T, Khorazov S, Saidkulov J, Mustafoyev Z. 2026. Biodiversity and distribution of selected freshwater mollusks and crayfish along a mineralization gradient in the Zarafshan River, Uzbekistan. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270425. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270425. The Zarafshan River basin is characterized by a distinct hydro-chemical gradient shaped by intense urbanization and industrial activity, which significantly impacts its biological integrity. This study evaluates the taxonomic diversity and distribution of four key freshwater macroinvertebrate families (Unionidae, Corbiculidae, Lymnaeidae, and Astacidae) along a documented mineralization gradient in the Zarafshan River basin. Field surveys were conducted from 2023 to 2025 at 12 sampling stations representing varying anthropogenic pressures. Taxonomic composition was analyzed alongside hydro-chemical parameters, including Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and nutrient levels. A total of 11 species, belonging to 3 classes, 4 orders, 4 families, and 7 genera, were identified. Data analysis revealed a marked decline in both species’ richness and individual density as water mineralization increased from 300 mg/L (Site Z1) to 1600 mg/L (Site Z4). Ecological classification identified the predominance of phytophilic (5 species, 45.4%) and peloreophilic (3 species, 27.3%) groups. Faunistic similarity analysis, using Jaccard and Ochiai indices, showed the highest similarity between stations K1 and A2 (Ochiai 0.95), while the lowest similarity was recorded between the most impacted stations Z4 and K4 (Jaccard 0.45). The observed spatial shifts in community structure suggest that elevated mineralization and organic loading are primary drivers of macroinvertebrate distribution in the basin. These findings characterize the environmental tolerances of the target taxa, providing foundational data for developing future bioindication frameworks in the Zarafshan River ecosystem.
Anthropogenic impact, macrozoobenthos, Ochiai, species richness, total dissolved solids
Copyright (c) 2026 KHUSNIDDIN BOYMURODOV, JONIBEK SAIDKULOV, SAYFULLA KHORAZOV, TOZAGUL JABBOROVA, BOBUR SABOXIDDINOV, OMON MIRZAMURODOV, BAXTIYOR ALIYEV, SULTON SUYAROV, BEKZOD OTAKULOV, AZAMAT EGAMKULOV, NADIR KHASANOV, FARRUKH DJALILOV, SUKHROB BOYMURODOV, MATNAZAR RAXIMOV, ZUVAIDULLO IZZATULLAEV, KHUDAINAZAR YUNUSOV, ZAFARJON MUSTAFOYEV https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Polyphasic characterization and GC-MS metabolite profiling of a Streptomyces isolate affiliated with Streptomyces hygroscopicus from pineapple rhizosphere in Lampung, Indonesia
Abstract. Aeny TN, Helina S, Sudarsono H, Dewi NKES, Dirmawati SR. 2026. Polyphasic characterization and GC-MS metabolite profiling of a Streptomyces isolate affiliated with Streptomyces hygroscopicus from pineapple rhizosphere in Lampung, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270340. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270340. Members of the genus Streptomyces represent taxonomically diverse and metabolically versatile actinobacteria commonly associated with rhizosphere ecosystems. This study presents a polyphasic characterization of a Streptomyces isolate obtained from the pineapple (Ananas comosus) rhizosphere in Lampung, Indonesia, integrating morphological, molecular, and metabolite profiling approaches. Morphological examination using scanning electron microscopy revealed extensively branched vegetative hyphae and rectiflexibiles-type spore chains with smooth surfaces, consistent with diagnostic features of the genus. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing (~1,450 bp) placed the isolate within the Streptomyces hygroscopicus clade (GenBank accession no. PZ049818), showing low genetic divergence (<0.02 substitutions per site) relative to closely related strains, although species-level resolution remains limited using 16S rRNA alone. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethyl acetate extracts detected 53 volatile and semi-volatile compounds, with similarity indices ranging from 66% to 96%; compounds with similarity indices ≥80% were considered reliable identifications. Major constituents included 3-deoxy-D-mannoic lactone (6.92%), (S)-(+)-2-amino-3-methyl-1-butanol (6.42%), 2-methylbutanoic anhydride (5.74%), catechol (5.16%), and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) (4.58%), representing diverse chemical classes such as organic acids, alcohols, phenolics, and fatty acids. Although limited to a single isolate and qualitative metabolite profiling, this study provides baseline taxonomic and metabolomic data for pineapple-associated Streptomyces, serving as a foundation for future genomic, functional, and biocontrol-related studies in tropical agroecosystems.
Actinomycetes, GC-MS analysis, pineapple rhizosphere, secondary metabolites, Streptomyces hygroscopicus
Copyright (c) 2026 TITIK NUR AENY, SELVI HELINA, HAMIM SUDARSONO, NI KADEK EMI SHINTA DEWI, SUSKANDINI RATIH DIRMAWATI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integrated multimetric assessment of mangrove-seagrass-plankton systems across spatial gradients in Banyuwedang Bay, Bali, Indonesia
Abstract. Sugiana IP, Janaguna IMA, Alfatiha S, Wijaya IMS, Yasa IGA, Sutasoma IWG. 2026. Integrated multimetric assessment of mangrove-seagrass-plankton systems across spatial gradients in Banyuwedang Bay, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270416. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270416. North Bali coastal waters host interconnected mangrove-seagrass-plankton systems that respond to spatial gradients in physicochemical conditions. This study provides a multimetric baseline assessment integrating environmental parameters with mangrove, seagrass, and plankton indicators across three stations (S1-S3) in Banyuwedang Bay (November 2025), emphasizing spatial ecological patterns rather than inferential relationships. The analysis integrates environmental parameters with ecological indicators of mangroves (Mangrove Health Index, MHI), seagrass (Seagrass Ecological Quality Index, SEQI), and plankton communities (diversity H’, evenness J, and dominance C). Environmental conditions varied spatially, with higher suspended solids at the inner bay and increasing temperature, salinity, and conductivity toward the outer bay. Mangrove ecosystems were consistently classified as excellent (MHI: 67.45-75.98), indicating structurally stable stands despite differences in species composition. In contrast, seagrass meadows exhibited moderate ecological condition (SEQI: 0.63-0.67), reflecting variation between species richness at the inner station and higher coverage at the mid-bay station. Plankton communities showed moderate diversity (phytoplankton H’: 1.31-1.75; zooplankton H’: 0.83-1.80) with localized dominance at the mid-bay station, indicating spatial heterogeneity in community structure. Diatoms dominated across stations, while cyanobacteria increased at one location, suggesting spatial variability associated with environmental gradients. Zooplankton communities displayed relatively high evenness across stations. Overall, the integrated multimetric approach reveals that coastal ecosystems in Banyuwedang Bay remain functionally intact but exhibit clear spatial heterogeneity along the inner-outer gradient. This study provides an integrated baseline framework linking benthic and pelagic indicators for future monitoring and adaptive coastal management in relatively low-disturbance tropical bays.
Coupling, gradients, heterogeneity, monitoring, tropics
Copyright (c) 2026 I PUTU SUGIANA, I MADE ABDI JANAGUNA, SAMUDRA ALFATIHA, I MADE SAKA WIJAYA, I GEDE ADHITIYA YASA, I WAYAN GDE SUTASOMA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Arthropod diversity and trophic balance in monoculture and polyculture rice fields in Mardingding, Karo, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Ginting TY, Triwidodo H, Winasa IW, Maryana N. 2026. Arthropod diversity and trophic balance in monoculture and polyculture rice fields in Mardingding, Karo, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270502. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270502. This study evaluated the temporal dynamics and functional balance of arthropod communities in monoculture and polyculture rice systems across two cropping seasons in Mardingding Sub-district, Karo District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Polyculture refers to rice fields in which diversification was implemented primarily through companion vegetation on bunds or surrounding field margins, whereas monoculture consisted of rice grown without such border vegetation. Weekly arthropod sampling was conducted from planting to harvest in six farmer-managed paddy fields using a portable suction sampler. Arthropods were identified as morphospecies and classified into functional guilds. Community structure was assessed using Shannon-Wiener diversity (H′), Pielou's evenness (E), and Simpson's dominance (D) indices and analyzed using GLM repeated-measures ANOVA, in which fields were treated as independent experimental units (n: 6), temporal observations were modeled as repeated measures within fields, and cropping season was included as a within-subject factor. Temporal patterns showed that diversity and evenness increased toward mid-season and declined near crop maturity, whereas dominance showed the opposite trend. The cropping system had a significant effect on diversity (F(1, 4): 18.86, p: 0.012, partial η2: 0.825), whereas the cropping season was not (p: 0.095). The interaction between the cropping system and season was also not significant. Evenness was significantly influenced by cropping season (F(1, 4): 12.44, p: 0.024, partial η2: 0.757), while no significant effects were detected for dominance. Paired comparisons at the field level indicated higher diversity in polyculture during Season 1, whereas differences were not significant in Season 2. Polyculture fields also showed higher natural enemy-to-pest ratios than monoculture. These findings suggest that crop diversification through bund-associated vegetation was associated with a higher relative abundance of natural enemies and may contribute to shifts in trophic structure within rice agroecosystems.
Arthropod community, biological control, functional balance, natural enemy-to-pest ratio, Oryza sativa
Copyright (c) 2026 TRI YANINTA GINTING, HERMANU TRIWIDODO, I WAYAN WINASA, NINA MARYANA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Physicochemical and metabolite profiling of three Capsicum species from West Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Yenrina R, Weliardi, Putra AR, Humaira SS, Anggraini T. 2026. Physicochemical and metabolite profiling of three Capsicum species from West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270405. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270405. Fresh chili quality and bioactivity vary by species and growing conditions, but integrated data for West Sumatra remain limited. This study provides the first integrated physicochemical-metabolite characterization of three Capsicum species commonly cultivated and marketed in the region: Red Curly chili (Capsicum annuum; RC), Bird's Eye chili (Capsicum frutescens; BE), and Ghost Pepper (Capsicum chinense; GP). Fruit morphometrics, surface color (CIELAB), proximate composition, and antioxidant activity (DPPH assay at 1000 ppm) were evaluated using a descriptive analytical approach, and metabolite profiling was performed using untargeted LC-MS/MS QTOF with putative identification based on MS/MS spectral library matching (MSI level 2). These three species exhibit distinct morphological and color parameters, with RC exhibiting the highest red intensity (a* and chroma) and BE the lowest lightness (L*). All samples exhibited high moisture content (78.70-82.46%) and high carbohydrate content, with low fat and protein levels. Strong antioxidant activity was detected across species (83.38-86.67%). Untargeted LC-MS/MS analysis of single composite samples per species identified 147 putative metabolites (MSI level 2) (73 in RC, 78 in BE, and 70 in GP), and qualitative differences in metabolite detection patterns were observed among species. Glycosylated terpenoid-related compounds were detected in BE, abietic-type diterpenoids were detected in GP, and RC showed the presence of apocarotenoid-related compounds such as β-ionone together with diverse diterpenoid annotations. As analyses were based on single composite samples and putative metabolite annotation (MSI level 2), results should be interpreted as qualitative trends rather than statistically validated differences. Overall, this study establishes a region-specific integrated physicochemical-metabolite profile of Capsicum species from West Sumatra, providing a structured reference for future quantitative metabolomics, functional evaluation, and cultivar differentiation.
Capsicum, DPPH radical scavenging, proximate composition, untargeted LC-MS/MS, West Sumatra chilies
Copyright (c) 2026 RINA YENRINA, WELIARDI, ARIF RIZKIKA PUTRA, SITI SARAH HUMAIRA, TUTY ANGGRAINI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Butterfly community structure and floral visitation in Sukamade, Meru Betiri National Park, Indonesia
Abstract. Rohman A, Hasan DA, Subchan W, Prabowo D. 2026. Butterfly community structure and floral visitation in Sukamade, Meru Betiri National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270506. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270506. This study investigates the community structure of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) and their associated floral resources in the Sukamade Resort area of Meru Betiri National Park, Indonesia, a crucial conservation area for protected species. The objective was to evaluate how butterfly diversity, species richness, and community composition vary across habitat types and their relationships with vegetation composition and abiotic factors. Butterflies were surveyed using the cruising method along 100 m × 10 m transects across 12 sampling sites representing four habitat types. A total of 423 butterfly individuals representing 26 species from four families were recorded, with Ypthima horsfieldii being the most abundant, and the protected Troides helena also present. Open Land showed the highest diversity (H' = 2.72) and species richness (Margalef Index = 4.67). The Dominance Index was highest in Coastal Forest (0.17), while the Closed-canopy Forest recorded the highest species evenness (0.84). A total of 39 plant species were recorded, with the white-flowered Chromolaena odorata showing the highest number of butterfly visits, involving 12 species. Multivariate analyses (Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA)) were applied to examine patterns of butterfly distribution in relation to abiotic factors and vegetation composition. These analyses were exploratory and revealed general patterns of association. These findings contribute important ecological information for conservation management and highlight the ecological significance of habitat heterogeneity in supporting butterfly diversity within the park.
Chromolaena odorata, habitat heterogeneity, Meru Betiri, nectar resources, Papilionoidea diversity
Copyright (c) 2026 ABDU ROHMAN, DIMAS AMIRUL HASAN, WACHJU SUBCHAN, DENI PRABOWO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Ecology and qualitative phytochemical profiles of wild orchids in Palolo Education Forest, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Nasrun MS, Gailea R, Buamona AFJ. 2026. Ecology and qualitative phytochemical profiles of wild orchids in Palolo Education Forest, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270429. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270429. Orchid diversity, community structure, and qualitative phytochemical profiles were investigated in KHDTK-HPUM, an education forest in Palolo Sub-district, Sigi District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Orchids were recorded along three transects (1,500 m x 10 m each; 4.5 ha searched corridor) across forest edge, riverside, and forest interior habitats using a searched-corridor encounter survey. A total of 15 orchid species belonging to 10 genera were recorded, comprising 91 clump-based individuals; 14 species (93.33%) were epiphytic, and one was terrestrial. Species richness index (Da) ranged from 1.44 to 3.17, and Shannon diversity index (H') from 0.66 to 1.08, indicating low to moderate diversity. Liparis latifolia (IVI = 41.76%, n = 25) and Liparis pallida (IVI = 39.56%, n = 23) were the ecologically dominant species. Appendicula celebica, an orchid endemic to Sulawesi, was also recorded (IVI = 21.32%), highlighting the biogeographic significance of the study area within the Wallacea biodiversity hotspot. Qualitative phytochemical screening of six species at Pharmacy Laboratory, Universitas Tadulako, detected alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids, with compound-class profiles varying notably between plant parts. Dendrobium crumenatum showed the most complete profile across stem and leaf tissues. An exploratory dual-criteria framework identified three species as Priority I for further cultivation-oriented research: L. latifolia and Cymbidium finlaysonianum (Priority I-A) and D. crumenatum (Priority I-B). These findings provide a first descriptive baseline of orchid ecology and qualitative phytochemical profiles for KHDTK-HPUM. All comparisons and priority rankings are preliminary and should be interpreted within the constraints of the exploratory sampling design.
Importance Value Index, KHDTK, non-timber forest products, Orchidaceae, phytochemical screening
Copyright (c) 2026 MUHAMMAD SYAIFUDDIN NASRUN, ROSMANIAR GAILEA, ARYANDI FATAH JIHAD BUAMONA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Morpho-anatomical responses of Sertani and Trisakti upland rice genotypes to contrasting soil moisture regimes
Abstract. Hanum C, Simatupang BD. 2026. Morpho-anatomical responses of Sertani and Trisakti upland rice genotypes to contrasting soil moisture regimes. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270334. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270334. Water availability critically determines upland rice agronomic performance, necessitating characterization of genotypic responses across moisture gradients. This study evaluated morpho-anatomical responses of two upland rice genotypes (Sertani and Trisakti) under contrasting moisture regimes of 40%, 60%, and 80% field capacity (FC) during the vegetative phase, using a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. As FC increased from 40% to 80%, both genotypes showed significant (p<0.05) progressive increases in leaf area, leaf thickness, Relative Chlorophyll Index (RCI), bulliform cell dimensions, stomatal length, stomatal width, stomatal density, root volume, and total biomass. Root volume increased nearly five-fold from 0.25 cm³ at 40% FC to 1.23 cm³ at 80% FC, while total plant dry weight increased 3.9-fold (0.20 to 0.78 g) over the same gradient. Anatomical cross-sections revealed moisture-dependent structural differentiation: at 40% FC, plants displayed reduced cortical aerenchyma with endodermal lignification, whereas at 80% FC, extensive aerenchyma development was observed; these observations are qualitative and descriptive. Observed root:shoot ratios were numerically highest at 40% FC (Sertani: 0.50; Trisakti: 0.82); however, as these represent treatment means only and were not subjected to replicate-level statistical testing, no inferential conclusion regarding biomass allocation shifts is drawn. Trisakti showed numerically higher mean values than Sertani for root volume (variety mean: 0.82 vs. 0.70 cm³) and root dry weight (0.18 vs. 0.13 g), though these differences were not statistically significant (variety main effect: F (1,15) ≤ 2.36, p>0.05). The sole trait showing a significant variety effect was RCI (F (1,15) = 5.41, p<0.05), with Trisakti recording a higher mean. These moisture-responsive morpho-anatomical plasticity patterns provide a phenotypic reference for future comparative studies of climate-adaptive upland rice germplasm.
Biomass allocation, morpho-anatomical traits, plant adaptation, soil moisture regime, upland rice
Copyright (c) 2026 CHAIRANI HANUM, BRYAN DEVA SIMATUPANG https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
COI-based diversity of mahseer (Tor spp.) reveals divergent lineages across four foothill rivers of Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Suwarsito, Pratama I, Mustafidah H. 2026. COI-based diversity of Mahseer (Tor spp.) reveals divergent lineages across four foothill rivers of Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270505. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270505. DNA barcoding has become an essential tool for resolving taxonomic ambiguity in freshwater fishes, including the economically and ecologically important mahseer (Tor spp.). This study employed mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit I (COI) barcodes (~700 bp) to identify species, assess genetic diversity, and infer phylogenetic relationships among 14 individuals collected from four upstream rivers at the foothills of Mount Slamet, Indonesia (Comal, Welo, Tutung Gunung, and Pelus rivers). Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD) analyses assigned sequences to Tor tambroides (99.68% to 99.84% similarity) and Tor tambra (100% similarity). Analysis of Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) genetic distances by species revealed extremely low intraspecific divergence within T. tambroides (0.0000-0.0035) and generally low divergence within T. tambra (0.0000-0.0266). In contrast, interspecific divergence between T. tambroides and T. tambra ranged from 0.0285 to 0.0303, forming a clear barcode gap. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis placed all samples within the Southeast Asian Tor clade, with clustering concordant with species-level identification. However, given the limited sample size (n = 14) and reliance on a single mitochondrial marker, population-level interpretations remain preliminary. These findings demonstrate that COI barcoding is highly effective for discriminating closely related Tor species and provide important genetic baseline data for biodiversity assessment. The presence of a clear barcode gap reinforces the reliability of molecular identification, while the observed genetic patterns highlight the need for broader sampling and the application of multilocus or genomic approaches. This study contributes to conservation-oriented management by improving species resolution and supporting future efforts to delineate population structure in Indonesian freshwater ecosystems.
Central Java, COI barcoding, genetic divergence, Tor tambra, Tor tambroides
Copyright (c) 2026 SUWARSITO, IKHSAN PRATAMA, HINDAYATI MUSTAFIDAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
An integrative taxonomic reassessment of Kandelia candel (Rhizophoraceae), a true mangrove of Thailand
Abstract. Ngernsaengsaruay C, Uthairatsamee S, Mianmit N, Pravinvongvuthi T, Samart C. 2026. An integrative taxonomic reassessment of Kandelia candel (Rhizophoraceae), a true mangrove of Thailand. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270210. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270210. Kandelia candel (Rhizophoraceae, Rhizophoreae) is revised for Thailand based on an integrative taxonomic reassessment combining morphology, leaf anatomy, pollen morphology, and conservation assessment. This study aims to clarify the taxonomic identity, national distribution, and conservation status of the species through examinations of herbarium specimens and field collections. A detailed morphological description and illustrations are provided, together with notes on distribution, habitat, ecology, phenology, etymology, vernacular names, uses, and specimens examined. Leaf anatomical characters were investigated using light microscopy, pollen morphology was examined following standard palynological methods, and a preliminary conservation assessment was conducted in accordance with the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. In Thailand, K. candel occurs as a shrub or small tree and is rare, being confined to the south-eastern and peninsular regions. Leaves are bifacial and composed of five principal tissue layers, exhibiting anatomical adaptations typical of mangrove species, including thick cuticles, sunken stomata restricted to the abaxial surface, large hypodermal cells, and cork warts. Pollen grains are monads, isopolar, tricolporate, suboblate to subprolate or oblate-spheroidal in shape, small to medium in size, and characterized by perforate exine sculpturing. Although the species has a wide global Extent of Occurrence (EOO: 9,344,077.01 km²) and is assessed as Least Concern (LC) at the global level, its distribution in Thailand is highly restricted, with a small national EOO (52,021.25 km²) and Area of Occupancy (AOO: 40 km²). This national rarity has important implications for mangrove management and conservation planning, as locally limited populations may be more sensitive to habitat loss and coastal disturbance. This study represents the first integrative taxonomic revision of K. candel for Thailand and provides a baseline dataset for future national conservation assessments and studies on mangrove biodiversity.
Leaf anatomy, palynology, Rhizophoreae, taxonomic revision, true mangrove
Copyright (c) 2026 CHATCHAI NGERNSAENGSARUAY, SUWIMON UTHAIRATSAMEE, NITTAYA MIANMIT, TAMANAI PRAVINVONGVUTHI, CHONLAWIT SAMART https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Tree species diversity and conservation in Ban Tin Tok community forest, Phitsanulok Province, Thailand
Abstract. Rakarcha S, Thammarong W, Panyadee P, Muenrew J, Nuammee A, Tharawoot T, Saensouk P, Saensouk S. 2026. Tree species diversity and conservation in Ban Tin Tok community forest, Phitsanulok Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270146. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270146. This study assessed tree species composition, ecological importance, conservation status and local utilization in Ban Tin Tok community forest, Phitsanulok Province, northern Thailand. Data were collected from twenty 10 × 10 m plots (totaling 0.2 ha), recording all trees with DBH ≥5 cm. A total of 28 species from 27 genera and 15 families were identified. The forest was co-dominated by Pentacme siamensis, Pterocarpus macrocarpus and Canarium subulatum, which exhibited the highest importance value indices. The forest exhibited moderate species diversity and moderate-to-high evenness with a Shannon-Wiener index (H′) of 2.40 and a Pielou’s evenness index (J′) of 0.72, reflecting a relatively stable community structure. The conservation assessment revealed that while most recorded species are categorized as Least Concern (LC), a significant proportion requires attention: one species (P. macrocarpus) is classified as Endangered (EN) and three species (Shorea obtusa, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius and Dalbergia cultrata) are Near Threatened (NT); these four species together account for 14.29% of the total 28 species recorded. Ethnobotanical surveys documented 18 species utilized by the local community for purposes, including food, medicine and materials. These findings highlight the high socio-ecological value of this forest. These results suggest that community forests in northern Thailand can serve as vital refuges for threatened species and sustain traditional ecological knowledge. This quantitative baseline supports the necessity for integrated management strategies that balance biodiversity conservation with sustainable local livelihoods.
Community forest, ethnobotany, IVI, northern Thailand, threatened species
Copyright (c) 2026 SARAYUT RAKARCHA, WORANART THAMMARONG, PRATEEP PANYADEE, JANJIRA MUENREW, ANCHALEE NUAMMEE, THITIMA THARAWOOT, PIYAPORN SAENSOUK, SURAPON SAENSOUK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Landmark-based geometric morphometrics as a complementary tool for female identification of Euplatypus compositus and Euplatypus parallelus
Abstract. Chatpiyaphat K, Rizali A, Rahardjo BT, Wang J, Ye X, Sittichaya W, Johnson AJ, Hulcr J, Tarno H. 2026. Landmark-based geometric morphometrics as a complementary tool for female identification of Euplatypus compositus and Euplatypus parallelus. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270439. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270439. Identification of female Platypodinae ambrosia beetles is often difficult due to strong sexual dimorphism and limited diagnostic characters, particularly in Euplatypus compositus and Euplatypus parallelus, two closely related species in the southern United States with overlapping habitats and highly similar female morphology. Although the presence or absence of a pronotal mycangial pit is diagnostic, this structure can be obscured by specimen damage. We evaluated landmark-based geometric morphometrics (GM) as a complementary method for distinguishing females of the two species. A total of 46 specimens were analyzed for the pronotum (E. compositus n: 17; E. parallelus n: 29) and 43 for the elytra (E. compositus n: 16; E. parallelus n: 27). Multivariate regression revealed significant allometric scaling in pronotum shape (R²: 18.9%, p: 0.001), whereas elytral shape showed no detectable allometric effect (R²: 0.7%, p: 0.867). Cross-validated discriminant analysis (LOOCV in XYOM) indicated stronger species discrimination for the pronotum (84.8% accuracy; TAU: 67%) than for the elytra (76.7% accuracy; TAU: 50%), and repeated stratified k-fold cross-validation in R confirmed more robust and consistent discrimination for the pronotum but weaker and more variable performance for the elytra. Geometric morphometrics can detect subtle interspecific differences not apparent through visual inspection and may serve as a complementary identification approach when specimens are well preserved. However, this study demonstrates discriminatory potential under controlled conditions only. Because species identity is confounded with geographic origin and collection history, the observed shape differences, while consistent with species-level variation, cannot be attributed to species identity alone with full confidence. Validation using broader, more balanced sampling remains necessary.
Female identification, geometric morphometrics, Platypodinae, pronotum, species discrimination
Copyright (c) 2026 KIATGAWIN CHATPIYAPHAT, AKHMAD RIZALI, BAMBANG TRI RAHARDJO, JIANGUO WANG, XU YE, WISUT SITTICHAYA, ANDREW J. JOHNSON, JIRI HULCR, HAGUS TARNO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Probiotic potential and safety assessment of autochthonous Lentilactobacillus farraginis BDN12 from fermented okara for feed applications
Abstract. Thuy NP, Linh NT, Vy LT, Huong HTM, Khoa ND, Minh NN, Lam NVN, My BNT, Dan LNL, Huy NG, Chau LNB, Tien TTC, Thu NM, Diep PH. 2026. Probiotic potential and safety assessment of autochthonous Lentilactobacillus farraginis BDN12 from fermented okara for feed applications. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270514. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270514. The escalating risk of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for autochthonous probiotics as sustainable alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in livestock. This study aimed to isolate and characterize high-performance Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) from fermented okara, a traditional Vietnamese soybean byproduct, for specific application in poultry feed. A hierarchical five-stage pipeline was used to screen 95 initial isolates based on acid production, biochemical traits, antimicrobial activity, and gastrointestinal resilience. The lead isolate, BDN12, was identified via 16S rRNA sequencing (GenBank PX973265) as Lentilactobacillus farraginis, showing 99.87% identity with strain NRIC 0676. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed its placement within the L. farraginis clade with 100% bootstrap support. In vitro assessments showed that BDN12 maintained viability at pH 3.0 and 0.4% oxgall bile salts. BDN12 neutralized cell-free supernatant exhibited significant (p<0.05) inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (30.33±0.58 mm) and Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028 (29.00±1.00 mm). This inhibitory activity may be attributed to the presence of bacteriocin-like compounds acting as non-acidic antimicrobial factors. Safety profiling confirmed the BDN12 strain was non-hemolytic and susceptible to clinically significant antibiotics. PCR safety screening further confirmed the absence of virulence factors (esp, gelE, fsrB, asa1, cylA, cylM), vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB), and biogenic amine-producing genes (hdc1, hdc2, tdc). These results establish L. farraginis BDN12 as a safe, potent, and locally adapted functional feed additive capable of enhancing poultry health in antibiotic-free production systems.
Antibiotic growth promoter, antimicrobial activity, fermented okara, PCR safety screening, poultry
Copyright (c) 2026 NGUYEN PHUONG THUY, NGUYEN MINH THU, TRUONG THI CAM TIEN, LE NGUYEN BAO CHAU, NGO GIA HUY, LE NGOC LINH DAN, BUI NGOC THAO MY, NHAN VINH NHAT LAM, NGUYEN NHAT MINH, NGUYEN DANG KHOA, HA THI MAI HUONG, LE THAO VY, NGUYEN THUY LINH, PHAM HONG DIEP https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Biochemical responses of a wild and a cultivated accession of Momordica charantia under contrasting soil moisture regimes
Abstract. Nguyen TV, Kasim M, Anggraini T, Doan LN, Duong NV, Vo TCT, Do ST. 2026. Biochemical responses of a wild and a cultivated accession of Momordica charantia under contrasting soil moisture regimes. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270403. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270403. Water deficit is a major abiotic constraint affecting plant growth, functional traits, and genotype-level variation under field conditions. This study evaluated growth performance and antioxidant-related biochemical traits of a wild and a cultivated accession of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) under three soil moisture regimes (80%, 65%, and 50% field capacity) using a split-plot field design. Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging), and biomass-related traits were quantified in leaves at defined crop ages and in fruits at commercial maturity, and yield-based biochemical indices were calculated to integrate concentration and dry matter accumulation. Moderate moisture deficit (65% field capacity) was associated with increased TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity in several instances, while severe deficit (50% field capacity) reduced biomass stability and biochemical performance, particularly in the cultivated accession. Fruits accumulated greater absolute biochemical yields per plant, whereas leaves exhibited stronger concentration-based responsiveness to moisture variation. The wild accession generally showed greater biochemical plasticity and higher yield-integrated metabolite production than the cultivated accession under moisture stress. These findings demonstrate a clear trade-off between metabolite concentration and biomass accumulation under drought conditions, with moderate stress generally supporting higher biochemical performance. The results highlight the importance of genotype selection and irrigation management in maximizing functional traits and support the use of wild germplasm in breeding strategies for improved drought adaptation in bitter melon.
Accession-specific responses, bitter melon, crop wild relatives, phenolic and flavonoid responses, soil moisture regimes
Copyright (c) 2026 THUAN VAN NGUYEN, MUSLIAR KASIM, TUTY ANGGRAINI, LINH NHUT DOAN, NHA VAN DUONG, THI CAM THI VO, SANG TRONG DO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Short Communication: Characterization of phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance patterns in Escherichia coli isolates from bloodstream infections
Abstract. Tjampakasari CR, Stevina L, Paramita RI. 2026. Short Communication: Characterization of phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance patterns in Escherichia coli isolates from bloodstream infections. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270320. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270320. Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is a leading cause of bloodstream infections (BSIs) worldwide and contributes substantially to the burden of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance between phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and genotypic resistance determinants identified by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in E. coli BSI isolates. During the study period, 194 blood culture samples from patients with suspected BSIs were processed, of which 92 yielded positive results; 13 non-duplicate E. coli isolates (14.13% of positive cultures) were included in this single-center, exploratory study. Phenotypic resistance profiles were determined using the VITEK®2 Compact system, while WGS was performed to identify antimicrobial resistance genes, sequence types (STs), and resistance-associated mutations. Phenotypic resistance showed that resistance to ampicillin (7/13, 53.8%), ciprofloxacin (6/13, 46.2%), and ceftriaxone (5/13, 38.5%). Genomic analysis revealed β-lactam resistance genes predominantly associated with blaTEM-1B and its variants (blaTEM-116, blaTEM-141, and blaTEM-206), along with blaCTX-M-55; blaTEM-1B was the most frequently detected gene (4/13), followed by blaCTX-M-55 (2/13). Fluoroquinolone resistance was mainly linked to mutations within quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC, as well as alterations affecting the AcrAB-TolC efflux system. Multilocus sequence typing using the Achtman scheme demonstrated high genetic diversity, with 12 distinct STs identified among 13 isolates, including ST73, ST117, ST410, ST95, and ST127. High concordance between phenotypic β-lactam resistance and genotypic findings was observed, as all β-lactam-resistant isolates carried at least one corresponding β-lactamase gene. Overall, these findings indicate that WGS can reliably confirm β-lactam resistance mechanisms and provide useful molecular epidemiological insights into E. coli isolates causing BSIs; however, conclusions are limited by the small sample size and single-center design, and larger multicenter studies are warranted to support routine surveillance applications.
Antibiotic resistance, bloodstream infection, Escherichia coli, genotypic, phenotypic
Copyright (c) 2026 CONNY RIANA TJAMPAKASARI, LANY STEVINA, RAFIKA INDAH PARAMITA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Draft genome assembly of Piper divaricatum reveals genomic basis of eugenol biosynthesis and evolutionary position
Abstract. Truong HTH, Ho HN, Nguyen DT, Ho NTH, Nguyen C, Huynh CV. 2026. Draft genome assembly of Piper divaricatum reveals genomic basis of eugenol biosynthesis and evolutionary position. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270434. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270434. Piper divaricatum is an aromatic member of the Piperaceae valued for its bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly eugenol, as well as its resistance to major plant pathogens. Despite its importance, genomic resources for this non-model species remain limited. In this study, we present a highly fragmented draft genome assembly generated from Illumina paired-end short reads and assembled with SPAdes. The resulting assembly spans approximately 743 Mb, representing 99.97% of the estimated genome size based on Piper nigrum, but exhibits low contiguity (N50 = 6 kb). Repetitive elements account for 78.46% of the genome, contributing substantially to fragmentation. BUSCO analysis recovered 79.3% of complete genes and 18.1% of fragmented genes, indicating that a large proportion of conserved gene content is captured despite assembly limitations. A total of 117,252 gene models were predicted, though this number is likely inflated due to fragmentation and repeat-induced gene splitting. Functional annotation assigned 2,026 genes to KEGG pathways, reflecting conserved metabolic and regulatory networks. Ks distribution analysis of paralogous gene pairs revealed a peak around 0.5, suggesting ancient large-scale duplication events, although confirmation of whole-genome duplication requires chromosome-level assemblies and synteny analysis. Phylogenomic reconstruction based on single-copy orthologs places P. divaricatum within Piperales and supports a sister relationship with Cinnamomum kanehirae, with divergence estimated at ~121.7 Mya. Additionally, candidate genes associated with the phenylpropanoid pathway, including partial EGS1-like fragments, were identified, providing preliminary insights that warrant further transcriptomic and biochemical validation. Overall, this draft genome provides a foundational resource for future functional and comparative genomic studies in the genus Piper.
Comparative genomics, magnoliids, medicinal plant, pathogen resistance, Piper divaricatum
Copyright (c) 2026 HAI THI HONG TRUONG, HAN NGOC HO, DAT TIEN NGUYEN, NHI THI HOANG HO, CUONG NGUYEN, CHUONG VAN HUYNH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Nematode diversity in tomato and cucumber agroecosystems of Fergana Valley and control of root-knot nematodes, Uzbekistan
Abstract. Kambarov S, To’xtasinov F, Yakhyoyev A, Eshova K, Khabibullaev F, Mamurov K, Qoraboyev K, Abduqayumova S. 2026. Nematode diversity in tomato and cucumber agroecosystems of Fergana Valley and control of root-knot nematodes, Uzbekistan. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270235. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270235. Plant-parasitic nematodes, particularly root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), cause substantial yield losses in vegetable crops and threaten the sustainability of agroecosystems. This study assessed nematode diversity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) agroecosystems of the Fergana Valley (Uzbekistan) and evaluated the field efficacy of the nematicides Nematorin (fosthiazate) and Nematozin (mebendazole) during the 2025 growing season. Nematodes were extracted using modified Baermann and flotation techniques and identified based on morphological characters. In total, 60 nematode species belonging to 22 genera, 11 families, and 5 orders were recorded, with soil showing the highest diversity (S: 20, H′: 2.706, 1-D: 0.916), followed by roots (S: 9, H′: 1.779) and the stem-leaf compartment (S: 4, H′: 1.257). Bacterivorous nematodes were the dominant trophic group. Both nematicides significantly reduced the density of invasive second-stage juveniles (J2) and root galling compared with the untreated control (p<0.001). Nematozin achieved 90.1% and 90.4% biological efficacy in tomato and cucumber, respectively, whereas Nematorin reached 85.7% and 87.9%. These reductions were accompanied by yield increases from 6.5 t ha⁻¹ in the control to 10.8 t ha⁻¹ (Nematozin) and 8.7 t ha⁻¹ (Nematorin) in tomato, and to 10.2 t ha⁻¹ in treated cucumber plots. Identification of Meloidogyne was based on morphological criteria; therefore, species-level resolution remains limited and future studies should incorporate molecular markers for confirmation. Overall, integrating nematode community assessment with chemical control measures can contribute to improved management of root-knot nematodes in vegetable agroecosystems of the Fergana Valley.
Agroecosystem, Meloidogyne spp., nematode diversity, Nematorin, Nematozin
Copyright (c) 2026 SARDORBEK KAMBAROV, FARKHOD TO’XTASINOV, ABDUMUKHTAR YAKHYOYEV, KHOLISA ESHOVA, FAYZULLA KHABIBULLAEV, KHURSHIDJON MAMUROV, KHALIMJON QORABOYEV, SAYYORA ABDUQAYUMOVA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Checklist of native freshwater fish from Surabaya River, Indonesia
Abstract. Faqih AR, Triastuti RRJ, Wisudyawati D, Anitasari S, Kharisma VD, Rahayu R, Cahyono H, Suliastini J, Islamy RA, Valen FS, Tamam MB, Arisandi P, South J, Kamarudin AS, Wijaya AK, Hasan V. 2026. Checklist of native freshwater fish from Surabaya River, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270327. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270327. Surabaya River is a tributary of the Brantas River and is habitat to several freshwater fish species. The aim of this study was to provide information on the species composition of freshwater fish in the Surabaya River, one of the most important rivers in East Java, Indonesia. All samples used in this study were caught from December 25, 2025, to January 25, 2026. Sampling was conducted at three stations on the Surabaya River: the starting point of the bifurcation at Mlirip Sluice Gate, Mojokerto Regency (Station 1); Krian Sub-District, Sidoarjo Regency (Station 2); and the end of the river at Jagir Sluice Gate, Surabaya City (Station 3). Specimens were identified using specialized papers and books. This work recorded 35 fish species across 31 genera and 17 families. Cyprinidae was the dominant family, comprising 10 genera and 11 species. Station 1 had the highest species richness (34 species), while Station 3 had the lowest (17 species). Several species endemic of Java, such as Java walking catfish Clarias batrachus, Asian redtail catfish Hemibagrus nemurus, wrestling halfbeak Dermogenys pusilla, and spotted barb Barbodes binotatus, were found in this study, indicating that further attention is needed to preserve their habitat. The new information on freshwater fish diversity across different parts of the river will be useful for updating the current database on Javanese freshwater fish species diversity and for providing an updated native species inventory for three segments during the 2025-2026 sampling. Information on the habitat use and ecological interactions of fish occurring in the Surabaya River is urgently needed to make appropriate conservation decisions and plans.
Aquatic ecosystem, biodiversity, Brantas Basin, conservation, Ichthyofauna
Copyright (c) 2026 ABDUL R. FAQIH, RR. JUNI TRIASTUTI, DITA WISUDYAWATI, SEPTI ANITASARI, VIOL D. KHARISMA, RAHMI RAHAYU, HERI CAHYONO, JILA SULIASTINI, R. ADHARYAN ISLAMY, FITRI S. VALEN, MUHAMMAD B. TAMAM, PRIGI ARISANDI, JOSIE SOUTH, AHMAD S. KAMARUDIN, ALIFA K. WIJAYA, VERYL HASAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Morphometric diversity of wild poisonous arbila (Phaseolus lunatus) germplasm from Timor and Sumba Islands, Indonesia
Abstract. Simamora AV, Mukkun L, Hahuly MV, Nenotek PS, Mau YS, Kaho NR, Seran YN, Arung ET, Hosang EY. 2026. Morphometric diversity of wild poisonous arbila (Phaseolus lunatus) germplasm from Timor and Sumba Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270511. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270511. Poisonous arbila (Phaseolus lunatus) is an underutilized legume traditionally consumed after detoxification by dryland communities in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Despite its importance as an emergency food resource, information on its phenotypic variation remains limited. This study aimed to characterize seed morphometric variation in wild and semi-managed arbila germplasm collected from six locations across Timor and Sumba Islands. A total of 108 accessions were evaluated using twelve seed traits, including eight qualitative characters (seed shape, seed coat color and pattern, hilum shape, testa texture, and eye color) and four quantitative characters (seed length, width, thickness, and 100-seed weight). Qualitative traits showed high polymorphism, particularly in seed coat pigmentation and patterning, while quantitative traits exhibited wide ranges (seed length: 10.33-23.70 mm; 100-seed weight: 25.40-56.50 g). Multivariate analyses (principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering) indicated that the first four principal components explained 91.6% of the total variance, with seed size–related traits dominating the primary axis (PC1 = 65.2%). Clustering results identified one major group comprising most accessions and a small number of divergent accessions, consistent with a continuous phenotypic gradient rather than discrete group separation. These results highlight considerable morphometric diversity in arbila and indicate that phenotypic differentiation is primarily structured along this gradient. The findings provide a useful basis for germplasm conservation and highlight the potential of arbila for selection, breeding, and future studies on domestication and genetic diversity.
Dryland ecosystem, multivariate analysis, seed coat patterning, seed morphology, underutilized legume
Copyright (c) 2026 AGNES V. SIMAMORA, LINCE MUKKUN, MAYAVIRA V. HAHULY, PETRONELLA S. NENOTEK, YOSEP SERAN MAU, NORMAN RIWU KAHO, YOSEPH NAHAK SERAN, ENOS TANGKE ARUNG, EVERT Y. HOSANG https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Species composition and taxonomic structure of Assassin bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) in Southern Uzbekistan, with the first record of Nagusta goedelii
Abstract. Valieva M, Mirzaeva G, Musaev D, Kholmatov B, Akhmedov V, Kimyonazarov S, Hudoyberdieva M, Eshkuvvatov B, Usanov S, Kholmirzayeva A, Kudratov J. 2026. Species composition and taxonomic structure of assassin bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) in Southern Uzbekistan, with the first record of Nagusta goedelii. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270331. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270331. As climate change and urbanization intensify, it is of great importance to determine the systematic structure and diversity of the fauna of natural landscapes that are being degraded. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the species composition and taxonomic structure of the family Reduviidae (Heteroptera) in Southern Uzbekistan. Based on 162 specimens collected between 2021 and 2024 across four distinct ecological zones (Yakkabog, Sherabad, Nishon, and Termez), a total of 18 species belonging to 12 genera and 5 subfamilies were identified. Sampling was standardized using sweeping, pitfall traps, and light-traps to ensure comparability across different altitudes (800-1300 m asl) and land-use intensities. The subfamily Harpactorinae exhibited the highest diversity (6 species), followed by Reduviinae (5 species) and Stenopodainae (4 species). A major highlight of the study is the first formal record of Nagusta goedelii for the fauna of Uzbekistan. The identification of this species was validated through a detailed morphological diagnosis, focusing on key characters such as the prominent post-antennal spines, elongated "neck" structure, and pronotal tubercles, as well as molecular-genetic analysis. Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene sequencing (PX588124.1) and subsequent phylogenetic reconstruction using Maximum Likelihood supported the distinct placement of the Uzbek specimen within the Nagusta-Serendiba clade (bootstrap 89-100%). Comparative faunal analysis using Jaccard and Sørensen-Dice coefficients revealed significant regional differentiation. A complete faunal turnover (Cj:0.0) was observed between the mountainous habitats of Yakkabog and the arid lowland zones of Nishon, reflecting the impact of environmental filtering. These findings significantly expand the known distribution of Palearctic reduviids and provide a baseline for future biogeographic and ecological monitoring in Central Asia.
COI barcoding, diversity, molecular identification, Nagusta goedelii, Reduviidae, species composition
Copyright (c) 2026 MAFTUNA VALIEVA, GULNORA MIRZAEVA, DILSHOD MUSAEV, BAKHTIYOR KHOLMATOV, VOKHIDJON AKHMEDOV, SARDORBEK KIMYONAZAROV, MARIFAT HUDOYBERDIEVA, BEKZOD ESHKUVVATOV, SANJAR USANOV, AZIZA KHOLMIRZAYEVA, JASUR KUDRATOV https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Grasshopper diversity in organic and conventional farm lands in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Qurotaayunina RP, Leksono AS, Suheriyanto D, Panhwar WA. 2026. Grasshopper diversity in organic and conventional farm lands in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270339. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270339. Grasshoppers are sensitive to environmental changes and can serve as effective bioindicators in agroecosystems. This study assessed their abundance, diversity, and community composition across different farm types and sampling times in organic and conventional farming systems, and evaluated their indicator potential. Surveys were conducted at six sites: Organic Fruit (OF), Conventional Fruit (CF), Organic Paddy (OP), Conventional Paddy (CP), Organic Vegetables (OV), and Conventional Vegetables (CV). At each site, sampling was performed using sweep nets across five plots during morning, noon, and afternoon periods. Data were analyzed using Generalized Linear Mixed Models to test differences in abundance, species richness, diversity, and dominance. Community similarity was evaluated using the Bray-Curtis index, species-environment relationships using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), and indicator species using the Indicator Value (IndVal) method. A total of 25 species comprising 5,636 individuals were recorded. Farm type significantly affected all community parameters (abundance, species richness, dominance and diversity), while sampling time influenced only abundance and species richness, with no significant interaction effects. The highest abundance, richness, and diversity were observed in organic fruit and organic paddy systems, whereas the lowest values occurred in conventional vegetable fields. Community composition was shaped by farm type and wind speed. Several species were found to have potential as group or individual indicator species, such as Anaxipha sp., and Phlaeoba infumata in OF; Caryanda spuria and Tagasta marginella in CF; Conocephalus fasciatus and Atractomorpha angusta in OP; and Oxya hyla in CP. No indicator species were identified in vegetable farms. Overall, the results demonstrate that organic farming supports higher grasshopper diversity and more structured communities, highlighting its importance for biodiversity conservation and the use of grasshoppers as ecological indicators.
Agroecosystem, bioindicator, community composition, grasshopper diversity, species richness
Copyright (c) 2026 RISKA PUTRI QUROTAAYUNINA, AMIN SETYO LEKSONO, DWI SUHERIYANTO, WAHEED ALI PANHWAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Isolation of antagonistic fungi from local rice and rhizosphere as potential biocontrol agents against Pyricularia oryzae
Abstract. Sari DE, Sjam S, Rosmana A, Melina, Sulfiani. 2026. Isolation of antagonistic fungi from local rice and rhizosphere as potential biocontrol agents against Pyricularia oryzae. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270419. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270419. Antagonistic fungi act as biocontrol agents for plant diseases. Pyricularia oryzae, the causative agent of blast disease, is one of the main pathogens affecting rice crops. In Indonesia, this pathogen is a major constraint in rice cultivation. The use of biocontrol agents can be an alternative to control P. oryzae. The purpose of this study was to test fungi isolated from local rice plants and their rhizosphere as control agents for P. oryzae. Samples were randomly collected from two local rice plants and their rhizospheres at different locations. Fungi from the rhizosphere were isolated using serial dilution techniques. At the same time, plant parts, namely roots, stems, and leaves, were sterilized using surface sterilization methods and grown on potato dextrose agar media. Pathogenicity tests used rice seeds as indicator plants. Antagonism tests used the dual-culture method with P. oryzae as the pathogen. The fungal isolates were identified to the genus level. The results revealed that 31 fungal isolates were obtained from local rice plants and their rhizosphere. Pathogenicity tests showed that 29 isolates were non-pathogenic, with seed germination rates on PDA medium averaging 73%-100% and on sterile soil medium averaging 60%-100%. Dual culture tests showed that 11 isolates inhibited the growth of P. oryzae by more than 50%. The most effective isolate was RH4C3, which exhibited up to 82.52% inhibition and showed a significant difference compared to the other fungi, except for isolates RH4C22 and HB3C1. Microscopic identification revealed several genera with the greatest potential as antagonists, namely Trichoderma sp., Paecilomyces sp., Penicillium sp., Nigrospora sp., and Pythium sp. These findings provide insights into the diversity and potential of local biological control agents that utilize antagonistic fungi, their further identification and field application should be undertaken.
Antagonist, endophytic fungi, Pyricularia oryzae, rhizosphere microbiome, rice blast
Copyright (c) 2026 DIAN EKAWATI SARI, SYLVIA SJAM, ADE ROSMANA, MELINA, SULFIANI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Outbreak and host range of Ceratocystis fimbriata ITS5 causing a lethal wilt disease on Lansium domesticum in South Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Firmanto R, Muslim A, Suwandi, Irsan C, Hamidson H, Pratama R, Nursalim YA. 2026. Outbreak and host range of Ceratocystis fimbriata ITS5 causing a lethal wilt disease on Lansium domesticum in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270424. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270424. Lethal wilt disease, first reported on Duku (Lansium domesticum) in 2014, has rapidly expanded from Ogan Komering Ulu to multiple regencies across South Sumatra. By 2021, the epidemic reached Muara Enim, transitioning into an increasingly severe outbreak that threatens local biodiversity. This study aims to evaluate current disease development and severity in Muara Enim and characterize the genetic variation and host range of the associated pathogen. Between 2023 and 2025, we surveyed 24 L. domesticum orchards, using plots purposively positioned in high-incidence zones to document the epidemic's maximum virulence. Identification of eight fungal isolates from infected sapwood was performed via morphological observation and multi-gene phylogenetic analysis using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and -tubulin markers. Pathogenicity was confirmed by Koch’s postulates and host-range testing across diverse plant species. Molecular analysis of these representative isolates confirmed their identity as the ITS5 haplotype of Ceratocystis fimbriata, suggesting this haplotype is a key driver of the current outbreak. Results indicated high disease virulence; while regional averages varied, disease incidence reached 100% in the most severely affected orchards (e.g., Ujan Mas Lama) by June 2025. In pathogenicity trials, isolates exhibited aggressive infection patterns, producing significant lesions across all tested hosts; Parkia speciosa and Persea americana were identified as particularly vulnerable. These results indicate that C. fimbriata represents a serious threat to L. domesticum orchards and may endanger the long-term persistence of local populations in South Sumatra. To mitigate this impact, urgent management strategies are required, including the immediate removal and destruction of infected trees (sanitation felling), strict pruning hygiene to prevent wound-mediated infection, and careful selection of non-host species in mixed-planting systems.
ITS5 haplotype, Ceratocystis fimbriata, Meliaceae, molecular phylogeny, Muara Enim
Copyright (c) 2026 RIKO FIRMANTO, AHMAD MUSLIM, SUWANDI, CHANDRA IRSAN, HARMAN HAMIDSON, RAHMAT PRATAMA, YOSSI APRIAN NURSALIM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Vertical and island-scale structuring of bacterial and archaeal communities in Pinus merkusii forest soils
Abstract. Nugroho RA, van Straalen NM, Röling WFM. 2026. Vertical and island-scale structuring of bacterial and archaeal communities in Pinus merkusii forest soils. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270313. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270313. Environmental and spatial processes contribute to the structuring of soil microbial communities, but the relative importance of vertical and horizontal gradients is poorly understood in tropical archipelagic forests. The vertical and spatial distributions of bacterial and archaeal communities were examined in Pinus merkusii forest soils across 12 sites on five Indonesian islands (36 composite samples). Litter (L), fragmented litter (F), and mineral (M) soil layers were analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to characterize dominant community profiles. Community dissimilarity was assessed using Mantel and partial Mantel tests, and compositional variance was assessed using PERMANOVA. Bacterial communities were strongly vertically stratified. Mantel tests showed significant correlations between community dissimilarity and soil layer (r = 0.52, p < 0.001) and geographic distance (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), which remained significant in partial correlations. PERMANOVA indicated that soil layer explained 43.5% of the variation (pseudo-R2 = 0.435, p < 0.001), whereas island identity explained 15.1% (pseudo-R2 = 0.151, p = 0.0135). In contrast, archaeal communities showed no significant association with either geographic distance (r = −0.03, p = 0.68) or soil layer (r = −0.04, p = 0.80). In contrast, PERMANOVA revealed strong differentiation among island identity (pseudo-R2 = 0.375, p = 0.0045). These findings reveal contrasting domain-specific spatial organization of microbial communities, with bacteria primarily structured by vertical habitat differentiation and distance–decay patterns, whereas archaea communities are mainly differentiated at the island scale. The results highlight distinct spatial scales of organization for major microbial domains in tropical forest soils. However, the absence of environmental physicochemical measurements limits direct identification of the environmental drivers underlying these patterns.
DGGE, distance-decay, environmental filtering, microbial biogeography, soil microbial communities
Copyright (c) 2026 RULLY ADI NUGROHO, NICO M. VAN STRAALEN, WILFRED F. M. RÖLING https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Genetic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in goats with subclinical mastitis, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Manalu SMR, Lisnawita, Hanafi ND, Siregar LAM. 2026. Genetic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in goats with subclinical mastitis, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270233. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270233. Staphylococcus aureus is widely recognized as a dominant etiological agent of mastitis in dairy goats and is also regarded as a zoonotic pathogen capable of causing a broad spectrum of human infections, including severe and life-threatening conditions. Despite the routine use of antimicrobial agents to control S. aureus infections, increasing resistance to multiple antibiotic classes has substantially reduced treatment effectiveness. This study investigated the isolation and molecular characterization of S. aureus associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy goats (Capra hircus) from Deli Serdang and Serdang Bedagai Regencies, North Sumatra, and evaluated antimicrobial susceptibility against commonly used antibiotics in regional livestock production. Descriptive analysis supported by graphical visualization and phylogenetic reconstruction was applied to assess distribution patterns and genetic relatedness, while statistical comparisons of antimicrobial resistance proportions between regencies were performed using Fisher’s exact test. This study confirms S. aureus as the most frequently bacterium isolated bacterium in CMT-positive samples based on phenotypic and molecular analyses. High resistance to β-lactam antibiotics was observed in both regions. In Deli Serdang, resistance to amoxicillin and penicillin G was detected in 73.8% (31/42) and 71.4% (30/42) of isolates, respectively. Similarly, in Serdang Bedagai, resistance to amoxicillin and penicillin G was found in 69.0% (20/29) and 58.6% (17/29) of isolates. In contrast, tetracycline showed a higher susceptibility profile in both regions. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two regencies for amoxicillin, penicillin G, or tetracycline resistance (p>0.05). Partial 16S rRNA analysis placed the isolates within S. aureus clade, showing high sequence similarity to reference strains reported from Brazil and India. Collectively, these findings provide essential baseline evidence supporting rational antimicrobial selection and continued resistance surveillance in caprine mastitis management.
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, dairy goats, molecular epidemiology, small ruminant mastitis, zoonotic pathogens
Copyright (c) 2026 SHINTA MUTIA RAMBE MANALU, LISNAWITA, NEVY DIANA HANAFI, LUTHFI AZIZ MAHMUD SIREGAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Exploring phenotypic variability in gamma‑irradiated melon (Cucumis melo) for early-generation putative mutant selection
Abstract. Paramitha AI, Sugiharto AN, Waluyo B, Adiredjo AL, Arifin AG. 2026. Exploring phenotypic variability in gamma‑irradiated melon (Cucumis melo) for early-generation putative mutant selection. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270324. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270324. The melon (Cucumis melo), an agriculturally pivotal crop globally esteemed for its economic value, faces intrinsic breeding limitations due to restricted genetic diversity. Confronting these inherent challenges, gamma irradiation has emerged as a robust mutagenic agent, purposefully employed to elicit phenotypic variability and strategically advance the enhancement of elite melon cultivars. This investigation systematically explored phenotypic modifications induced by six discrete gamma irradiation doses (0-150 Gy) in two melon varieties, CMA and DKN. Comprehensive assessments of fruit weight, flesh thickness, sugar content, and rind color were conducted in the M2 generation, analyzed via descriptive and non-parametric statistics. Results revealed distinct dose-specific responses. Notably, G5 treatment yielded the highest mean sugar content in CMA (10.75°Brix), with DKN exhibiting substantial variation up to 15.00°Brix at G5. Fruit weight demonstrated considerable variability, exemplified by DKN at G1 (0.28-1.92 kg range). Both DKN and CMA consistently achieved their highest mean flesh thickness at G5. Statistical analyses confirmed significant differences across most irradiation doses for sugar content and flesh thickness in both varieties, while fruit weight showed significant effects exclusively at G4 for both CMA and DKN. Crucially, the study identified four novel putative mutant plants: one from CMA (G1) and three from DKN (G5). These putative mutants represent invaluable genetic resources, integrating dark rind color (absent in controls) with quantitative traits was not more than 5% lower than the control mean, thus proving highly advantageous for early generation selection. These findings unequivocally underscore gamma irradiation's profound potential in inducing beneficial phenotypic variability, offering critical foundations for breeding programs targeting enhanced melon fruit quality and marketability.
Cucumis melo, gamma irradiation, Indonesia, M2 generation, mutant selection, rind color
Copyright (c) 2026 ASTRID IKA PARAMITHA, ARIFIN NOOR SUGIHARTO, BUDI WALUYO, AFIFUDDIN LATIF ADIREDJO, AZERI GAUTAMA ARIFIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Putative occurrence of amentoflavone across Selaginella species inferred from HPLC Retention Time analysis
Abstract. Setyawan AD, Chikmawati T, Miftahudin, Lotulung PDN, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto. 2025. Putative occurrence of amentoflavone across Selaginella species inferred from HPLC Retention Time analysis. Biodiversitas 26: 6490-6501. Amentoflavone is a prominent biflavonoid frequently reported in the genus Selaginella and widely studied for its diverse biological activities. However, information on its distribution across species remains fragmented and largely restricted to isolated reports on individual taxa. This study aims to provide a comparative, compound-centric assessment of the putative occurrence of amentoflavone across multiple Selaginella species using a standardized Retention Time (RT)-based HPLC approach. Plant materials representing 20 samples from 17 Selaginella species were analyzed under uniform extraction and chromatographic conditions. An authentic amentoflavone reference standard was used to establish an external RT benchmark, and chromatograms recorded at 270 nm were qualitatively evaluated for RT correspondence within a predefined RT screening window centered on the reference peak. Occurrence was assessed using a presence–absence framework without quantitative estimation or multivariate analysis. Putative RT correspondence consistent with amentoflavone was detected in 9 of the 17 analyzed species, while several taxa consistently lacked detectable RT-matched peaks. The observed RT ranges among positive species were narrowly clustered, indicating stable chromatographic behavior of the detected signal across different plant matrices. Intraspecific comparisons revealed contrasting presence–absence outcomes among populations of the same species, highlighting population-level variability in detectable compound occurrence. The results demonstrate that putative amentoflavone occurrence in Selaginella is species-specific and not universally distributed across the genus. This study underscores the value of RT-based HPLC as an exploratory, hypothesis-generating screening tool for mapping compound occurrence across diverse taxa, while explicitly acknowledging its limitations in structural confirmation and sensitivity. By providing a qualitative baseline, this screening-based framework offers an initial biotechnological entry point for prioritizing Selaginella taxa for targeted metabolite validation and subsequent investigation using structure-confirming analytical techniques.
Amentoflavone, bioflavonoids, HPLC–UV, retention time matching, Selaginella
Copyright (c) 2025 AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN, TATIK CHIKMAWATI, MIFTAHUDIN, PUSPA DEWI N. LOTULUNG, SUTARNO, SUGIYARTO, SUNARTO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Short Communication: COI-based molecular identification of bagworms (Psychidae) from an oil palm plantation in Muara Enim, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Anggraini E, Zuhri S, Herlinda S, Lau WH, Muslim A, Irsan C, Suwandi S, Ramayudha R. 2026. Short Communication: COI-based molecular identification of bagworms (Psychidae) from an oil palm plantation in Muara Enim, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270212. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270212. Bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) are major defoliating pests of oil palm in Southeast Asia, yet accurate species identification is often hindered by morphological similarity and phenotypic plasticity of larval cases. This study aimed to confirm the identity of bagworm species collected from an oil palm plantation in Muara Enim, South Sumatra, Indonesia, using an integrated approach combining mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) barcoding and morphological assessment. A total of 12 larvae representing four field morphotypes were collected, of which 10 high-quality COI sequences were obtained. Nucleotide sequences were translated into amino acids, and phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using 211 aligned amino acid positions under the best-fit substitution model (MTVER+G4) selected by Bayesian Information Criterion. Maximum likelihood analysis recovered four distinct lineages corresponding to Mahasena corbetti, Pteroma pendula, a distinct Pteroma lineage, and Metisa plana. Specimens initially identified in the field as Clania tertia clustered within the genus Pteroma, indicating morphology-based misidentification. Despite moderate nucleotide similarity (~89-90%), amino acid-based phylogenetic reconstruction and larval morphology consistently supported its identification as M. plana. By integrating amino acid-based phylogenetic inference with morphological evidence, this study provides preliminary molecular confirmation of bagworm taxa from a single plantation site in South Sumatra and highlights the importance of combining molecular and morphological approaches for accurate pest identification.
Larval case morphology, mitochondrial marker, pest diagnostics, phylogenetic reconstruction, Southeast Asia
Copyright (c) 2026 ERISE ANGGRAINI, SYA’BANI ZUHRI, SITI HERLINDA, WEI HONG LAU, AHMAD MUSLIM, CHANDRA IRSAN, SUWANDI SUWANDI, RAMAYUDA RAMAYUDA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Ecological contribution of local Beauveria bassiana isolate to pest regulation and rice yield in tropical agroecosystems
Abstract. Uluputty MR, Leiwakabessy C, Goo N, Talahaturuson A, Umasangaji A. 2026. Ecological contribution of local Beauveria bassiana isolate to pest regulation and rice yield in tropical agroecosystems. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270521. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270521. The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is a major pest in rice agroecosystems, causing significant yield losses. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a local Beauveria bassiana isolate in controlling planthopper populations and its potential implications for agroecosystem management under field conditions. The experiment was conducted in an organically managed rice field in Ambon, Indonesia, using a randomized block design with five treatments and five replications. Observations included apparent mortality, population density, attack intensity, and rice yield. The results showed that the application of B. bassiana increased apparent mortality from 15.2% in the control to 73.8-78.5% in treated plots, reduced population density from 139.1 to 30.4-42.6 individuals per plot, and decreased attack intensity from 60.3% to 5.3-6.1%. Rice productivity also increased from 4.52 t ha⁻¹ in the control to 5.84-6.12 t ha⁻¹ following fungal application. However, mortality was assessed as apparent mortality based on population reduction, and no direct confirmation of fungal infection or environmental variables was conducted. These findings suggest that locally adapted entomopathogenic fungi can contribute to pest regulation, support microbial biodiversity, enhance sustainable rice production, and strengthen ecologically based integrated pest management strategies in tropical agroecosystems under diverse environmental conditions.
Beauveria bassiana, brown planthopper, entomopathogenic fungi, pest regulation, rice agroecosystem
Copyright (c) 2026 MUHAMMAD RIADH ULUPUTTY, CHRISTOFFOL LEIWAKABESSY, NURENY GOO, ABRAHAM TALAHATURUSON, AMINUDIN UMASANGAJI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Identifying spatial interaction zones between humans and long-tailed macaques in the Mount Merbabu landscape, Indonesia
Abstract. Sulaksono N, Nayasilana IN, Hadiyan Y, Pradopo ST, Haryoso A, Wahyudi J, Adiningtyas DP, Putra RA. 2026. Identifying spatial interaction zones between humans and long-tailed macaques in the Mount Merbabu landscape, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270414. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270414. Human-long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) interactions are an increasing conservation and management concern in Indonesia, particularly within forest-agriculture-settlement mosaics surrounding protected areas. This study aimed to identify spatial interaction zones between humans and long-tailed macaques using habitat suitability modeling in the Mount Merbabu landscape. Habitat suitability was modeled using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm based on occurrence records from direct field encounters and indirect evidence of macaque presence. Model complexity was optimized using the ENMeval framework based on the Akaike Information Criterion corrected for small sample sizes (AICc), cross-validated AUC, and omission rate. Eight environmental and anthropogenic predictors representing topography, vegetation, disturbance, and human proximity were included in the model. The final model showed stable predictive performance (cross-validated AUC: 0.7469±0.1023). Distance to burned areas emerged as the strongest predictor, followed by distance to settlements and land cover. Suitable habitat covered 4,131.71 ha (25.80%) of the interaction analysis area (16,010.88 ha) outside the national park and extended beyond forest interiors into surrounding agricultural and settlement landscapes. Moderate and high interaction zones (3,511.44 ha and 620.28 ha, respectively) formed localized clusters along forest-agriculture transition areas surrounding the national park. Sensitivity analysis showed that the spatial configuration of interaction zones remained consistent across alternative occurrence models. These mapped zones represent relative spatial interaction potential derived from macaque occurrence patterns and their overlap with human land use, rather than direct predictions of conflict incidence. The results demonstrate that MaxEnt-based spatial modeling provides a useful framework for identifying potential human-wildlife interaction zones and supporting spatially targeted mitigation in protected-area buffer landscapes.
Disturbance ecology, human-primate interactions, Macaca fascicularis, MaxEnt, species distribution modeling
Copyright (c) 2026 NURPANA SULAKSONO, IKE NURJUITA NAYASILANA, YAYAN HADIYAN, SUBYANTORO TRI PRADOPO, ANGGIT HARYOSO, JAROT WAHYUDI, DHANA PUSPITA ADININGTYAS, RIZKI ANDIKA PUTRA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Avian diversity and conservation value in Tram Chim Ramsar site, Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Abstract. Kieu LD, Ban LN, Nguyen PQ. 2026. Avian diversity and conservation value in Tram Chim Ramsar site, Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270504. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270504. Tram Chim National Park is a Ramsar site in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, which is important for the conservation of bird species in Vietnam and migratory species worldwide. This study assessed the biodiversity, conservation value, and population structure of birds in the Tram Chim National Park Ramsar site using direct observation of 23 transects, conducted monthly throughout 2022. The survey recorded 139 bird species across 49 families and 17 orders. The bird community showed high biodiversity and uniformity, which was relatively stable between the dry and rainy seasons (p>0.05), with d, H’ and J’ values 8.14-11.97, 2.24-3.38 and 0.52-0.75, respectively. However, the biodiversity of the bird community continued to decline significantly in both richness and uniformity during the transitional months (June, July, November and December). The presence of numerous migratory and endangered bird species, as listed in the IUCN, CITES, and the Vietnam Red Book, confirms that the Tram Chim Ramsar Site is a crucial link in the global conservation of bird species. The structure of migratory birds, forest/water birds, and feeding groups fluctuated seasonally. The results of this study suggest that maintaining biodiversity resilience requires appropriate hydrological management informed by seasonal ecological information, ensuring the long-term conservation function of the global bird migration network.
Avian diversity, inland wetlands, Mekong Delta, migration status categories
Copyright (c) 2026 LE DIEM KIEU, LE NHAT BAN, PHAM QUOC NGUYEN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Wild Piper species from Vietnam and Laos with genetic diversity, Phytophthora capsici resistance, and eugenol-rich chemotypes
Abstract. Ho NTH, Ho HN, Truong HTH. 2026. Wild Piper species from Vietnam and Laos with genetic diversity, Phytophthora capsici resistance, and eugenol-rich chemotypes. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270427. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270427. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is an economically important spice, but its productivity is severely constrained by Phytophthora capsici. Wild Piper species represent a valuable genetic resource for improving disease resistance and exploring bioactive compounds; however, the knowledge about them remains insufficiently characterised. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of wild Piper accessions collected from Vietnam and Laos, assess their resistance to P. capsici, and analyse leaf chemical composition associated with resistance. Genetic diversity was examined using the ITSu1-4 region and RAPD markers, while resistance was evaluated through in vitro detached-leaf assays. Chemical profiling of selected accessions was performed using GC-MS analysis. The ITS analysis identified four species, including Piper betle, Piper pendulispicum, Piper thomsonii, and Piper tricolor. The inclusion of wild accessions increased overall genetic diversity within the studied population, and RAPD analysis revealed high polymorphism, separating the accessions into three distinct clusters. Chemical analysis indicated that accessions resistant to P. capsici contained high proportions of eugenol and methyl eugenol, suggesting a relationship between resistance and eugenol-rich chemotypes. Although limited by sample size and the use of detached-leaf assays, the findings highlighted the potential of wild Piper germplasm as a genetic resource for breeding programs and as a source of natural compounds for biological control of P. capsici.
Biological control, black pepper, eugenol, ITS region, Piper, RAPD markers
Copyright (c) 2026 NHI THI HOANG HO, HAN NGOC HO, HAI THI HONG TRUONG https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Microbial community profiling of commercial pellet-based biofertilizers from Malaysia for comparative quality control insights
Abstract. Toh WK, Gan HM, Loh PC, Wong HL. 2026. Microbial community profiling of commercial pellet-based biofertilizers from Malaysia for comparative quality control insights. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270401. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270401. The efficacy and reliability of biofertilizers depend on their microbial composition and product stability, yet robust quality control (QC) remains limited and comprehensive microbial profiling is not routinely applied. In this study, we characterized the microbial communities of 11 commercial pellet-based biofertilizers from Malaysia using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the V3 region. A total of 35 samples from finished retail products collected within their labeled shelf-life period were analyzed. Across all samples, 3,839 unique amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were detected, revealing substantial variation in microbial richness, diversity, and community structure among products. Alpha diversity metrics differed significantly among formulations (Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.01; η² = 0.86-0.89), indicating differences in within-sample richness and diversity. Beta diversity analyses showed strong formulation-specific clustering (PERMANOVA, R² = 0.863; ANOSIM, R = 0.81-0.88; p = 0.001), together with variable within-product consistency. Heatmap analysis of the 50 most abundant ASVs and bipartite network visualization identified a shared core microbiome dominated by Bacillus, Planifilum, and Weizmannia, alongside formulation-specific taxa. Predicted functional profiling showed high similarity in KEGG pathway composition despite taxonomic differences (mean Bray-Curtis dissimilarity = 0.31±0.15), suggesting functional redundancy across products. However, these functional predictions are computationally inferred and require experimental validation. Overall, sequencing-based microbial profiling provides a comparative framework for biofertilizer evaluation by informing QC-related attributes such as product consistency, microbial diversity, and compositional stability, thereby complementing conventional QC approaches.
16S rRNA, amplicon sequence variants, biofertilizer microbiome, taxonomic composition, product consistency
Copyright (c) 2026 WAI KEAT TOH, HAN MING GAN, PEK CHIN LOH, HANN LING WONG https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
MaxEnt-based habitat suitability of the Rinjani scops-owl on Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Abstract. Hadiprayitno G, Wirajagat GC, Suana IW, Larasati SAN, Asyafiq BA, Nuri TSK, Ilhamdi ML, Kawirian RR, Karyanto P. 2026. MaxEnt-based habitat suitability of the Rinjani scops-owl on Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270501. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270501. This research models the habitat suitability of the Rinjani scops-owl (Otus jolandae) by identifying key environmental factors influencing its distribution on Lombok Island, Indonesia, through Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). Field surveys conducted between 2020 and 2023 at 135 sites, using point counts aided by vocalization techniques, yielded 298 detections, which were spatially filtered to 29 distinct occurrence points. The spatial distribution was modeled using four non-collinear environmental predictors: elevation, distance to human settlements, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and slope. The model's performance was assessed using the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUC-ROC) Curve. A thresholding approach based on the 10th percentile of the training presence (P10) was employed to define the binary suitable habitat distribution from the complementary log-log (cloglog) output. The model achieved a mean AUC of 0.794 (±0.078 SD), indicating a reliable distinction between suitable and unsuitable areas. Elevation emerged as the most significant predictor, contributing 53.4% and having a permutation importance of 50.1%. Suitable habitats were primarily located in mid-elevation forests (600-1,000 m asl) with high NDVI and gentle slopes. The total predicted suitable habitat spanned 2,635.09 km², accounting for approximately 57.7% of the island's total area (4,570.66 km²). The model identified 626.116 km² of high suitability and 528.50 km² of very high suitability, covering both protected and non-protected areas. Areas of moderate suitability (724.334 km²) and low suitability (756.141 km²) were more widespread. Conservation efforts should focus on protecting mid-elevation core habitats by maintaining the canopy to support foraging and breeding. In non-protected areas, targeted restoration and forest patch protection are crucial to expanding suitable habitats, reinforcing buffer zones, and enhancing landscape connectivity.
Conservation, distribution modelling, Lombok Island, MaxEnt, Otus jolandae
Copyright (c) 2026 GITO HADIPRAYITNO, GDE CAHYADI WIRAJAGAT, I WAYAN SUANA, SRI APRILILIA NUR LARASATI, BAHTIAR ARDDUN ASYAFIQ, TRI SETIA KURNIA NURI, MOHAMMAD LIWA ILHAMDI, RIZKY REGINA KAWIRIAN, PUGUH KARYANTO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Patronyms and toponyms in Indonesian coral taxonomy, with notes on selected sponge taxa
Abstract. Luthfi OM, Wiadnya DGR, Luthfi MAB, Isdianto A, Yamindago A. 2026. Patronyms and toponyms in Indonesian coral taxonomy, with notes on selected sponge taxa. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270444. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270444. Indonesia is located at the center of the Coral Triangle and has contributed substantially to the discovery and naming of reef-associated taxa. This study aimed to document and analyze patronyms, toponyms, and descriptive epithets in the scientific names of selected scleractinian corals and demosponges associated with Indonesian waters. A focused nomenclatural synthesis was conducted using primary taxonomic literature and biodiversity databases, including WoRMS, GBIF, ZooBank, and the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Twenty-four taxa were analyzed, comprising 16 Acroporidae, five other scleractinian corals, and three Demospongiae. Toponyms were the most frequent epithet type, representing 10 taxa (41.7%), followed by patronyms with eight taxa (33.3%) and descriptive epithets with six taxa (25.0%). Patronyms occurred mainly in Acroporidae, whereas toponyms were more common among other scleractinian corals and demosponges. Several names were associated with Indonesian localities such as Halmahera, Derawan, Bali, Cenderawasih Bay, Bangka, and Maluku, while patronyms recorded the contributions of scientists, collectors, and collaborators involved in Indonesian marine biodiversity studies. These findings show that species names are not only taxonomic labels but also compact records of biogeographic origin, scientific contribution, and taxonomic history. This study highlights Indonesia’s importance as a source of type material and as a major setting in coral and sponge taxonomy.
Coral taxonomy, Indonesian biodiversity, scleractinian corals, species etymology, type specimens
Copyright (c) 2026 OKTIYAS MUZAKY LUTHFI, DEWA GEDE RAKA WIADNYA, M. AZUREA BAHRI LUTHFI, ANDIK ISDIANTO, ADE YAMINDAGO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Spatial and depth patterns of reef fish assemblages in Pulau Tenggol, Malaysia and their links to benthic composition
Abstract. Syafruddin R, Qamarina MFN, Safuan CDM, Yusuf Y, Afiq-Firdaus AM, Bachok Z. 2026. Spatial and depth patterns of reef fish assemblages in Pulau Tenggol, Malaysia and their links to benthic composition. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270148. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270148. A total of 142 reef fish species (71 genera, 33 families) were recorded at Pulau Tenggol in the South China Sea, Peninsular Malaysia, based on surveys conducted in May 2024 across five stations and three depth strata (5, 10, and 15 m), yielding 12 station-depth transects. Fish assemblages were surveyed using belt transects, while major benthic categories and Hard coral growth-forms composition were quantified using Coral Video Transects and analyzed with Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe). Fish indices, including fish density, species richness, Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity, and Pielou’s evenness, showed no significant differences among stations or depths (Kruskal-Wallis test, p>0.05), whereas species composition differed significantly across both spatial and depth gradients (PERMANOVA, p>0.05). Major benthic categories and hard coral growth-forms did not differ significantly with depth (p>0.05) but showed significant variation among stations (p>0.05). Mantel tests indicated that fish assemblage structure was significantly associated with hard coral growth-forms (p≤0.05), while no significant correlation was detected with major benthic categories (p>0.05). Fish density was positively correlated with Acropora staghorn/branching growth-forms (ρ: 0.783, p: 0.004, FDR: 0.047; partial ρ: 0.769, p: 0.006, FDR: 0.073) and negatively correlated with encrusting corals (ρ: -0.790, p: 0.004, FDR: 0.047; partial ρ: -0.775, p: 0.005, FDR: 0.073). Healthy hard coral cover was strongly associated with obligate corallivores (ρ: 0.757, p: 0.004, FDR: 0.015; partial ρ: 0.716, p: 0.013, FDR: 0.017) and Chaetodontidae (ρ: 0.669, p: 0.017, FDR: 0.035; partial ρ: 0.616, p: 0.044, FDR: 0.027). Overall, coral health and growth-form complexity were stronger predictors of reef fish assemblage structure than major benthic categories.
Coral growth forms, corallivore, density, PERMANOVA, South China Sea
Copyright (c) 2026 RAHMAN SYAFRUDDIN, MOHMAD FUAD NUR QAMARINA, CHE DIN MOHD SAFUAN, YUSRI YUSUF, AMINUDIN MUHAMMAD AFIQ-FIRDAUS, ZAINUDIN BACHOK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Ecological and social values of the community forest managed for rural livelihoods in Sa Kaeo Province, Eastern Thailand
Abstract. Yodsa-Nga P, Teeratinan J, Pangklom S, Waiboonya P, Moungsrimuangdee B. 2026. Ecological and social values of the community forest managed for rural livelihoods in Sa Kaeo Province, Eastern Thailand. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270341. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270341. Community forests are essential in Thailand for supporting local livelihoods and conserving the environment. This research investigates the ecological and social values of the Ban Nong Ma-U Community Forest in Sa Kaeo Province, Eastern Thailand. Ecological characteristics of woody species were assessed in 54 systematically established sampling plots, each measuring 20 × 20 m. Species composition and diversity were evaluated using the importance value index (IVI) and the Shannon-Wiener index (H¢). Biomass of woody species was calculated using allometric equations, and carbon stocks were estimated accordingly. Social values were determined through ethnobotanical indices derived from interviews with 94 residents of Nong Ma-U Village regarding the use of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). In total, 68 species were identified in the sample plots, representing 54 genera and 30 families. Fabaceae was the dominant family, comprising 11 species. Dipterocarpus tuberculatus was the most prevalent tree species, while Suregada multiflora and Sindora siamensis ranked highest among sapling and seedling species based on IVI. The H¢ ranged from 2.48 to 2.96 across tree, sapling, and seedling stages. Tree and sapling biomass were 59.49 and 0.75 ton ha-1, respectively, while carbon stocks for trees and saplings were 27.96 and 0.35 ton C ha-1. A total of 97 NTFPs were recorded, primarily wild plants used for human consumption. Curcuma parviflora, Amorphophallus macrophyllum, Cratoxylum formosum, Azadirachta indica, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, Curcuma alismatifolia, and Phoenix loureiroi were identified as the most culturally significant NTFP species based on high values of the cultural importance index (CI) and relative importance index (RI). The results indicate that the Ban Nong Ma-U Community Forest provides significant ecological and social benefits to local communities. These benefits include meeting local needs, reliance on NTFPs, carbon sequestration, and the maintenance of local traditions. The implementation of a comprehensive conservation and utilization framework is expected to sustain the resources of Ban Nong Ma-U Community Forest and enhance local livelihoods.
Biomass, carbon stock, community forestry, ethnobotany, non-timber forest products, species diversity
Copyright (c) 2026 PRAPATSORN YODSA-NGA, JIRATTAYAKORN TEERATINAN, SUPATTHRA PANGKLOM, PANYA WAIBOONYA, BOONTIDA MOUNGSRIMUANGDEE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Molecular and biological characterization of Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus (CPMMV) isolates infecting soybean in Bali and its host range
Abstract. Wirya GNAS, Listihani L, Selangga DGW, Phabiola TA, Temaja IGRM, Jayasanti NNS, Ariyanta IPB. 2026. Molecular and biological characterization of Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus (CPMMV) isolates infecting soybean in Bali and its host range. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270441. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270441. Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus (CPMMV) is one of the main pathogens infecting soybean (Glycine max), characterized by mosaic symptoms on young leaves. The host range of CPMMV in Indonesia remains unclear, and there have been no reports of it in Bali soybean plants. This research aims to analyze the CPMMV spread in soybean plants in Bali and to test the CPMMV host range on several plants from Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Chenopodiaceae. This study was carried out by surveying and sampling symptomatic soybean plants from nine regencies in Bali. Samples obtained from this study were 270 symptomatic soybeans. The samples were then used for CPMMV detection via RT-PCR, CP gene cloning, sequencing analysis, and host range test on 11 test species. The CPMMV infection in soybean resulted in mosaic symptoms, leaf malformations, and stunting. The percentage of symptomatic soybean samples testing positive for CPMMV in nine regencies in Bali ranged from 23.08% to 92.37%. DNA cloning was successfully conducted, as indicated by the ±958 bp insert gene in the plasmid recombinant. The CPMMV isolate from Indonesia has the closest homology with Taiwan and Chinese isolates (93.38-95.71%). Of the 11 test plants, Chenopodium giganteum and Gomphrena globosa showed local symptoms, while the other nine showed systemic symptoms. After reverse inoculation on soybean, all test plants exhibiting systemic symptoms were suitable as sources of CPMMV inoculum. Therefore, the Bali CPMMV isolate may serve as a host and an inoculum source for soybeans. Thus, these results are necessary for intercropping practices involving soybean cultivation.
Bali, Betaflexiviridae, CPMMV, host range, RT-PCR, soybean
Copyright (c) 2026 GUSTI NGURAH ALIT SUSANTA WIRYA, LISTIHANI LISTIHANI, DEWA GEDE WIRYANGGA SELANGGA, TRISNA AGUNG PHABIOLA, I GEDE RAI MAYA TEMAJA, NI NYOMAN SISTA JAYASANTI, I PUTU BAWA ARIYANTA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Bioactivity of five invasive weed extracts against the fall armyworm pest (Spodoptera frugiperda)
Abstract. Ikawati S, Chen MC, Aviva N, Ahmadjati DA, Nadhifah D, Darmawan SKA, Choliq FA. 2026. Bioactivity of five invasive weed extracts against the fall armyworm pest (Spodoptera frugiperda). Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270310. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270310. Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) or Fall Armyworm (FAW) is an invasive pest that attacks corn plants. Synthetic insecticides are commonly used for pest control but are not environmentally friendly, prompting the need for alternatives such as botanical insecticides. Sleeping grass (Mimosa pudica), nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), wild sage (Lantana camara), and goatweed (Ageratum conyzoides) are invasive weeds in agroecosystems that have the potential to be used as botanical insecticides. This study aims to determine the bioactivity of the invasive weed extracts against FAW. Methods using bioassay in the laboratory. For each type of weed extract, an experiment was carried out with five levels of extract concentration (each extract using a different range) and two controls, which were repeated four times with ten individual 3rd instar larvae of FAW per repetition. The results showed that five invasive weed extracts have the potential to be used as insecticides, caused an increase in larval mortality (>70%), decreased the feeding activity (>50%), caused weight reduction (>50%), and reduced the percentage of successful development of pupae and adults (<15%). The LC50 values from the smallest to highest at 144 h after application were for C. dactylon aerial parts extract (6%), C. rotundus tuber extract (16%), A. conyzoides leaf extract (22%), L. camara leaf extract (49%), and M. pudica leaf extract (53%). For LT50 of M. pudica at a concentration of 70%, C. rotundus at a concentration of 50%, C. dactylon at a concentration 29%, L. camara at a concentration of 60%, and A. conyzoides at a concentration of 41% were 90, 57, 73, 81, and 42 h, respectively.
Ageratum conyzoides, botanical insecticide, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Lantana camara
Copyright (c) 2026 SILVI IKAWATI, MUHAMMAD CHEN CHEN, NUR AVIVA, DIMAS AGUNG AHMADJATI, DUROTUN NADHIFAH, SYIFA KAMILA ANISA DARMAWAN, FERY ABDUL CHOLIQ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Genotype × environment interactions and yield stability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes in different altitudes
Abstract. Hanifah FL, Saptadi D, Kendarini N, Kuswanto. 2026. Genotype × environment interactions and yield stability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes in different altitudes. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270515. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270515. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important vegetable crop widely cultivated for its high nutritional and economic value, but its productivity is often affected by environmental variability. This research aimed to evaluate genotype × environment interactions, adaptability, and stability of four bush-type common bean genotypes and two check varieties in two agroecological zones, specifically high-altitude area and medium-altitude area. This research was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications per location. Nine parameters were observed, including plant height, number of leaves, days to flowering, days to harvest, number of pods per plant, pod length, pod diameter, pod weight per plant, and yield. A combined analysis of variance revealed significant effects of genotype, environment, and G × E interactions on most traits. Stability analysis was performed using parametric and nonparametric methods. GGE biplot analysis was applied to visualize genotype performance and stability simultaneously. The results indicate that genotypes AB (14.07 t ha-1) and AK (14.19 t ha-1) have the highest yields and broad adaptability, owing to their low contributions to G × E interactions, making them relatively stable at both medium and high altitudes. Genotype BK (12.82 t ha-1) has high yields only in the high altitudes, indicating specific adaptability to high altitude conditions. These findings highlight AB and AK as promising candidates for broad adaptability in high and medium altitude areas, and BK for targeted application in highland production areas.
Genotype × environment interaction, high altitude, middle altitude, Phaseolus vulgaris, pod yield
Copyright (c) 2026 FAIRUZ LUTHFI HANIFAH, DARMAWAN SAPTADI, KUSWANTO, NIKEN KENDARINI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Flower color-associated variation in phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in Portulaca grandiflora
Abstract. Hardiany L, Zahra A, Nafisah AZ, Santika S, Aisyah SI, Dinarty D, Nurcholis W. 2026. Flower color-associated variation in phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in Portulaca grandiflora. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270413. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270413. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds are important plant secondary metabolites contributing to antioxidant defense through radical scavenging and redox-related mechanisms. Portulaca grandiflora is an ornamental species with diverse flower colors, yet information on the relationship between flower color, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity is limited. This study evaluated four defined flower color variants—Light Reddish Purple bicolor (LRP-bi), Strong Reddish Purple (SRP), Light Orange Yellow (LOY), and Brilliant Yellow (BY)—to determine Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity using CUPRAC, FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH assays. Significant differences were observed among variants. SRP exhibited the highest TPC (3.98 mg GAE g⁻¹ FW) and the strongest reducing capacity, with CUPRAC values approximately 6.8-fold higher than LOY. In contrast, LOY and BY showed the highest TFC (1.15 and 1.09 mg QE g⁻¹ FW, respectively), while LRP-bi demonstrated the highest radical scavenging activity (ABTS and DPPH). Correlation analysis indicated strong positive associations between TPC and reducing power assays (r ≈ 0.87), whereas TFC showed negative relationships with antioxidant responses. These findings indicate that flower color is associated with variation in phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity, with red-purple variants exhibiting stronger reducing potential. Although based on a limited number of variants and in vitro assays, this study highlights flower color as a practical phenotypic indicator of phytochemical variation. This approach may support rapid screening, germplasm evaluation, and selection of ornamental plants with enhanced antioxidant-related traits.
Antioxidant activity, intraspecific variation, ornamental germplasm, phenolic compounds, phenotypic diversity
Copyright (c) 2026 LANI HARDIANY, ANNISA ZAHRA, AN’NISA ZAHRO NAFISAH, SILVIA SANTIKA, SYARIFAH IIS AISYAH, DINI DINARTY, WARAS NURCHOLIS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Morphological diversity and genetic structure of cultivated Bougainvillea germplasm collected from Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand
Abstract. Truong HTH, Nguyen NV, Ho NTH, Nguyen HHT, Ho HN, Huynh CV. 2026. Morphological diversity and genetic structure of cultivated Bougainvillea germplasm collected from Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270141. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270141. Bougainvillea is a major ornamental genus widely cultivated across tropical regions, yet germplasm from Southeast Asia remains poorly characterized. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 33 Bougainvillea accessions from Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand using an integrated analysis of nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences, RAPD markers, and DUS-based morphological traits. ITS phylogeny clearly delimited two species, B. glabra and B. spectabilis, and revealed moderate sequence variation (π = 0.03299; Hd = 0.68; six haplotypes). RAPD profiling showed a high proportion of polymorphic bands (91.54%) and moderate genetic diversity, resolving the accessions into six genetic clusters, including a distinct singleton accession (T7). Morphological characterization based on 21 qualitative traits revealed substantial phenotypic variation, particularly in bract-related traits, and separated accessions into two major morphological groups, with consistent outliers (V1, V18, and V24). Overall, the combined morphological and molecular evidence demonstrated concordant patterns of species delimitation and cultivar-level differentiation, indicating that ITS is effective for resolving species boundaries. In contrast, RAPD provides higher resolution among cultivated materials. These results provide a practical basis for germplasm authentication, redundancy management, and the identification of genetically unique accessions, such as T7, V1, V18, and V24. This process will assist in conservation efforts and parent selection, ultimately supporting the breeding and sustainable use of Bougainvillea in Southeast Asia.
Bougainvillea, DUS descriptors, genetic diversity, germplasm conservation, ITS
Copyright (c) 2026 HAI THI HONG TRUONG, NHAN VAN NGUYEN, NHI THI HOANG HO, HIEU HOANG TRUNG NGUYEN, HAN NGOC HO, CHUONG VAN HUYNH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integrated assessment of eutrophication in Lake Rawa Pening, Central Java, Indonesia, using multivariate statistical methods
Abstract. Rahman A, Haeruddin, Prakoso K, Tyas DE, Jati OE, Arifati A. 2026. Integrated assessment of eutrophication in Lake Rawa Pening, Central Java, Indonesia, using multivariate statistical methods. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270519. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270519. Lake Rawa Pening, located in Central Java, Indonesia, is a shallow tropical lake affected by anthropogenic eutrophication. This study aims to determine the lake's trophic status and explore association patterns among water quality variables. Water samples were collected at five stations over four periods (February 2024, July 2024, February 2025, and July 2025), representing the rainy and dry seasons. Trophic status was determined using Carlson’s Trophic State Index (TSI), while temporal variation and relationships among variables were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Total Phosphorus (TP) used in TSI calculation was estimated from orthophosphate (PO4-P) based on an empirical conversion. Nitrate (0.28-0.80 mg/L) and orthophosphate (0.29-0.41 mg/L) concentrations were relatively high, while chlorophyll-a ranged from 8.39 to 38.05 mg/m3. All TSI values ​​exceeded 67, classifying the lake as hypereutrophic. Significant temporal differences were found for water depth, Secchi depth, water temperature, nitrate, and chlorophyll-a (p < 0.05). PCA identified dominant gradients associated with turbidity, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, and inverse relationships with Secchi depth and chlorophyll-a. These results indicate persistent eutrophication with multivariate interactions among water quality variables. Continuous water quality monitoring and integrated watershed management are crucial to prevent degradation and restore the balance of the Lake Rawa Pening ecosystem.
Eutrophication, Lake Rawa Pening, Principal Component Analysis, seasonality, Trophic State Index
Copyright (c) 2026 ARIF RAHMAN, HAERUDDIN, KUKUH PRAKOSO, DIANI ESTINING TYAS, OKTAVIANTO EKO JATI, ATIKA ARIFATI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Genus-level records of mite-host associations on ornamental plants across lowland and highland zones of South Sumatra, Indonesia
Abstract. Irsan C, Rahmi F, Anggraini E, Herlinda S, Harun MU, Hermawan A, Muslim A, Rindiani DE, Danata NH. 2026. Genus-level records of mite-host associations on ornamental plants across lowland and highland zones of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270412. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270412. Ornamental plants are widely cultivated in Indonesia and can host diverse mite communities, including phytophagous pests and predatory species. However, information on mite diversity and host associations on ornamental plants in South Sumatra remains limited. This study aimed to document mite genera and their host plant associations on ornamental plants in lowland (≤100 m asl) and highland (≥700 m asl) areas of South Sumatra. Field surveys were conducted from August to October 2025 in North Indralaya (lowland) and Pagar Alam (highland). Sampling was purposive and focused on ornamental plants showing visible symptoms associated with mite infestation. Infested plant tissues were collected, and mite specimens were prepared using slide-mounting techniques with Canada balsam for morphological identification under compound microscopes. Identification was conducted to genus level based on diagnostic morphological characters. A total of ten ornamental plant species were recorded in the lowland area and sixteen species in the highland area. Four mite genera belonging to four families were identified: Tetranychus (Tetranychidae) and Brevipalpus (Tenuipalpidae) as phytophagous mites, and Amblyseius (Phytoseiidae) and Bdellodes (Bdellidae) as predatory mites. Phytophagous mites were associated with symptoms such as chlorotic spots, leaf discoloration, and leaf curling, while predatory mites were observed on several host plants where phytophagous mites were present. Because sampling targeted symptomatic plants, the results represent descriptive records of mite occurrence and host associations rather than quantitative comparisons between altitudinal zones. This study provides the first genus-level documentation of mite-host associations on ornamental plants across contrasting altitudinal zones in South Sumatra, contributing baseline data for future studies on mite biodiversity and integrated pest management.
Acarology, host association, phytophagous mites, predatory mites, tropical agroecosystems
Copyright (c) 2026 CHANDRA IRSAN, FADHILA RAHMI, ERISE ANGGRAINI, SITI HERLINDA, MUHAMMAD UMAR HARUN, AGUS HERMAWAN, AHMAD MUSLIM, DELLANIA EKA RINDIANI, NURLAILI HABIBI DANATA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Institutional model for integrating Sasi and local wisdom into Indonesia's national mangrove conservation policy
Abstract. Suwarno E, Effendi I, Matitaputty JK, Zainuri, RA DS. 2026. Institutional model for integrating Sasi and local wisdom into Indonesia's national mangrove conservation policy. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270409. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270409. Indonesia's ambitious mangrove conservation targets face a persistent challenge in substantively integrating local governance systems like Sasi. This study employs a qualitative regulatory gap analysis of three document corpora: national legal instruments, ethnographic studies on Sasi, and supporting academic literature. We identify fundamental tensions between Maluku's temporally-based Sasi system and Indonesia's spatial zoning-based national mangrove policy, particularly regarding the non-recognition of traditional kewang authority and incompatibility between temporal moratoriums (Sasi tutup) and static spatial zoning. Complementary potential exists in monitoring and enforcement capacities. To bridge this gap, we propose the Temporal-Spatial Bridge (TSB) model, a hybrid institutional framework with four pillars: mutual legal recognition, nested temporal-spatial rules, tiered polycentric enforcement, and localized benefit-sharing. The model is presented as a conceptual hypothesis requiring empirical testing, not as a ready-to-implement policy framework. It offers potential to enhance biodiversity outcomes by embedding life-cycle protection into national planning and formalizing local ecological knowledge into adaptive management systems. We conclude that bridging legal pluralism in conservation requires deliberate institutional engineering, offering the TSB model as a conceptual template derived from the Maluku context for Indonesia and similar contexts.
Coastal biodiversity, hybrid governance, legal pluralism, regulatory gap analysis, traditional ecological knowledge
Copyright (c) 2026 ENO SUWARNO, IRWAN EFFENDI, JENNY KOCE MATITAPUTTY, ZAINURI, DODI SUKMA RA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Gonadal microplastic-like particle occurrence and gamete quality of Cyprinus carpio along the Brantas River Basin gradient, East Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Residiwati G, Sabila A, Wiguna IA, Bello U, Budiono, Aulanni’am A, Raharjo DKWP, Sidi S, Lesmana MA, Hartono D, Hendrawan VF, Agustina GC, Tuska HSA. 2026. Gonadal microplastic-like particle occurrence and gamete quality of Cyprinus carpio along the Brantas River Basin gradient, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270529. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270529. Microplastic contamination is an emerging concern in freshwater ecosystems because of its potential to impair fish reproductive performance. This field-based comparative study evaluated site-level patterns of environmental particle occurrence, gonadal occurrence of microplastic-like particles, and gamete quality in Cyprinus carpio collected from four locations along the Brantas River Basin, East Java, Indonesia, during May-July 2025. A total of 32 males and 32 females were examined, with 8 males and 8 females obtained from each site through four sampling replicates, in which two fish of each sex were collected per replicate. Water particle occurrence was derived from one processed sample per site and was therefore interpreted descriptively, whereas gonadal tissues were examined for morphologically identified microplastic-like particles. Reproductive quality was assessed through sperm motility, viability, morphological abnormalities, and DNA integrity, as well as oocyte diameter, survival rate, and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Microplastic-like particles were detected at all sites in both water and gonadal tissues, with higher occurrence at downstream locations than at the uppermost site. This pattern was accompanied by poorer reproductive parameters. In males, downstream fish showed lower sperm motility and viability together with higher morphological abnormalities and greater DNA damage. In females, downstream fish exhibited smaller oocyte diameter, lower survival rate, and reduced GVBD. One-way ANOVA indicated significant differences among sampling sites for all reproductive endpoints (p<0.001). Overall, higher site-level particle occurrence co-occurred with poorer gamete quality under field conditions. These results provide comparative field-based evidence that reproductive condition in C. carpio varied systematically along a site gradient in the Brantas River Basin.
Brantas River Basin, Cyprinus carpio, gamete quality, microplastic-like particles, reproductive endpoints
Copyright (c) 2026 GRETANIA RESIDIWATI, GALUH CHANDRA AGUSTINA, VISKI FITRI HENDRAWAN, DJOKO HARTONO, MUHAMAD ARFAN LESMANA, SHEHU SIDI, DYAH KINASIH WURAGIL PUTU RAHARJO, AULANNI’AM AULANNI’AM, BUDIONO, UMAR BELLO, ILHAM ARTA WIGUNA, AHDA SABILA, HABIB SYAIFUL ARIF TUSKA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dietary composition of the silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in the Northwestern Dieng Mountains, Indonesia using fecal metabarcoding and field surveys
Abstract. Nuri TSK, Suratman, Susilowati A, Karyanto P. 2026. Dietary composition of the silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in the Northwestern Dieng Mountains, Indonesia using fecal metabarcoding and field surveys. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270443. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270443. Forest degradation has altered vegetation structure and composition, affecting the silvery gibbon's ability to adapt to fluctuating food availability. Understanding these adaptations provides essential baseline information for assessing population viability. We tested the hypothesis that Hylobates moloch exhibits dietary selectivity by comparing plant abundance in fecal metabarcoding data against vegetation metrics from field surveys, including species richness and the Importance Value Index (IVI). Additionally, we evaluated whether metabarcoding provides a broader dietary profile than traditional ground-based methods. We employed rbcL-based Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) on five pooled fecal samples collected during the early dry season, complemented by the Point-Centered Quarter (PCQ) method and ethnobiological interviews. NGS analysis yielded 13,040 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs), representing 28 orders, 47 families, 64 genera, and 29 species. Of these 47 families, 40.43% (19 families) were fully corroborated by both PCQ vegetation surveys and local interviews, underscoring the strong complementarity of these techniques. While the survey identified more than 40% tree species, the NGS data revealed a more specialized dietary niche. Field surveys effectively captured essential canopy food sources, whereas metabarcoding complemented these findings by identifying non-woody, rare, and understory taxa typically excluded from conventional tree plots. The three most abundant taxa based on Relative Read Abundance (RRA), Ficus benjamina, family Moraceae, and Gnetum spp., were identified as primary dietary components. Our findings yielded vital dietary data underscoring a practical conservation plan for Javan gibbons. We confirm that H. moloch selectively forages on specific taxa, with Moraceae serving as the predominant food source during the early dry season. Consequently, long-term conservation should prioritize restoring key fruit taxa and maintaining forest diversity to ensure their survival.
Dietary ecology, fecal metabarcoding, Hylobates moloch, non-invasive sampling, rbcL
Copyright (c) 2026 TRI SETIA KURNIA NURI, SURATMAN, ARI SUSILOWATI, PUGUH KARYANTO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integrating RAPFISH-MDS diagnostics into an operational sustainability roadmap for a tropical oxbow lake (Sepunjung, Indonesia)
Abstract. Putra RM, Raza’i TS, Sukendi, Budijono, Jhonnerie R, Kurniawan R, Ramdhani EP, Pardi H. 2026. Integrating RAPFISH-MDS diagnostics into an operational sustainability roadmap for a tropical oxbow lake (Sepunjung, Indonesia). Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270308. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270308. Sepunjung Oxbow Lake in Riau Province, Indonesia, is a tropical floodplain lake exposed to increasing ecological and socio-institutional pressures, creating an urgent need for a practical sustainability management framework. This study aimed to develop an operational sustainability roadmap for the lake by integrating biophysical evidence and stakeholder knowledge through Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries with multidimensional scaling (RAPFISH-MDS). Sustainability was assessed across five dimensions using 45 attributes supported by monthly water-quality monitoring from September 2024 to February 2025, fish community observations, field verification, and semi-structured interviews with resource users and relevant stakeholders. The analysis showed that the ecological dimension had the lowest sustainability index (31.8), followed by legal-institutional (43.2), while the economic (52.3), technological (55.9), and socio-cultural (59.0) dimensions were classified as moderately sustainable. Monte Carlo testing confirmed the stability of the ordination results. Sensitivity analysis identified key leverage attributes, and Pareto screening selected 13 priority factors explaining 78.2% of total sensitivity. The most critical intervention areas were aquatic vegetation cover, water quality, riparian forest condition, utilization zoning, community empowerment, monitoring facilities, and fishery product marketing. Based on these findings, a 12-24 month operational roadmap is proposed, focusing on ecological rehabilitation, participatory fisheries control, institutional strengthening, and livelihood improvement. The study demonstrates that multidimensional sustainability diagnostics can be translated into concrete management priorities for tropical oxbow lakes in Indonesia.
RAPFISH-MDS, oxbow lake, sustainability, governance, invasive aquatic vegetation
Copyright (c) 2026 RIDWAN MANDA PUTRA, TENGKU SAID RAZA’I, SUKENDI, BUDIJONO, ROMIE JHONNERIE, RONAL KURNIAWAN, EKA PUTRA RAMDHANI, HILFI PARDI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Habitat heterogeneity influences Odonata (Arthropoda: Insecta) diversity and reveals a new record from Mindanao, Philippines
Abstract. Manangan JLV, Omandam JE, Nuñeza OM, Villanueva RJT. 2026. Habitat heterogeneity influences Odonata (Arthropoda: Insecta) diversity and reveals a new record from Mindanao, Philippines. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270402. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270402. Sitio Talangisog, an ancestral domain in Misamis Oriental, is one of the remaining dipterocarp forest frontiers in the province and contains a mosaic of interconnected freshwater habitats. This study assessed Odonata assemblages across three sampling sites in each of four habitat types using standardized time-constrained sampling with sweep-netting and handpicking during the dry (January-February 2025) and wet (June 2025) seasons. Systematic sampling recorded 52 species belonging to 12 families and 39 genera. Twenty-four species are endemic, including five of conservation concern: one Near Threatened, two Vulnerable, and two Endangered, notably Drepanosticta clados and Sangabasis bukid. The Asian bronze flutterer, Rhyothemis obsolescens, represents the first confirmed record from Mindanao Island and only the second national record in more than three decades. The most frequently encountered species was Risiocnemis appendiculata (7.12%), while Prodasineura integra occurred in all habitat types. One additional species, the endemic and Vulnerable Indaeschna baluga, was recorded incidentally and excluded from quantitative analyses but reported as a species record. Habitat-averaged diversity indices (n: 3 sites per habitat) were highest in lentic habitats. Bray-Curtis similarity revealed compositional affinity between open and shaded lotic habitats and between lentic and agroecosystems. Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA), supported by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), showed that environmental variables significantly structured species composition (p: 0.005, adjusted R²: 0.742), with dissolved oxygen, pH, relative humidity, and water temperature identified as significant drivers. Species turnover followed a gradient from warmer, slightly acidic, lower-oxygen waters dominated by generalists in lentic and agroecosystems to cooler, slightly alkaline, well-oxygenated lotic habitats preferred by many endemics. These findings highlight the role of habitat heterogeneity in structuring Odonata communities and emphasize the conservation value of Sitio Talangisog as a refuge for endemic and threatened species.
Community structure, conservation, endemic species, environmental variables, freshwater habitats
Copyright (c) 2026 JOHN LLOYD V. MANANGAN, JUNEL E. OMANDAM, OLGA M. NUÑEZA, REAGAN JOSEPH T. VILLANUEVA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Fertilization strategies alter growth and rhizosphere microbiome diversity in white potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Abstract. Nikmatullah A, Sarjan M, Jihadi A, Nairfana I, Prasedya ES. 2026. Fertilization strategies alter growth and rhizosphere microbiome diversity in white potato (Solanum tuberosum). Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270135. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270135. Excessive inorganic fertilization is widely used to boost potato productivity, but often reduces nutrient-use efficiency and disrupts soil microbial communities. This study evaluated how three fertilization regimes viz. CF100 (100% recommended inorganic + organic fertilizer), CF50 (50% recommended inorganic + organic fertilizer), and CF50OF (50% recommended inorganic + organic fertilizer + biofertilizer), affect plant growth, yield, and rhizosphere microbiome composition of white potato (Solanum tuberosum). Growth assessments at five weeks after shoot emergence showed that CF50OF produced significantly higher shoot numbers, fresh biomass, and dry biomass compared to CF50, and achieved growth comparable to CF100. Tuber yield did not differ significantly among treatments. Amplicon sequencing of rhizosphere soil revealed that fertilization strategy strongly shaped microbial richness, taxonomic composition, and phylogenetic structure. CF100 exhibited the highest observed taxa and phylogenetic diversity, whereas CF50OF enriched a broader spectrum of low-abundance and functionally diverse microbial genera associated with nutrient cycling, organic matter degradation, hormone production, biocontrol, abiotic stress adapters, and other functions. Despite lower Shannon and Simpson diversity values compared to CF100 and CF50, CF50OF supported microbial communities with greater functional potential, which may compensate for reduced inorganic inputs. These findings demonstrate that integrating biofertilizer with reduced inorganic fertilizer can sustain potato growth while promoting a more ecologically functional rhizosphere microbiome, offering a promising strategy for nutrient-efficient and environmentally sustainable potato cultivation.
Biofertilizer, ecological resilience, integrated fertilization management, microbial diversity, sustainable agriculture
Copyright (c) 2026 ALUH NIKMATULLAH, MUHAMMAD SARJAN, AMRUL JIHADI, IHLANA NAIRFANA, EKA SUNARWIDHI PRASEDYA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Environmental correlates of the distribution of (E,E)-farnesol-rich Bothriochloa species (Poaceae) in South America
Abstract. Scrivanti LR. 2026. Environmental correlates of the distribution of (E,E)-farnesol-rich Bothriochloa species (Poaceae) in South America. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270302. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270302. The genus Bothriochloa (Poaceae: Andropogoneae) comprises aromatic grasses, with several South American species reported to be rich in the oxygenated sesquiterpene (E,E)-farnesol. This compound exhibits significant pharmacological potential, including anti-obesity, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Despite its ecological and applied relevance, the environmental factors associated with the distribution of (E,E)-farnesol-rich Bothriochloa species remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the environmental correlates of the distribution patterns of ten South American Bothriochloa species characterized by high (E,E)-farnesol content, with the aim of identifying climatic and edaphic variables associated with their occurrence. Georeferenced occurrence records were compiled for ten Bothriochloa species and integrated with climatic and soil variables from the WorldClim and SoilGrids databases. Species distribution models (SDMs) were developed using Maxent to predict suitable habitats and to assess the relative contribution of environmental predictors. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and variable importance was examined through permutation importance and jackknife tests. Most models showed high predictive performance, although some species were represented by a limited number of occurrence records, and predictions for these taxa should therefore be interpreted with caution. Climatic variables related to temperature stability, precipitation seasonality, and vapour pressure, together with edaphic factors such as soil pH and bulk density, consistently contributed to habitat suitability, although their relative importance varied among taxa. Suitable habitats were predicted across broad regions of South America, highlighting both widespread and geographically restricted distribution patterns among species. These results indicate that the distribution of (E,E)-farnesol-rich Bothriochloa species is associated with gradients of thermal constancy, moisture availability, and soil properties. Although the models do not directly address secondary metabolite production, they provide an ecological framework for understanding the environmental contexts in which these taxa occur, with potential implications for conservation planning, sustainable bioprospecting, and future ecological and phytochemical research on aromatic plants.
Bioclimatic variables, edaphic variables, Maxent, sesquiterpenes, species distribution modeling
Copyright (c) 2026 LIDIA R. SCRIVANTI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Reproductive biology and seasonal dynamics of the peanut worm Antillesoma antillarum (Phascolosomatiformes: Phascolosomatidae) in Toronipa, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Bahtiar, Findra MN, Kurnia MA, Jiwani YE. 2025. Reproductive biology and seasonal dynamics of the peanut worm Antillesoma antillarum (Phascolosomatiformes: Phascolosomatidae) in Toronipa, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 6458-6468. Antillesoma antillarum, commonly known as the peanut worm, is a benthic invertebrate with important ecological and economic roles in coastal ecosystems. However, the lack of reproductive biological data may threaten its sustainability under increasing harvesting pressure. This study examined seasonal variations in reproductive traits sex ratio, gonadal Maturity Level (GML), Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), fecundity, and size at first maturity (Lm₅₀) based on 688 specimens collected over 11 months from the Toronipa Coast, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Females slightly outnumbered males (374 vs. 314), but the sex ratio did not significantly differ from 1:1 (χ²: 5.23, p>0.05). Gonadal development followed four distinct maturity stages, with peak reproductive activity observed in November-December, when over 60% of individuals reached stages III-IV. GSI values followed a similar pattern, peaking at 6.42% before sharply declining post-spawning. The first maturity size (Lm₅₀) was estimated at 8.0 cm (R²: 0.9946), and fecundity ranged from 920 to 4,500 eggs, with the highest egg counts in individuals measuring 8.0-8.5 cm in length. Although seawater temperature remained stable (30-33°C), allowing gonadal development to occur year-round, elevated sediment organic matter (>3.5%) negatively affected GSI (R: -0.1196), suggesting that sediment quality does not directly influence gonadal development. These findings provide critical baseline data for reproductive-based management, supporting the implementation of size limits (≥8 cm) and seasonal harvest closures to ensure the sustainability of A. antillarum populations in tropical intertidal zones.
Antillesoma antillarum, gonadal development, Lm₅₀, peanut worm, reproductive biology
Copyright (c) 2025 BAHTIAR, MUHAMMAD NUR FINDRA, AGUS KURNIA, YNGWY EZRA JIWANI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Seasonal impacts of microplastic contamination on benthic species using CMPI and PLI indices at Karangsong Estuary, West Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Takarina ND, Azzahrah RM, Budianto LW, Soelias NJ, Anwar MZ, Samudra YR, Akhmad AAA. 2026. Seasonal impacts of microplastic contamination on benthic species using CMPI and PLI indices at Karangsong Estuary, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270125. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270125. Benthic species play a crucial role in estuarine environments. While there is ongoing research on microplastics, information regarding the seasonal variation of microplastics in benthic species remains limited. This study explores the impact of seasonal variation (wet and dry seasons) on microplastic contamination in two representative benthic species at the Karangsong Estuary in West Java, Indonesia. The samples were collected from nine sampling sites in the Karangsong Estuary, with a total of two benthic species and 27 individuals sampled. After a microplastic extraction procedure, Raman Spectroscopy was utilized to identify the microplastic polymers. During the wet season, the predominant types of microplastics found in both Telescopium telescopium and Metaplax longipes are fragments, pellets, and fibers, in that order. The results showed that total microplastic abundance was significantly higher during the wet season than the dry season (χ² = 9.108, p = 0.002), with M. longipes consistently accumulating more microplastics than T. telescopium. During the wet season, microplastic fragments dominated in both species, reaching 0.37 particles g⁻¹ wet mass in T. telescopium (95% CI: 0.06-0.74) and 107.18 particles g⁻¹ wet mass in M. longipes (95% CI: 0-256.00). In contrast, fibers were more prevalent in the dry season, particularly in M. longipes (18.78 particles g⁻¹ wet mass; 95% CI: 6.60-32.80). According to the Comprehensive Microplastics Pollution Index (CMPI), fragments were extremely dominant in M. longipes during the wet season (CMPI = 0.984), while fibers were dominant in T. telescopium during the dry season (CMPI = 0.638). Pollution Load Index (PLI) values for all shapes remained within the low contamination category. Polymer analysis indicated that polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethersulfone (PES) were the dominant polymers in T. telescopium, whereas polypropylene (PP) was most frequently associated with M. longipes. Differences likely influence seasonal variation in microplastic contamination in rainfall, tidal dynamics, surface runoff, and fishing activity between seasons. Although this study is limited by sample size, estuarine coverage, and the use of Raman spectroscopy for polymer identification, the findings highlight clear seasonal patterns in microplastic contamination. These results underscore the importance of season-specific management strategies and support the potential use of M. longipes as a sensitive bioindicator for microplastic pollution in tropical estuaries.
Benthic fauna, estuary, fibers, fragments, polymer
Copyright (c) 2026 NOVERITA DIAN TAKARINA, RAHMADYFA MAULIDA AZZAHRAH, LUVIAN WASIS BUDIANTO, NATHAN JOSAFAT SOELIAS, MUHAMMAD ZULFIKAR ANWAR, YANDRA RIZKY SAMUDRA, ATHILA ZAHRA ARIESTA AKHMAD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Diversity and spatial distribution of non-timber forest products in the Mamasa sub-watershed, Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Palgunadi MA, Fathurrahman AF. 2026. Diversity and spatial distribution of non-timber forest products in the Mamasa sub-watershed, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270418. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270418. Mamasa sub-watershed is undergoing rapid ecological degradation driven by land-use change, yet its potential for biodiversity-based livelihood strategies, especially through Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), remains poorly documented. This study addresses this gap by conducting a comprehensive NTFP inventory and spatial assessment to support ecosystem-based watershed management. A stratified systematic sampling with random start design was applied using 154 cluster plots across the 104,680.52 ha sub-watershed. Species density, relative frequency, and Importance Value Index (IVI) were quantified, followed by spatial analysis of NTFP distribution patterns. Utilization categories were assigned based on established literature rather than household surveys, providing an assessment of potential functional uses instead of site-specific extraction practices. A total of 84 NTFP species were recorded. Pinus merkusii was the most dominant species (RD 16.21%; IVI 22.03), while Arenga pinnata showed the widest spatial distribution (RF 9.80%; IVI 16.16), followed by ecologically resilient understory species such as Cyathea arborea, Calamus rotang, and Diplazium esculentum. Spatial analysis based on mapped distribution indicated visually clustered patterns of high-value NTFPs across secondary forests, riparian corridors, and forest–agriculture interfaces. These findings indicate that NTFPs may function as important ecological and potentially socio-economic components of the Mamasa watershed. While no livelihood or income data were collected in this study, the documented species and their literature-based uses suggest potential pathways for ecosystem-supportive and sustainable livelihood opportunities. These results provide a spatially explicit basis for targeted NTFP zoning, enrichment planting in degraded areas, and the development of sustainable NTFP-based livelihood strategies that simultaneously strengthen ecosystem resilience and watershed management.
Conservation, inventory, Mamasa watershed, NTFPs, sustainable livelihoods
Copyright (c) 2026 MUHAMMAD ALRIEFQI PALGUNADI, ACHMAD FUAD FATHURRAHMAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Phylogenetic diversity of culturable bacterial endophytes associated with Avicennia marina from coastal mangroves of the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
Abstract. Alanazi AA, Hammami I, Alshammari A, Almahasheer H. 2026. Phylogenetic diversity of culturable bacterial endophytes associated with Avicennia marina from coastal mangroves of the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270201. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270201. Mangrove ecosystems host diverse endophytic bacterial communities that contribute to plant survival under saline and tidally fluctuating environments. This study investigates the phylogenetic diversity and in vitro functional traits of culturable bacterial endophytes associated with Avicennia marina collected from coastal mangroves of the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. A total of sixteen bacterial isolates were recovered from leaf tissues and identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, revealing dominance of the genus Bacillus (B. safensis, B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. megaterium, and B. inaquosorum), along with Brevibacterium halotolerans, expanding current knowledge of region- and host-associated mangrove endophytes functional screening demonstrated variable hydrolytic enzyme activities, including protease, amylase, cellulase, and chitinase production. Qualitative dye-decolorization assays showed that several isolates were capable of transforming lignin-mimicking dyes under laboratory conditions. In vitro antibacterial activity against selected human pathogens was observed in a subset of isolates, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.312 to 5 mg/mL. Scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological alterations in treated bacterial cells, supporting the inhibitory effects observed in the antimicrobial assay. Overall, this study provides baseline data on the culturable endophytic bacterial diversity associated with A. marina in the Arabian Gulf region and highlights preliminary functional traits that warrant further genomic and in planta validation.
Antimicrobial activity, Arabian Gulf, Avicennia marina, Brevibacterium halotolerans, endophytic Bacillus
Copyright (c) 2026 ASMA A. ALANAZI, INÈS HAMMAMI, AISHA ALSHAMMARI, HANAN ALMAHASHEER https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Ecological status of sea cucumber resources across depth strata in Kapadiri Village, Raja Ampat, Southwest Papua, Indonesia
Abstract. Kalidi NS, Saliyadi, Loupatty E, Arafat G, Aitem N. 2025. Ecological status of sea cucumber resources across depth strata in Kapadiri Village, Raja Ampat, Southwest Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 6502-6512. This study presents the first quantitative ecological assessment of sea cucumber (Holothuroidea) populations in the waters of Kapadiri Village, Raja Ampat, Indonesia, a coastal area subjected to long-term harvesting without formal management regulations. The study aimed to analyze species composition, community structure, and population density across two depth strata in order to characterize the current ecological condition of sea cucumber resources. Field surveys were conducted at five stations representing seagrass, coral reef, and sandy habitats at depths of <5 m and >5 m. Quadrat transects (60 m²) were applied in shallow areas, while belt transects (200 m²) were used in deeper zones. Nine sea cucumber species were recorded, with Holothuria edulis, H. atra, and H. scabra being the most abundant. Population densities ranged from 0.083-0.167 ind/m² in shallow waters and 0.105-0.230 ind/m² at depths >5 m. Community indices indicated moderate diversity, high evenness, and low dominance, reflecting a relatively balanced community at low overall abundance. A quasi-Poisson generalized linear model showed that depth and station significantly influenced density variation, whereas their interaction was not significant, indicating a consistent depth-related pattern across stations. Measured environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen) were within tolerance ranges reported for tropical sea cucumbers, suggesting that habitat conditions remain environmentally suitable. However, the consistently low population densities observed across all stations indicate that sea cucumber stocks are likely under pressure, inferred from density patterns and comparisons with regional studies. These findings underscore the need for strengthened community-based management, including adaptive harvesting regulations and targeted habitat protection, to support the recovery and long-term sustainability of sea cucumber populations in Kapadiri Waters.
Benthic invertebrates, coastal exploitation, community structure, depth stratification, small-scale fisheries
Copyright (c) 2025 NENENG SUARNO KALIDI, SALIYADI, ELLEN LOUPATTY, GULAM ARAFAT, NEVI AITEM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Forage vegetation for stingless bees to support the sustainability of the meliponiculture in Tulak Tallu Village, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Abstract. Millang S, Budiaman, Oktavia Y, Prastiyo A, Yuniati E. 2026. Forage vegetation for stingless bees to support the sustainability of the meliponiculture in Tulak Tallu Village, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270124. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270124. The stingless bee is an insect that plays a crucial role in pollinating various flowering plants in tropical ecosystems. However, forage resource management remains limited because previous studies have focused mainly on the importance value index (IVI) without integrating flowering calendars and actual foraging activity. This study aims to identify forage plant species for stingless bees as a basis for better feed planning. Sampling was conducted across all vegetation growth strata from April to May 2024. Interviews, field data collection, and literature studies were conducted to record the flowering period. The results identified 39 plant species from 25 families as potential food sources. Vegetation analysis showed that the species with the highest IVI at each growth stage were coconut (Cocos nucifera) at the tree level (IVI = 55.20), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) at the pole level (IVI = 48.53), calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) at the sapling level (IVI = 53.21), and goad weed (Ageratum conyzoides) at the seedling level (IVI = 29.79). The combination of multi-strata vegetation with asynchronous flowering patterns plays a role in maintaining the continuity of bee food availability throughout the season at the study site. These findings indicate that several types of plants around meliponiculture need to be identified to see the vegetation that is a food source for the continued development of bee colonies, especially at the research location.
Bee feed, flowering calendar, importance value index, pollinator, rural vegetation
Copyright (c) 2026 SYAMSUDDIN MILLANG, BUDIAMAN, YENI OKTAVIA, ANDI PRASTIYO, ENY YUNIATI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Biodiversity and carbon stock analysis in the high conservation value forest within the oil palm plantation setting in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abstract. Maimunah S, Avianto Y, Noviyanto A, Ramadhani F, Kautsar V, Astuti YTM, Gunawan S, Samek J. 2026. Biodiversity and carbon stock analysis in the high conservation value forest within the oil palm plantation setting in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270408. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270408. High Conservation Value Forests (HCVFs) within oil palm landscapes play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services, including carbon storage. However, empirical evidence quantifying biodiversity-carbon co-benefits in industrial plantation contexts remains limited in Indonesia. This study assessed plant biodiversity, wildlife presence, and aboveground carbon stock in a 65-ha HCVF managed by a private enterprise in Kotawaringin Timur, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Field surveys were conducted using an 8% sampling intensity across 13 nested plots (50 m × 80 m). Tree and seedling diversity were evaluated using Margalef, Menhinick, Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and evenness indices. Carbon stock was estimated based on diameter and height measurements using the USAID-MSU Biodiversity and Carbon Potential Calculator. Wildlife presence was documented through direct and indirect field evidence. A total of 68 tree species and 26 seedling species were recorded. Shannon diversity indices indicated high diversity at the tree level (H′ = 3.31) and moderate diversity at the seedling level (H′ = 2.41), with high species evenness (E>0.70). The forest was dominated by secondary Dipterocarp species. Average aboveground carbon stock reached 191.44 tC ha⁻¹, corresponding to a total carbon reserve of 12,443.72 tC across the HCVF area. Several protected wildlife fauna, including hornbills, pangolins, and gibbons, were identified. These findings demonstrate that HCVFs embedded within oil palm concessions can simultaneously support biodiversity conservation and climate mitigation. Effective protection of such areas is therefore essential for strengthening sustainability performance and achieving conservation commitments in tropical agricultural landscapes.
Biodiversity indices, carbon stock, dipterocarp forest, high conservation value forest, oil palm landscape
Copyright (c) 2026 SITI MAIMUNAH, YOVI AVIANTO, AMIR NOVIYANTO, FADHLULLAH RAMADHANI, VALENSI KAUTSAR, YOHANA THERESIA MARIA ASTUTI, SRI GUNAWAN, JH SAMEK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Drone-assisted augmentation of the parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi for cassava mealybug control in Indonesia
Abstract. Wasik MA, Sartiami D, Nurmansyah A. 2025. Drone-assisted augmentation of the parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi for cassava mealybug control in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 6437-6446. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, is an invasive pest that causes severe damage and economic loss in cassava production in Indonesia. Biological control using the parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi to manage P. manihoti has proven effective; however, its manual releases remain constrained by time, labor, and cost. This study evaluated the effectiveness and operational efficiency of A. lopezi augmentation using drone-assisted and manual release techniques in cassava fields. Effectiveness was measured by the parasitism rate of A. lopezi on P. manihoti, while efficiency was assessed through cost and time analyses. The augmentation treatment significantly increased the parasitism rate (F = 1955.78; df = 2,11; p<0.001). Parasitism rates under both release techniques were 47.18±0.92% for drones and 46.87±1.04% for manual release, compared with 16.11±0.59% in the control plots. The comparable parasitism rates achieved by drone-assisted and manual releases indicate that drone deployment maintains comparable biological effectiveness to manual augmentation. Moreover, drone application requires only 25 minutes per hectare, compared to 200 minutes per hectare manually. Although the initial cost of drone use was higher at small operational scales, economic analysis indicated a break-even point at approximately 25 ha. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of drone-assisted parasitoid deployment as an operationally efficient approach for large-scale biological control of P. manihoti. This contribution strengthens area-wide Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs by enabling synchronized parasitoid augmentation while also supporting the broader development of smart-agriculture technologies for cassava-based farming systems.
Agricultural technology, Integrated Pest Management, mass release, parasitoid capsule, Phenacoccus manihoti
Copyright (c) 2025 MUHAMMAD ALIMUN WASIK, DEWI SARTIAMI, ALI NURMANSYAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Development and validation of a tropical diatom-based index for bioassessment of the Yang River, Northern Thailand
Abstract. Yimpoolsap S. 2026. Development and validation of a tropical diatom-based index for bioassessment of the Yang River, Northern Thailand. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270206. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270206. Freshwater ecosystems in tropical Asia are increasingly threatened by nutrient enrichment, organic pollution, and land-use intensification. Diatoms are widely recognised as sensitive biological indicators, yet most available diatom indices were developed for temperate regions and may not adequately reflect ecological conditions in tropical rivers. This study aimed to develop a regionally calibrated, river-specific Diatom Index using the Yang River, Northern Thailand, as a model tropical system for water quality assessment. Water sampling and benthic diatom collection were conducted across seven stations from November 2016 to April 2017. Physico-chemical parameters were analysed according to American Public Health Association (APHA 2017), and diatom assemblages were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Indicator Values (IV) and Weighted Averages (WA) were computed for 29 dominant taxa, and the final Diatom Index (DI) was validated against the conventional Water Quality Index (WQI). The study addresses a key methodological limitation in tropical bioassessment by developing an index based on observed ecological responses of tropical diatom assemblages, rather than relying on tolerance values derived from temperate regions. Reproducibility was evaluated using three independent chemistry replicate datasets (R1-R3), which showed high consistency in WA/IV estimation and DI computation (ρ = 0.860-0.907, p < 0.001), indicating that the index-building process was robust and repeatable. The DI showed a significant positive relationship with WQI (ρ = 0.549, r² = 0.3102, p < 0.001), indicating that diatom assemblages effectively captured nutrient and organic pollution gradients. Spatial variation in diatom communities aligned with upstream-midstream-downstream differences in pH, DO, BOD, and nutrient levels. While developed from a single river system, the index provides a regionally appropriate and ecologically meaningful framework for diatom-based water quality assessment in tropical rivers, subject to further validation across additional catchments. The index offers a cost-effective and regionally calibrated approach for routine monitoring and supports improved management of tropical freshwater ecosystems.
Benthic diatoms, bioindicators, ecological guilds, tropical rivers, water quality
Copyright (c) 2026 SUTTAYOT YIMPOOLSAP https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessment of heavy metals in sediments and edible shellfish from Youtefa Bay, Papua, Indonesia
Abstract. Tanjung RHR, Indrayani E, Agamawan LPI, Hamuna B. 2026. Assessment of heavy metals in sediments and edible shellfish from Youtefa Bay, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270428. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270428. The main gaps in the environmental quality research on Youtefa Bay are the lack of comprehensive information on heavy metal contamination in sediments and consumable biota, and the absence of a temporal evaluation linking changes in metal content to potential ecological and public health risks. This study aims to assess eight heavy metals simultaneously (Hg, Pb, As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn, and Cu) in sediments and edible shellfish from Youtefa Bay, Indonesia, and evaluate ecological and food safety risks through contamination factor (CF), ecological risk index (Ei, ERI), biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF), and multivariate analyses. Analysis of metal content in sediments and shellfish was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry instruments with QA/QC procedures and reported based on dry-weight. Sediment results revealed elevated Ni content, reaching up to 401 mg/kg at St.3, exceeding threshold effect levels (TEL), while Cd showed the highest ecological risk contribution, with Ei values up to 126 at St.3, indicating moderate ecological risk. In sediments, the order of heavy metal content is Ni > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > As > Hg. BSAF analysis indicated species-specific accumulation patterns, with higher bioaccumulation potential for Cd and Cu in certain taxa. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 81.3% of total variance, separating Ni-dominated sediment signals from Cd-associated ecological risk patterns. Although spatial variability was evident, overall findings indicate localized metal enrichment and potential health concerns, particularly for Cd. The accumulation of Cd, Ni, and Zn in all three shellfish species exceeded international safe consumption limits (FAO and WHO), indicating a potentially serious health risk to the surrounding community. Overall, the results of this study highlight potential ecological and food security concerns and emphasize the need for continued monitoring and improved pollution management in Youtefa Bay.
Coastal sediments, ecological risk, heavy metals, shellfish bioaccumulation, Youtefa Bay
Copyright (c) 2026 ROSYE HEFMI RECHNELTY TANJUNG, ERVINA INDRAYANI, LALU PANJI IMAM AGAMAWAN, BAIGO HAMUNA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated sgRNA design targeting UDP-Glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in Indonesian local rice
Abstract. Ubaidillah M, Syarif RM, Gusti AIH, Aurela RD, Habibi I, Hartatik S, Harmoko R, Kim KM. 2026. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated sgRNA design targeting UDP-Glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in Indonesian local rice. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270108. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270108. Sakuranetin serves as a vital phytoalexin in rice and exhibits notable pharmacological properties. Its biosynthesis is catalyzed by the OsNOMT enzyme and regulated by UDP-Glycosyltransferase (UGTs) genes, which divert naringenin into other flavonoids, thereby limiting sakuranetin production. This study aimed to design and construct specific single-guide RNA (sgRNAs) targeting UDP-Glycosyl Transferase (UGTs) genes precisely via CRISPR/Cas9 to establish genetic tools for metabolic engineering. Glucosyltransferases were collected from GenBank and aligned using Clustal Omega 13. The sgRNA oligonucleotides were designed using CHOPCHOP version 3, yielding information related to PAM, sgRNA efficiency, GC content, and others. A total of three sgRNAs were produced, with two showing efficiencies that match the target gene UGTs with predicted highest on-target sites and GC content above 60%. The designed sgRNA was successfully constructed into plasmid pRGEB32 and transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. Molecular validation confirmed plasmid integrity and sgRNA insertion through PCR amplification and sequencing. Preliminary transformation trials using Indonesian local rice varieties (Merah Wangi, Pandan Wangi, and Pontianak) revealed genotype-dependent variability, with Pandan Wangi showing the highest transformation efficiency and callus survival. These results demonstrate a molecular foundation for precise metabolic pathway engineering to enhance stress-adaptive and disease-resistant traits in local rice cultivars.
Agrobacterium, genome editing, Indonesian local rice, pRGEB32, sakuranetin
Copyright (c) 2026 MOHAMMAD UBAIDILLAH, REZA MUHAMMAD SYARIF, ANGGER AISYAH HADIAHNING GUSTI, ROSALINA DIVA AURELA, IHSAN HABIBI, SRI HARTATIK, RIKNO HARMOKO, KYUNG MIN KIM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Probiotic and antimicrobial potential of Enterococcus faecalis CC3 isolated from traditional Vietnamese pickled Brassica juncea
Abstract. Thuy NP, Anh LTL, Linh NT, Tuu NT, Phong VT. 2026. Probiotic and antimicrobial potential of Enterococcus faecalis CC3 isolated from traditional Vietnamese pickled Brassica juncea. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270208. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270208. Vietnamese pickled mustard greens (Brassica juncea), known as Dua cai muoi chua, harbor diverse microbial communities with potential biotechnological applications. This study aimed to isolate and characterize Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) from these traditional pickles to evaluate their probiotic and antimicrobial properties. Sixty samples collected from Vinh Long province, Vietnam, yielded 64 presumptive LAB isolates. These were screened for acid and bile tolerance, antibiotic susceptibility, hemolytic activity, and antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus. Among the candidates, isolate CC3 exhibited superior resilience, maintaining high viability after 12 hours at pH 2.0 and in the presence of 1.0% bile salts. Identified as Enterococcus faecalis via 16S rRNA gene sequencing (GenBank Accession No. PX928037), strain CC3 demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, producing significant inhibition zones against S. aureus (22.59 ± 1.59 mm), E. coli (21.29 ± 1.53 mm), and S. enterica (20.66 ± 1.88 mm). Safety assessments confirmed CC3 as γ-hemolytic (non-hemolytic) and sensitive to clinically relevant antibiotics, including Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol. Furthermore, PCR analysis verified the absence of virulence genes (esp, gelE, cylA, cylM), vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB), and biogenic amine-producing genes (hdc1, hdc2, tdc). These findings highlight the microbial diversity of indigenous fermented vegetables and suggest E. faecalis CC3 as a promising candidate for probiotic applications or as a biopreservative starter culture.
Antimicrobial activity, Brassica juncea, Enterococcus faecalis, fermented vegetables, probiotics
Copyright (c) 2026 NGUYEN PHUONG THUY, LU THI LAM ANH, NGUYEN THUY LINH, NGUYEN THANH TUU, VUONG TUAN PHONG https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Reproductive biology and pollination ecology of two edible Limnophila species in Thailand
Abstract. Malaiphis R, Pakum W, Kaphang S, Chanokkhun T, Muangsan N, Warrit N, Traiyasut P, Barnes CH, Watthana S. 2026. Reproductive biology and pollination ecology of two edible Limnophila species in Thailand. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270117. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270117. Culturally important native Thai herbs are declining due to habitat disturbance, overharvesting, and environmental stressors, including the use of herbicides. Limnophila geoffrayi, a native aquatic edible herb, has been especially affected by herbicide use and climate-driven rainfall anomalies. In contrast, the exotic Limnophila aromatica, introduced for edible herb usage, is widely vegetatively propagated. Both edible Limnophila species have poorly studied reproductive biology, which is important for native species conservation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reproductive biology and pollination of the Thai native species L. geoffrayi to support conservation efforts, as well as to compare these traits to those of the introduced cultivated species, L. aromatica. Flowers of both species typically open for one day, with some L. geoffrayi flowers reopening on a second day. Diurnal opening and closing patterns corresponded with peak visitor activity. Solitary bees were the dominant pollinators, with 47.06% Sorensen’s similarity index of visitors between the two plant species. Although both species exhibit floral traits conducive to self-pollination, L. aromatica failed to produce fruit under both natural and insect-excluded conditions, indicating self-incompatibility. In contrast, L. geoffrayi consistently set fruit in bagged treatments, demonstrating self-compatibility and autonomous self-pollination, which resulted from polinator scant. High fruit set under natural conditions suggests strong reproductive assurance in the native species. Field observations also confirmed that both species provided pollen resources for solitary bees, which may contribute to cross-pollination within populations. Due to self-incompatibility and clonal propagation, introducing diverse genotypes is necessary for the long-term cultivation of L. aromatica. As an autonomously self-pollinating species that produces many seeds, L. geoffrayi may serve as a potential adaptation or resilience mechanism in the face of habitat disturbance and herbicide use. Being an annual herbaceous plant with different color forms, seed banking is required to support its conservation and sustainable use.
Breeding systems, floral phenology, flower visitors, Limnophila, pollination
Copyright (c) 2026 RUNGTIP MALAIPHIS, WITTAYA PAKUM, SIRIDUANGKAMOL KAPHANG, THOTSAPORN CHANOKKHUN, NOODUAN MUANGSAN, NATAPOT WARRIT, PRAPUN TRAIYASUT, CURT HRAD BARNES, SANTI WATTHANA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Genetic variation of the Mudskipper (Periophthalmus argentilineatus) in the mangrove ecosystem, North Coast of Aceh, Aceh Province, Indonesia
Abstract. Dewiyanti I, Siregar PKA, Octavina C, Nurfadillah, Nurfadli, Marimuthu K. 2025. Genetic variation of the Mudskipper (Periophthalmus argentilineatus) in the mangrove ecosystem, North Coast of Aceh, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 6399-6409. Mudskipper (Periophthalmus argentilineatus), a species belonging to the Gobiidae family of the Perciformes order, is an important ecological indicator of mangrove health, yet information on its genetic diversity in Aceh remains limited. This study analyzes genetic variation in mudskipper populations from the northern coast of Aceh using mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene sequencing. Although the species has been widely studied in other regions of Indonesia, no molecular genetic baseline has ever been reported for Aceh populations, creating a critical gap in understanding their genetic structure and conservation status. Twenty samples were collected in Aceh Besar and Banda Aceh populations and combined with 19 additional COI sequences obtained from GenBank. The results showed that the mudskipper species in the research locations were P. argentilineatus. In addition, P. argentilineatus populations from Aceh Besar and Banda Aceh showed no detectable genetic variation, as reflected by low genetic distance values indicating close genetic relatedness. This pattern suggests that similar environmental pressure may be contributing to genetic homogeneity between the two populations. However, genetic variation of P. argentilineatus was moderate in the Bali population, and there was a high genetic distance between the Aceh Besar and Bali populations, as well as Banda Aceh and Bali (0.393). These findings highlight the need for conservation strategies that maintain mangrove habitat integrity and promote connectivity among regional mudskipper populations. Maintaining mangrove habitat connectivity and implementing periodic genomic monitoring are critical future steps to preserve gene flow in P. argentilineatus populations along the North Coast of Aceh.
COI, genetic distance, Gobiidae, haplotype, population
Copyright (c) 2025 IRMA DEWIYANTI, PUTRI KHAIRANI AMALIA SIREGAR, CHITRA OCTAVINA, NURFADILLAH, NURFADLI, KASI MARIMUTHU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Tree species diversity and stand structural stability in secondary evergreen broadleaf forests of southern Vietnam
Abstract. Ha NT, Ngoan TT, Hung DV, Hai NH. 2026. Tree species diversity and stand structural stability in secondary evergreen broadleaf forests of southern Vietnam. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270209. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270209. Species diversity and stand structural stability are fundamental concepts in ecology, yet their relationship remains debated. This study was conducted to evaluate the link between tree species diversity and stand structural stability of evergreen broadleaf forests in La Nga Protection Forest Management Board, Lam Dong Province, Vietnam. Data were collected from 102 temporary sample plots (500 m2 each) across three forest types: medium evergreen broadleaf forests (29 plots), poor evergreen broadleaf forests (33 plots), and woody-bamboo mixed forests (40 plots). The results identified a total of 128 species across the three forest types, with a moderate level of species similarity, as indicated by Jaccard indices ranging from 0.60 to 0.66. Species relationships showed an overall co-occurrence tendency across all forest types. Tree species diversity indices in the Evergreen Broadleaf Medium (EBM) Forests were higher than those in Evergreen Broadleaf Poor (EBP) and Woody-Bamboo Mixed (WBM) Forests, but the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), except for the Pielou Index (p<0.05). Stand structural stability based on the Godron Index showed the ranking EBM > EBP > WBM among the studied forest types. Both Simpson (D) and Pielou (J’) Indices were positively correlated with stand structural stability (p < 0.05). These findings highlight the importance of conserving tree species diversity to maintain stand structural stability, while providing a scientific basis for the sustainable management of rehabilitated forest ecosystems in Vietnam.
Diversity indices, Godron Index, Jaccard Similarity, species association
Copyright (c) 2026 NGUYEN THI HA, TRAN THI NGOAN, DANG VIET HUNG, NGUYEN HONG HAI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Distribution and environment-rhodomyrtone of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa in Peninsular Thailand
Abstract. Kongchuay N, Iewkittayakorn J, Kumngen A, Voravuthikunchai SP, Bumrungsri S. 2026. Distribution and environment-rhodomyrtone relationship of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa in Peninsular Thailand. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270312. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270312. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is a medicinal plant that yields the antibiotic compound rhodomyrtone. It has been depleted due to changes in land use, therefore, the ecological requirements of the species in its natural habitats need to be investigated to advance its commercial cultivation. This study aimed to explore environmental and soil physicochemical factors affecting the rhodomyrtone content present in R. tomentosa leaves. Soil texture and soil chemical properties were examined. Leaves were extracted and rhodomyrtone content was quantified. R. tomentosa was found in 54 sites in peninsular Thailand and mostly found in open areas, in acidic soil (pH 4.31-6.36) at low elevation (4-129.5 m asl). The results showed that the species is found in poor soil with very low nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents. R. tomentosa predominantly grows in sandy soil containing fine to coarse sand (125-500 µm). No significant correlation was observed between rhodomyrtone content and soil pH, % organic matter, N, P, or K. In contrast, rhodomyrtone content positively correlates with percent shade cover. Further experimental study is needed to confirm this observation. For commercial cultivation, this shrub should be planted in lowland, sandy, nutrient-poor soil of low pH, and under light shade to promote rhodomyrtone production.
Low elevation, medicinal plant, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, sand bar, sandy soil
Copyright (c) 2026 NUTCHANART KONGCHUAY, JUTARUT IEWKITTAYAKORN, AUNKAMOL KUMNGEN, SUPAYANG P. VORAVUTHIKUNCHAI, SARA BUMRUNGSRI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Field parasitism of Opisina arenosella pupae and laboratory development of Trichospilus pupivorus on Galleria mellonella
Abstract. Nguyen H-U, Son T-T-N, Phan C-H. 2026. Field parasitism of Opisina arenosella pupae and laboratory development of Trichospilus pupivorus on Galleria mellonella. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270316. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270316. The black-headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella is a major coconut pest in Asia and has caused serious damage in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta since its first detection in 2020. Parasitoid wasps play an important role in pest control, among which Trichospilus pupivorus is an effective pupal parasitoid of O. arenosella. In addition, larvae and pupae of Galleria mellonella are widely used as alternative hosts for laboratory rearing of beneficial insects. This study investigated the field occurrence of T. pupivorus in coconut orchards of Tra Vinh province and evaluated its development on G. mellonella to support laboratory mass rearing. Field surveys were conducted in 15 infested orchards, where a total of 1,500 O. arenosella pupae were collected from 150 coconut trees to estimate parasitism rates. Five parasitized pupae from each orchard were reared individually to quantify progeny production per parasitized O. arenosella pupa. The results showed that T. pupivorus was detected in 86.7% of orchards and 72.7% of sampled trees, while the mean orchard-level parasitism rate was 17.1±7.75%. Mean progeny production was 462.5±91.4 individuals per parasitized O. arenosella pupa. Under controlled insectary conditions (27±1°C, 75±1.5% RH, 12L:12D photoperiod), the parasitoid completed development on G. mellonella pupae in approximately 16 days, producing 118.3±46.7 individuals per G. mellonella pupa with a strongly female-biased sex ratio (>97%). These findings provide baseline quantitative information on the field occurrence and laboratory performance of T. pupivorus associated with O. arenosella in coconut agroecosystems.
Biological control, coconut pest, factitious host, parasitoid wasp, pupal parasitoid
Copyright (c) 2026 HONG-UNG NGUYEN, THI-THANH-NGA SON, CHI-HIEU PHAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Yield stability and adaptability of newly selected black rice mutant lines (Oryza sativa) across dry-season agroecosystems in Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Sofian A, Purwanto E, Sutarno, Parjanto. 2026. Yield stability and adaptability of newly selected black rice mutant lines (Oryza sativa) across dry-season agroecosystems in Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270103. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270103. Black rice (Oryza sativa) is a high-value functional food; however, its productivity remains low due to limited adaptability and narrow genetic diversity. This study aimed to evaluate the yield stability and adaptability of two selected black rice mutant lines compared to three check varieties across multiple dry-season agroecosystems in Central Java, Indonesia. A multilocation trial was conducted at four sites in Klaten and Boyolali during the 2024 dry season using a randomized complete block design with five replications. The genetic materials consisted of two promising mutant lines (51 and 52) and three check varieties (Sembada, Jeliteng, and Cempo Ireng). Analyses included ANOVA, estimation of genetic parameters (GCV, PCV, and heritability), and stability-adaptability assessments using AMMI and GGE biplot models. There were significant genotype effects (p<0.01) on all major traits, with Genotype × Environment (G×E) interactions were significant for most growth traits but not for yield per plot and per hectare. The promising line 52 exhibited the highest mean yield (7.68 t ha⁻¹), significantly higher than the promising line 51 (6.43 t ha⁻¹) and the check varieties (≤5.98 t ha⁻¹). Broad-sense heritability estimates were greater than 50% for most yield-related traits, indicating strong genetic control. The promising line 52 exhibited the highest productivity with specific adaptation to certain environments, whereas promising line 51 demonstrated moderate yield performance with broader stability and adaptability. These findings confirm the presence of G×E interactions influencing yield expression. Therefore, multi-season testing is required to obtain a more comprehensive evaluation of yield stability and adaptability under varying climatic conditions, ensuring the selection of superior black rice genotypes that are high-yielding, stable, and resilient to seasonal fluctuations.
Adaptability, AMMI, black rice, GGE biplot, stability
Copyright (c) 2026 AHMAD SOFIAN, EDI PURWANTO, SUTARNO, PARJANTO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Environmental distribution patterns and sustainability assessment of mitre squid Uroteuthis chinensis in the waters of Bangka, Indonesia
Abstract. Ratnapuri VV, Sebayang MB, Rozaki MF. 2026. Environmental distribution patterns and sustainability assessment of mitre squid Uroteuthis chinensis in the waters of Bangka, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270517. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270517. The waters of Bangka were among the main mitre squid Uroteuthis chinensis production areas in Indonesia, but they showed signs of increased exploitation pressure that could affect stock sustainability. This study aimed to integrate the satellite-based Environmental Suitability Index and Maximum Sustainable Yield for mitre squid in Bangka, with a monthly distribution resolution that explicitly distinguished between productive and non-productive seasons. Satellite imagery data and catch landings were used for the period September 2024-August 2025, while the Maximum Sustainable Yield was estimated for the period 2020-2024. The weighting of environmental parameters in the Environmental Suitability Index (ESI) was conducted through Principal Component Analysis and Pearson Correlation. The results showed that the Environmental Suitability Index value had a strong and significant positive relationship with CPUE (r: 0.838; p: 0.001; R²: 0.6503), with periods of moderate to high ESI values (≥0.4) being associated with increased CPUE (0.539-0.755 ton/trip), while low ESI values (<0.4) were associated with low CPUE (0.017-0.552 ton/trip). On the other hand, sea surface temperature (29.558-30.848°C) and chlorophyll-a (0.279-0.375 mg m-³) did not show a significant linear relationship with CPUE, thus were interpreted as indicators of habitat conditions rather than direct drivers of productivity. The Maximum Sustainable Yield analysis showed that in 2023, production reached 9,157 tons, exceeding the Maximum Sustainable Yield estimate of 7,865 tons (16.43%), with an effort level of 65,513 trips, surpassing the Fopt of 35,800 trips (82.72%), thereby indicating potential fishing pressure. Overall, these findings affirmed that the multivariate approach based on the Environmental Suitability Index was more effective in representing habitat suitability and highlighted the importance of seasonally adaptive management. However, the interpretation of results and management recommendations in this study required further validation through long-term data and scenario-based implementation before operational application.
Bangka Island, catch per unit effort, Environmental Suitability Index, Maximum Sustainable Yield, remote sensing
Copyright (c) 2026 VALENTIN VINA RATNAPURI, MONISCHA BR SEBAYANG, MUHAMAD FATHUR ROZAKI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
First identification of marine anammox bacteria in Indonesia under tropical aquaculture conditions
Abstract. Zainuddin EN, Gumelar G, Ismail S, Rustama MM, Zulkarnaini Z. 2025. First identification of marine anammox in Indonesia under tropical aquaculture conditions. Biodiversitas 26: 6469-6479. Marine anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria offer a promising and sustainable pathway for nitrogen removal from aquatic environments, particularly in shrimp aquaculture, where nitrogen-rich waste can cause environmental problems. This study aimed to identify marine anammox bacteria (MAB) under tropical conditions in two filter bioreactors (FtBRs) operated at tropical ambient temperatures with seawater salinity of 32-33 ppt. FtBR 1 was inoculated with intensive shrimp pond sludge, while FtBR 2 received a mixture of sludge and freshwater anammox granules (Candidatus Brocadia fulgida). Microbial community profiling was performed using Illumina HiSeq sequencing targeting the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Both reactors successfully enriched the marine anammox species Candidatus Scalindua wagneri, accounting for 7% (FtBR 1) and 21% (FtBR 2) of the phylum Planctomycetota. In contrast, Candidatus Brocadia fulgida failed to survive under high salinity. Notably, Xanthomarina gelatinilytica emerged as the dominant genus in both systems, suggesting its important role in the hydrolysis and mineralization of organic nitrogen originating from shrimp aquaculture sludge. MAB were successfully identified and enriched despite their low relative abundance, suggesting potential interactions with co-occurring denitrifying communities. This study represents the first documented identification of MAB in Indonesia. These findings represent the first documented presence of MAB in Indonesia from aquaculture sludge. This work provides a foundation for developing localized, low-energy nitrogen removal technologies for sustainable shrimp aquaculture in coastal regions.
Anammox, Candidatus, filter bioreactor, shrimp aquaculture, tropical
Copyright (c) 2025 ELMI NURHAIDAH ZAINUDDIN, GUNO GUMELAR, SHAHRUL ISMAIL, MIA MIRANTI RUSTAMA, ZULKARNAINI ZULKARNAINI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Combining ability analysis of rice genotypes for grain yield and related traits under direct-seeded conditions
Abstract. Ali Z, Naeem M, Rafiq I, Ajmal M, Bahrun AH, Baharuddin AK, Fadhilah AN, Anshori MF. 2026. Combining ability analysis of rice genotypes for grain yield and related traits under direct-seeded conditions. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270138. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270138. Development of rice toward water scarcity and high input costs encourages a shift toward Direct-Seeded Rice (DSR) systems. Hybrid rice development is one solution to this system's challenge. Therefore, systematic analysis through combining ability is needed to develop hybrid rice on direct-seeded systems. This study aimed to evaluate the combining ability of rice genotypes for grain yield and related traits under DSR conditions. Twenty-seven genotypes from nine parents and 18 F1 crosses were evaluated using Line × Tester design under a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during 2023-2024. The results showed that genotype-by-genotype variance for all traits was significant in the analysis of variance. Line 23765 and tester 37768 were good general combiners, while crosses 6723 × 32274, 6728 × 32274, 6880 × 37768, and 7968 × 37667 showed high Specific Combining Ability (SCA) effects. Line 6728 exhibited a significant positive General Combining Ability (GCA) effect for grain yield per plant, while 6723 for grain weight per panicle and number of grains per panicle, indicating yield improvement potential. Both additive and non-additive genetic effects influence trait expression, with non-additive effects being more prominent. This hybrid rice selection process could help develop high-yielding rice varieties under direct-seeded conditions.
Combining ability, direct-seeded rice, gene action, Oryza sativa, randomized complete block design
Copyright (c) 2026 ZEESHAN ALI, MUHAMMAD NAEEM, IQRA RAFIQ, MUHAMMAD AJMAL, ABD HARIS BAHRUN, ACHMAD KAUTSAR BAHARUDDIN, ANNASTYA NUR FADHILAH, MUHAMMAD FUAD ANSHORI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Microbial fermentation optimization to increase glucomannan content in porang flour with a mixed-level factorial design
Abstract. Sandjaya NA, Priharto N, Esyanti RR. 2025. Microbial fermentation optimization to increase glucomannan content in porang flour with a mixed-level factorial design. Biodiversitas 26: 6541-6559. Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri) flour is a promising source of glucomannan, a polysaccharide widely applied in food, pharmaceutical, and industrial sectors. However, its use is limited by the presence of starch and calcium oxalate impurities, which degrade product quality and safety. Conventional purification methods, such as mechanical separation, solvent extraction, and enzymatic treatment, can improve glucomannan content but are constrained by cost, chemical residues, or low efficiency. This study aimed to develop a sustainable microbial fermentation to enrich glucomannan and reduce oxalate content. Four α-amylase producers (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus oryzae) were evaluated. Optimization to increase glucomannan content was conducted using a Mixed-Level Factorial Design (MLFD) with varying concentrations of substrate, inoculum, and microbial species. Microbial growth kinetics and α-amylase activity profiles were monitored to determine fermentation efficiency, while statistical modeling was applied to identify significant factors influencing glucomannan yield. The findings showed that the optimum conditions, with the highest increase in glucomannan and calcium oxalate content, were achieved with B. subtilis at a substrate concentration of 4% (w/v) and an inoculum concentration of 1% (v/v). These findings demonstrate that microbial fermentation with B. subtilis provides an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to chemical and enzymatic extraction for glucomannan enrichment. It has the potential to scale as a sustainable processing method to support the increased value-added valorization of porang as a strategic Indonesian commodity.
α-amylase, Amorphophallus muelleri, glucomannan enrichment, microbial fermentation, process optimization
Copyright (c) 2025 NATHAN ALTHEA SANDJAJA, NEIL PRIHARTO, RIZKITA RACHMI ESYANTI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Tree diversity, structure and composition in coffee agroforestry with varying shade systems, coffee species, and landscape settings in Malang, Indonesia
Abstract. Hakim L, Yusuf M, Wiratantra FD, Rahardi B, Sunarharum WB, Nurrofik A. 2026. Tree diversity, structure and composition in coffee agroforestry with varying shade systems, coffee species, and landscape settings in Malang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270509. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270509. Coffee agroforestry in Malang Region, East Java, Indonesia has been widely recognized as a multifunctional land-use system that integrates economic, and social benefits; however, its comprehensive ecological characteristics remain poorly documented. This study examines tree diversity and ecological indicators in coffee agroforestry systems in Malang, East Java, across four landscape settings, three coffee species (arabica, robusta, and liberica) and shade systems typology (shaded monoculture, commercial polyculture, traditional polyculture and rustic). Field surveys were conducted at 64 sites to document shade-tree diversity, composition (Important Value Index) and ecological indices (Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H′), Evenness Index (E), and Simpson Dominance Index (D′)). In total, there were 40 species of shade trees across all sites and primarily composed of Fabaceae and Malvaceae which contribute to soil fertility, habitat provision, and raw material resources. Results indicated that among shaded systems in averages includes, rustic-type exhibited the highest tree species diversity, high evenness, and low dominance (H′ = 2.02, E = 0.97, D = 0.19), followed by traditional polyculture systems (H′ = 1.23, E = 0.91, and D = 0.3), commercial polyculture (H′ = 0.8, E = 0.89, D = 0.46), and shaded monoculture (H′ = 0.17, E = 0.29, and D = 0.83). Liberica coffee agroforestry tended to show higher diversity index of shade trees with less dominance of few species compared to the other two. However, although its diversity assessments belong low to moderate scores, the presence of shade tree diversity has been shown to have a practical impact on the dynamics of coffee agroforestry, allowing farmers to increase food security while generating additional income beyond coffee. Therefore, to support ecological sustainability and community well-being in the Malang Region, conservation strategies and policy frameworks should prioritize biodiversity-friendly agroforestry management.
Biodiversity, coffee agroforestry, ecological assessment, Malang Region, shade tree
Copyright (c) 2026 LUCHMAN HAKIM, MUHAMMAD YUSUF, FITRA D. WIRATANTRA, BRIAN RAHARDI, WENNY B. SUNARHARUM; AGUS NURROFIK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Quantitative ethnobotanical assessment of medicinal plants in Zagatala District, Azerbaijan
Abstract. Isayev JI, Jafarova GS, Safarova NM, Hajiyeva EM. 2026. Quantitative ethnobotanical assessment of medicinal plants in Zagatala District, Azerbaijan. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270309. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270309. This cross-sectional ethnobotanical study, conducted between 2023 and 2025, provides a quantitative assessment of medicinal plants traditionally used by the multi-ethnic communities of the Zagatala District in northwestern Azerbaijan. Ethnomedicinal knowledge was documented through structured and semi-structured interviews with 105 informants, recording 121 medicinal plant taxa belonging to 115 genera and 44 families. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices - including Use Value, Relative Frequency of Citation, Fidelity Level, Family Importance Value, and Informant Consensus Factor (UV, RFC, FL, FIV, and ICF) - were applied to assess cultural significance and knowledge consensus. The highest UV values were recorded for Crataegus orientalis (0.76), followed by Thymus caucasicus (0.74) and Cydonia oblonga (0.73). Species with high RFC values, such as Rosa tomentosa (RFC = 0.96), T. caucasicus (0.96), and Alcea rugosa (0.94), were the most frequently cited by informants. ICF values were high across all ailment categories (0.94-1.00), with particularly strong consensus for laxative uses (ICF = 0.98), cardiovascular disorders (0.98), and broncholytic uses (0.99). These findings document the rich ethnomedicinal heritage of the region and identify C. orientalis, T. caucasicus, and C. oblonga as culturally prominent species that merit further phytochemical and pharmacological investigation, while emphasizing the importance of preserving traditional knowledge and supporting sustainable management of local plant diversity. This study provides a quantitative baseline for future pharmacological validation, conservation planning, and sustainable management of medicinal plant resources in Azerbaijan and the wider Caucasus region.
Azerbaijan, Caucasus, ethnomedicine, Informant Consensus Factor, quantitative ethnobotany
Copyright (c) 2026 JAVANSHIR ISA ISAYEV, GUNAY SALEH JAFAROVA, NILUFAR MUBARIZ SAFAROVA, ESMIRA MIRBABA HAJIYEVA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Distribution, morphology, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity of Mediasia macrophylla (Apiaceae) from the Western Tien Shan, Kazakhstan
Abstract. Ubaev FA, Esimova AM, Aimenova ZE, Iskakova ZB, Kolpek A, Tekebayeva ZB, Bazarkhankyzy A, Askarova N. 2026. Distribution, morphology, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity of Mediasia macrophylla (Apiaceae) from the Western Tien Shan, Kazakhstan. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270315. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270315. Mediasia macrophylla (Apiaceae) is a perennial Central Asian species with reported medicinal relevance; however, integrated ecological, morphological, and phytochemical data for populations in Kazakhstan remain limited. The present study provides a preliminary, exploratory, site-based characterization of M. macrophylla from two natural populations within the Aksu-Zhabagly State Nature Reserve (Western Tien Shan, southern Kazakhstan). Habitat conditions, quantitative morphology, essential oil composition, and antioxidant activity of solvent extracts were assessed. Field surveys confirmed that the species occurs in restricted, localized populations associated with rocky limestone slopes and meadow-steppe habitats. Quantitative morphometric analysis of mature, flowering individuals (n = 20) showed moderate variation in vegetative traits and comparatively conservative reproductive and fruit morphology, consistent with stable diagnostic morphology at the local population level. Essential oil composition was determined by GC-MS using a single pooled sample, revealing 29 compounds accounting for 95.83% of the total oil. Antioxidant activity of pooled solvent extracts was evaluated using FRAP and DPPH assays with technical replication. Phytochemical and antioxidant data were obtained from pooled material and technical replicates only and are therefore interpreted descriptively. A clear solvent-dependent pattern was observed: the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest Ferric Reducing Capacity (FRAP absorbance 1.17 at 1.0 mg/mL), whereas the ethanol extract exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity (80.62% DPPH inhibition at 1.0 mg/mL), approaching that of gallic acid (86.14%). The chloroform extract displayed consistently weak activity. Overall, the results provide descriptive, hypothesis-generating data on the ecological context, morphology, and phytochemical and antioxidant profiles of M. macrophylla within the Aksu-Zhabagly Reserve and highlight the need for replicated, multi-site, and multi-season studies to assess population-level variability and potential chemotypic patterns.
Antioxidant activity, Central Asia, essential oil, Mediasia macrophylla, Western Tien Shan
Copyright (c) 2026 FURKAT A. UBAEV, ANAR M. ESIMOVA, ZHANAR E. AIMENOVA, ZHANAR B. ISKAKOVA, AINAGUL KOLPEK, ZHANAR B. TEKEBAYEVA, AIDANA BAZARKHANKYZY, NURGUL ASKAROVA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Cytotoxicity of Acanthus ilicifolius root endophytes based on acid-induced enhancement and metabolites of Penicillium javanicum
Abstract. Ainy EQ, Audah KA, Tan MI, Aryantha INP. 2026. Cytotoxicity of Acanthus ilicifolius root endophytes based on acid-induced enhancement and metabolites of Penicillium javanicum. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270322. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270322. Mangrove ecosystems are characterized by extreme environmental fluctuations, driving associated endophytic fungi to evolve adaptive metabolic strategies. These microbial communities represent an untapped reservoir of chemical diversity, yet their metabolic response to abiotic stressors, such as acidity, remains underexplored. This study investigates the ecological and chemical plasticity of endophytic fungi isolated from Acanthus ilicifolius roots. Using a stress-driven culture approach, we evaluated the effect of acidic fermentation on the metabolic profiles and cytotoxic potential of bioactive isolates. Among the screened strains, Penicillium javanicum 2RA6 exhibited a distinct physiological response to acidic stress. While neutral conditions favored vegetative growth, acidic fermentation triggered a fundamental metabolic reprogramming, shifting the biosynthetic output from constitutive polyketides to a specialized stress ‘portfolio’. Comparative metabolomics revealed the enrichment of diverse fatty acid amides (including putative 9-oxo-(10E, 12E)-Octadecadienoic Acid (9-oxo-ODA), α-Eleostearic Acid (α-EA), and Palmitoyl Ethanolamide (PEA)) and diketopiperazines. This chemical reorganization correlated with a marked increase in specific cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, mediated primarily through apoptosis-like pathways. These findings suggest that mimicking environmental stressors is a viable strategy to unlock cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters. This study highlights the importance of mangrove habitats as reservoirs of metabolic diversity and demonstrates that acid-enhanced cultivation can access bioactive fungal metabolites typically overlooked in standard fermentations.
Acanthus ilicifolius, acidic stress, apoptosis-like, endophytic fungi, microbial communities
Copyright (c) 2026 ERNY QUROTUL AINY, KHOLIS A. AUDAH, MARSELINA I. TAN, I NYOMAN P. ARYANTHA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ITS DNA barcoding for species authentication of Thai arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) and related Marantaceae
Abstract. Sangdee A, Thanyasiriwat T, Saengprajak J. 2026. ITS DNA barcoding for species authentication of Thai arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) and related Marantaceae. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270332. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270332. Maranta arundinacea (arrowroot) is an underutilized starch-producing crop whose taxonomic identification is often constrained by overlapping vegetative characters, pronounced phenotypic plasticity, and the frequent absence of diagnostic reproductive structures during dormancy. These factors complicate species identification and germplasm authentication within Maranta and related Marantaceae taxa. This study evaluated the effectiveness of nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) DNA barcoding for identifying arrowroot and distinguishing closely related taxa in Thailand. ITS sequences were obtained from Maranta samples collected across several geographic regions, with Goeppertia ornata included for comparison. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using maximum likelihood analysis. All M. arundinacea accessions showed high ITS sequence similarity and clustered into a single well-supported lineage, indicating genetic uniformity consistent with long-term vegetative propagation. In contrast, ITS variation enabled clear discrimination among other Maranta species that are difficult to distinguish morphologically. Phylogenetic analysis resolved distinct lineages within Maranta and recovered G. ornata as a separate lineage, supporting its classification as a distinct genus. These results demonstrate that ITS DNA barcoding is an effective tool for species authentication, phylogenetic analysis, and germplasm verification, and provide a molecular basis for future conservation and sustainable utilization of arrowroot resources in Thailand.
DNA barcoding, genetic diversity, Marantaceae, species authentication, Thailand
Copyright (c) 2026 APHIDECH SANGDEE, THANWANIT THANYASIRIWAT, JUTHAPORN SAENGPRAJAK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Coastal medicinal plant diversity and its role in community health resilience in East Aceh, Indonesia
Abstract. Nursamsu, Nurhafidhah, Warsodirejo PP, Mardudi. 2025. Coastal medicinal plant diversity and its role in community health resilience in East Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 6335-6351. The coastal medicinal plant diversity represents an important component of community health resilience. This study documented the diversity and use patterns of medicinal plants utilized by coastal communities in East Aceh, Indonesia. Semi-structured interviews and field walks were conducted in five villages Kuala Idi, Gampong Aceh, Blang Geulumpang, Ulee Blang, and Titi Baro covering 100 informants. A total of 125 taxa from 55 families were identified, dominated by the Poaceae family. The highest Use Value (UV) was recorded for Cocos nucifera (0.92) , while the maximum Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) reached 0.98 for Oryza sativa, Piper betle, and Alpinia galanga. Sixteen disease categories were classified based on WHO ICD-10, totaling 11,456 use reports, with Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values between 0.98-1.00, indicating strong community agreement. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part (42.4%), and drinking (60.8%) was the predominant method of administration. Diversity indices were high across all sites (Simpson 1-D = 0.9918-0.9920; Shannon H′ = 4.813-4.823), reflecting balanced species distribution and rich ethnobotanical knowledge. These findings highlight the pivotal role of coastal biodiversity in sustaining traditional medicine systems and community health. Strengthening conservation, sustainable utilization, and knowledge transmission is vital to preserving these resources for future generations.
Diversity, ethnopharmacology, health resilience, medicinal plants, use value
Copyright (c) 2025 NURSAMSU, NURHAFIDHAH, PANDU PRABOWO WARSODIREJO, MARDUDI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Genetic diversity of pigmented rice landraces (Oryza sativa) from South Sumatra, Indonesia revealed by SSR markers
Abstract. Hanum L, Wahyuni T, Oktariansyah Y. 2026. Genetic diversity of pigmented rice landraces (Oryza sativa) from South Sumatra, Indonesia revealed by SSR markers. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270130. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270130. Pigmented rice landraces constitute an important component of Indonesia’s rice genetic resources, yet information on their molecular diversity in South Sumatra remains limited. This study tested the hypothesis that pigmented rice landraces from South Sumatra exhibit SSR-detectable genetic variation among accessions, whereas genome-wide differentiation between pigmentation groups (red and black rice) is weak or non-significant. This study assessed the genetic diversity and relatedness of ten local pigmented rice (Oryza sativa) landraces, comprising seven red and three black rice accessions, using 11 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers. All markers produced clear and reproducible amplification profiles, generating fragments ranging from 127 to 480 bp, with six to twelve alleles per locus. Marker informativeness was consistently high, with PIC values of 0.790-0.917 (mean = 0.878), indicating strong discriminatory power for accession differentiation. SSR profiles were predominantly homozygous, reflecting the autogamous reproductive system of rice, although limited heterozygosity was detected at a few loci in specific accessions. Multilocus comparison revealed moderate divergence among landraces, supported by Jaccard similarity coefficients ranging from 0.769 to 1.000. UPGMA clustering resolved a structured pattern consisting of a closely related core group of accessions, an intermediate subgroup represented by Linggau and Tanjung Agung, and a more divergent subgroup comprising Sumber Jaya and Teluk Tenggirik. However, AMOVA indicated that molecular variation was predominantly distributed within populations (100%) rather than among populations (0%), with a non-significant differentiation between red and black rice groups (Fst = -0.038; p = 0.769). These findings provide baseline molecular evidence supporting conservation prioritization and highlight genetically distinct landraces as potential donors for future pigmented rice breeding programs. This study represents one of the few SSR-based molecular assessments focusing specifically on pigmented rice landraces from South Sumatra, Indonesia.
Genetic diversity, landraces, pigmented rice, Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers, South Sumatra
Copyright (c) 2026 LAILA HANUM, TUTIK WAHYUNI, YADI OKTARIANSYAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Environmental parameters and growth of cage-cultured blood cockle Tegillarca granosa in Aceh, Indonesia
Abstract. Mawardi, Sarjani TM, Khalil M, Siregar ARS. 2026. Environmental parameters and growth of cage-cultured blood cockle Tegillarca granosa in Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270307. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270307. This study evaluated the growth performance of cage-cultured blood cockle Tegillarca granosa and the environmental parameters influencing it in two mangrove-fringing coastal waters in Aceh, Indonesia. A randomized block design was used with three stocking densities (20, 40, and 60 individuals per cage) at Pusong and Lhok Banie. Water quality variables—including temperature, salinity, pH, organic matter, and sediment characteristics—were measured throughout the culture period. Growth parameters (shell length, width, and weight) and environmental factors (sediment type, salinity, and plankton abundance) were monitored for six months. Data were analyzed using Specific Growth Rate (SGR), ANOVA, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results showed that growth in length ranged from 3.07-8.00 mm, width from 2.48-5.45 mm, and weight from 2.63-5.60 g. The highest growth was recorded at Pusong (P1, 20 individuals/cage), while the lowest was at Lhok Banie (LB3, 60 individuals/cage). The SGR ranged from 0.18-0.30 g. PCA indicated that sediment composition dominated by clay and clayey loam, together with salinity of 24-28‰, had the strongest positive relationship with cockle growth. Overall, the findings demonstrate that T. granosa grows better in areas with higher salinity and organic-rich sediments, and that a stocking density of 20 individuals per cage yields the most favorable growth performance. These results provide baseline information for improving community-based blood cockle aquaculture and support the development of sustainable mangrove-associated coastal farming systems in Aceh.
Cage culture, environmental parameters, growth performance, specific growth rate, Tegillarca granosa
Copyright (c) 2026 MAWARDI, TRI MUSTIKA SARJANI, MUHAMMAD KHALIL, ANITA RASUNA SARI SIREGAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Indigenous Bacillus biodiversity from plastic-contaminated soil and its potential for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) biodegradation
Abstract. Irawati W, Lie ST, Fideli GD, Pongajow BYC, Jo J. 2026. Indigenous Bacillus biodiversity from plastic-contaminated soil and its potential for low-density polyethylene (LDPE) biodegradation. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270528. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270528. Increasing plastic use has led to persistent accumulation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) in terrestrial environments. This study isolated and characterized indigenous Bacillus-like bacteria from plastic-contaminated soil in the public parking area of Universitas Pelita Harapan and evaluated their capacity to induce early-stage LDPE modification. Soil suspensions were plated on King’s B agar supplemented with polyethylene glycol (PEG), yielding eight morphologically distinct isolates. LDPE strips were incubated for 30 days in minimal salt medium (MSM) inoculated with each isolate, with LDPE as the principal experimental substrate and no additional organic carbon intentionally supplied. Surface changes were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical changes by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and carbonyl index (CI) calculation, and taxonomic identity by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All eight isolates were Gram-positive, catalase-positive, endospore-forming rods, and 16S analysis assigned them to Bacillus velezensis, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus paralicheniformis. SEM revealed isolate-specific colonization-associated surface changes, ranging from roughening and small pits to deep cracks and perforation, with A.4.I.1 showing the most extensive damage. FTIR spectra indicated oxidation-related changes, including intensified carbonyl and C-O bands; screening-level CI values ranged from 0.190 to 0.346, again highest for A.4.I.1. These findings suggest that plastic-impacted urban soil can serve as a reservoir of LDPE-associated Bacillus isolates and identify B. velezensis A.4.I.1 as a priority candidate for follow-up biodegradation studies. Because FTIR/CI observations were exploratory and no mass-loss or mineralization endpoints were measured, the results should be interpreted as evidence of biodeterioration and early oxidative modification rather than complete LDPE biodegradation.
Bacillus diversity, biodeterioration, indigenous bacteria, LDPE, urban soil
Copyright (c) 2026 WAHYU IRAWATI, SERGIO TRISON LIE, GEOFFREY DARRIEN FIDELI, BILLY YOSUA COTANTIN PONGAJOW, JUANDY JO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Endophytic bacteria of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin cv. Tapaktuan) as biocontrol agents against major soil-borne pathogens
Abstract. Suhartono S, Husnah M, Zumaidar Z, Amalia A, Salsabila A, Muliyani A, Achza AN. 2026. Endophytic bacteria of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin cv. Tapaktuan) as biocontrol agents against major soil-borne pathogens. Biodiversitas 27 (5): d270527. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270527. Endophytic bacteria are increasingly recognized as valuable sources of biocontrol agents against soil-borne phytopathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of 23 endophytic bacterial isolates obtained from patchouli (Pogostemon cablin cv. Tapaktuan) against Sclerotium rolfsii, Fusarium oxysporum, and Phytophthora capsici using a dual-culture assay. Antagonistic activity varied markedly among isolates, with inhibition of radial fungal growth ranging from 5.8±0.88% to 73.0±0.49%. Among all the tested isolates, DT-7 consistently exhibited the strongest antifungal activity, suppressing P. capsici, S. rolfsii and F. oxysporum, by 73.0±0.49%, 70.1±1.97% and 66.8±4.89%, respectively, resulting in an overall mean inhibition of 69.9±3.10%. The other two effective isolates included DT-4 and AT-7 (overall mean inhibition: 62.8±6.61% and 61.0±0.40%, respectively). Analysis of organ-associated patterns revealed that inhibition of S. rolfsii was generally higher among root-derived endophytes, whereas F. oxysporum and P. capsici were more effectively suppressed by leaf-derived endophytes. Statistically significant differences among plant organs were detected only for F. oxysporum, with root- and leaf-associated isolates showing higher inhibition than stem-associated isolates (F (2, 20) = 3.756; p = 0.041). Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that isolate DT-7 belonged to the genus Stutzerimonas, closely related to the Stutzerimonas stutzeri group, whereas AT-7 and DT-4 clustered within the Enterobacter genus. The consistent and broad-spectrum antifungal activity of DT-7 suggested its potential as a promising biocontrol candidate as a biological resource for sustainable disease management. In addition, the observed organ-specific inhibition patterns underscored the ecologically structured endophyte-pathogen interactions within patchouli tissues, providing a basis for further mechanistic and greenhouse studies. This study represents an in vitro screening with limited replication (n = 2 plates per treatment), providing a preliminary basis for subsequent greenhouse and field validation.
Antifungal activity, biological control, endophytic bacteria, Fusarium oxysporum, Pogostemon cablin
Copyright (c) 2026 SUHARTONO SUHARTONO, MILDA HUSNAH, ZUMAIDAR ZUMAIDAR, AMALIA AMALIA, ADELIA SALSABILA, ALFI MULIYANI, ARRAYYAN NAJLA ACHZA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparative foliar anatomical traits of the endemic plant Diospyros javanica and its widely distributed relatives
Abstract. Rindyastuti R, Azrianingsih R, Junaedi DI, Damayani J, Arumingtyas EL. 2026. Comparative foliar anatomical traits of the endemic plant Diospyros javanica and its widely distributed relatives. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270112. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270112. Anatomical characteristics may serve as diagnostic indicators that are useful for elucidating the identity of a plant species and its ecological adaptation to environmental changes. This study aimed to examine the foliar anatomical traits of Diospyros javanica, in comparison with its widely distributed relatives, Diospyros cauliflora and Diospyros buxifolia, which are crucial for understanding trait variation, taxonomic position, and environmental adaptation. Plant samples were collected from Purwodadi Botanic Garden, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). Anatomical preparations were made using the paraffin-embedding method. Almost all qualitative variations could act as distinguishing traits among the species. Anatomical traits observed in this study include stomata, cuticle layer, epidermis, intracellular cavity, vascular bundles, sclerenchyma tissue, palisade and spongy mesophyll, supporting elements such as tracheids, mucilage cells, crystal oxalate, and metabolites such as phenolic deposits. Quantitative analysis of stomatal traits showed significant differences for all traits except stomatal density (p=0.18). All anatomical traits of leaf blades are significantly different across the three species, with p value of 0.0. The thinner photosynthetic structures of D. javanica indicate lower growth performance compared to that of its more widely distributed relatives. Research on ecophysiology related to growth rate and biochemical content that support plant adaptation could be conducted in the near future to inform species conservation.
Adaptation, Diospyros javanica, endemic, leaf anatomy, plant traits
Copyright (c) 2026 RIDESTI RINDYASTUTI, RODIYATI AZRIANINGSIH, DECKY INDRAWAN JUNAEDI, JANIS DAMAYANI, ESTRI LARAS ARUMINGTYAS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0