The effects of dietary Eleutherine bulbosa on the growth, leukocyte profile, and digestive enzyme activity of the striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus
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Nugroho RA, Meylianawati, Asokawati OF, Sari YP, Hardi EH. 2018. The effects of dietary Eleutherine bulbosa on the growth, leukocyte profile, and digestive enzymes activity of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Nusantara Bioscience 10: 46-51. This study was conducted to examine the effects of Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb extract (EAE) on the average weekly gain (AWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), digestive enzyme (amylase, lipase, protease) activity, total and differential leukocyte counts, and phagocytosis activity of the striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Four groups of fish with three replicates were fed 15 (P1), 30 (P2), 45 (P3), and 60 (P4) g kg-1of EAE in a basal diet and compared with control (C) fish without EAE at a rate 3% of body weight for 4 weeks. At the end of the trial, the results showed that fish fed EAE above 15 g kg-1 in the diet significantly increased AWG, while SGR, FE, lipase, protease, and neutrophil, and lymphocyte activity were not affected by any dietary concentration of EAE. The diet containing 45 g kg-1 EAE increased amylase activity in the fish while the highest number of leukocytes and phagocytosis activity was found in the fish fed 30 g kg-1 EAE in the diet. These findings suggest that the inclusion of EAE in the diet, in amounts higher than 30 g kg-1, is beneficial in improving amylase, leukocyte and phagocytosis activity of fish.
2019-01-01
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References
Abidin DAZ, Hashim M, Das SK, Rahim SM, Mazlan AG. 2016.
Enzymatic digestion of stomachless fish Zenarchopterus buffonis.
AACL Bioflux 9: 695-703.
Adel M, Abedian Amiri A, Zorriehzahra J, Nematolahi A, Esteban MÃ.
2015. Effects of dietary peppermint (Mentha piperita) on growth
performance, chemical body composition and hematological and
immune parameters of fry Caspian white fish (Rutilus frisii kutum).
Fish Shellfish Immunol 45: 841-847.
Alarcón F, GarcÃa-Carreño F, Del Toro MN. 2001. Effect of plant protease
inhibitors on digestive proteases in two fish species, Lutjanus
argentiventris and L. novemfasciatus. Fish Physiol Biochem 24: 179-
189.
Babak N, Reza M, Ali S. 2012. Effects of anthraquinone extract from
Rheum palmatum on growth indices of Rutilus frisii kutum. African J
Anim Biomed Sci 7: 123-132.
Ballarin L, Dall'Oro M, Bertotto D, Libertini A, Francescon A, Barbaro A.
2004. Haematological parameters in Umbrina cirrosa (Teleostei,
Sciaenidae): a comparison between diploid and triploid specimens.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 138: 45-51.
Baloi M, de Carvalho CVA, Sterzelecki FC, Passini G, Cerqueira VR.
2016. Effects of feeding frequency on growth, feed efficiency and
body composition of juveniles Brazilian sardine, Sardinella
brasiliensis (Steindacher 1879). Aquacult. Res 47: 554-560.
Bennani N, Schmid-Alliana A, Lafaurie M. 1995. Evaluation of
phagocytic activity in a teleost fish, Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish
Shellfish Immunol 5: 237-246.
Bergmeyer H-U. 2012. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Elsevier, The
Nederlands.
Bernfeld P. 1955. Amylases, alpha, and beta. Meth Enzymol 1: 149-158.
Biesiot PM, Capuzzo JM. 1990. Digestive protease, lipase and amylase
activities in stage I larvae of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 95: 47-54.
Cai Z, Li W, Mai K, Xu W, Zhang Y, Ai Q. 2015. Effects of dietary sizefractionated fish hydrolysates on growth, activities of digestive
enzymes and aminotransferases and expression of some protein
metabolism related genes in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys
crocea) larvae. Aquaculture 440: 40-47.
CBI. 2015. CBI product factsheet: Pangasius in Europe. Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, CBI Market Intelligence, Netherland.
Chakrabarti R. 2005. Stimulation of immunity in Indian major carp Catla
catla with herbal feed ingredients. Fish Shellfish Immunol 18: 327-
334.
Chakraborty SB, Horn P, Hancz C. 2014. Application of phytochemicals
as growth-promoters and endocrine modulators in fish culture. Rev
Aquacult 6: 1-19.
Chi C, Giri SS, Jun JW, Kim HJ, Yun S, Kim SG, Park SC. 2016.
Immunomodulatory effects of bioactive compound isolated from
Dryopteris crassirhizoma on the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella.
J Immunol Res 2016: 10.
Cho C. 1987. La energÃa en la nutrición de los peces. NutricÃon en
Acuicultura 2: 197-243.
Ciardullo S, Aureli F, Coni E, Guandalini E, Iosi F, Raggi A, Rufo G,
Cubadda F. 2008. Bioaccumulation potential of dietary arsenic,
cadmium, lead, mercury, and selenium in organs and tissues of
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a function of fish growth. J
Agric Food Chem 56: 2442-2451.
Citarasu T. 2010. Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture
industry. Aquacult Intl 18: 403-414.
Couto A, Barroso C, Guerreiro I, Pousão-Ferreira P, Matos E, Peres H,
Oliva-Teles A, Enes P. 2016. Carob seed germ meal in diets for
meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles: Growth, digestive enzymes,
intermediary metabolism, liver and gut histology. Aquaculture 451:
396-404.
Devi KN, Dhayanithi NB, Kumar TTA, Balasundaram C, Harikrishnan R.
2016. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of partially purified herbal extracts
against bacterial fish pathogens. Aquaculture 458: 121-133.
Dorojan OGV, Cristea V, Creţu M, Coadă M, Dediu L, Grecu IR, Plă cintă
S. 2015. Effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and vitamin E on growth
performance and body composition of Acipenser stellatus juveniles.
AACL Bioflux 8 (2): 195-202.
Goda AMAS. 2008. Effect of dietary ginseng herb (Ginsana® G115)
supplementation on growth, feed utilization, and hematological
indices of nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), fingerlings. J
World Aquacult Soc 39: 205-214.
Guimarães CFM, Mársico ET, Monteiro MLG, Lemos M, Mano SB,
Conte Junior CA. 2016. The chemical quality of frozen Vietnamese
Pangasius hypophthalmus fillets. Food Sci Nutr 4: 398-408.
Güroy B, Mantoğlu S, Merrifield DL, Guroy D. 2016. Effects of dietary
nutrafito plus on growth, haemotological parameters and total
ammonia-nitrogen excretion of juvenile striped catfish
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Aquacult Res 47: 1770-1777.
Hartree EF. 1972. Determination of protein: a modification of the Lowry
method that gives a linear photometric response. Ann Biochem 48:
422-427.
Haugland GT, Jakobsen RA, Vestvik N, Ulven K, Stokka L, Wergeland
HI. 2012. Phagocytosis and respiratory burst activity in lumpsucker
(Cyclopterus lumpus L.) leukocytes analysed by flow cytometry.
PLoS ONE 7 (10): e47909. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047909.
Hernández AJ, Romero A, Gonzalez-Stegmaier R, Dantagnan P. 2016.
The effects of supplemented diets with a phytopharmaceutical
preparation from herbal and macroalgal origin on disease resistance in
rainbow trout against Piscirickettsia salmonis. Aquaculture 454: 109-
117.
Hien TTT, Phu TM, Tu TLC, Tien NV, Duc PM, Bengtson DA. 2016.
Effects of replacing fish meal with soya protein concentrate on
growth, feed efficiency and digestibility in diets for snakehead,
Channa striata. World Aquacult 5: 674-674.
Ieyama T, Gunawan-Puteri MDPT, Kawabata J. 2011. α-Glucosidase
inhibitors from the bulb of Eleutherine americana. Food Chem 128:
308-311.
Ifesan BOT, Joycharat N, Voravuthikunchai SP. 2009. The mode of
antistaphylococcal action of Eleutherine americana. FEMS Immunol
Med Microbiol 57: 193-201.
Insanu M, Kusmardiyani S, Hartati R. 2014. Recent studies on
phytochemicals and pharmacological effects of Eleutherine
americana Merr. Procedia Chem 13: 221-228.
Jiang J, Feng L, Tang L, Liu Y, Jiang W, Zhou X. 2015. Growth rate,
body composition, digestive enzymes and transaminase activities, and
plasma ammonia concentration of different weight Jian carp
(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Anim. Nutr 1: 373-377.
Jiang J, Wu X-Y, Zhou X-Q, Feng L, Liu Y, Jiang W-D, Wu P, Zhao Y.
2016. Effects of dietary curcumin supplementation on growth
performance, intestinal digestive enzyme activities and antioxidant
capacity of crucian carp Carassius auratus. Aquaculture 463: 174-
180.
Kumar S, Prakash C, Gupta SK, Chadha NK, Jain KK, Ghughuskar MM,
Pandey PK. 2015. Effects of dietary anthraquinone extract on growth,
metabolic and haemato-immunological responses of Cirrhinus
mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings. PNAS India Sec B: Biol. Sci:
1-10.
Kuntorini EM, Dewi M, Misrina. 2016. Anatomical structure and
antioxidant activity of red bulb plant (Eleutherine americana) on
different plant age. Biodiversitas 17: 229-233.
Kuz’mina V. 2014. Effect of macrophytes on the activity of digestive
enzymes in fish intestinal mucosa. Inland Water Biology 7: 82-87.
Linfield WM, Barauskas RA, Sivieri L, Serota S, Stevenson RW. 1984.
Enzymatic fat hydrolysis and synthesis. J Amer Oil Chem Soc 61:
191-195.
Liu B, Xie J, Ge X, Xu P, Wang A, He Y, Zhou Q, Pan L, Chen R. 2010.
Effects of anthraquinone extract from Rheum officinale Bail on the
growth performance and physiological responses of Macrobrachium
rosenbergii under high-temperature stress. Fish Shellfish Immunol
29: 49-57.
Lyu SY, Park WB. 2005. Production of cytokine and NO by RAW 264.7
macrophages and PBMC in vitro incubation with flavonoids. Arch
Pharmacal Res 28: 573-581.
Michael R, Quinn C, Venkatalakshmi S. 1998. Modulation of humoral
immune response by ascorbic acid in Oreochromis mossambicus
(Peters). Indian J Exp Biol 36: 1038-1040.
Nair MPN, Kandaswami C, Mahajan S, Chadha KC, Chawda R, Nair H,
Kumar N, Nair RE, Schwartz SA. 2002. The flavonoid, quercetin,
differentially regulates Th-1 (IFNγ) and Th-2 (IL4) cytokine gene
expression by normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochimica
et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Mol Cell Res 1593: 29-36.
Nugroho RA, Fotedar R. 2015. Effects of dietary organic selenium on
immune responses, total selenium accumulation and digestive system
health of marron, Cherax cainii (Austin, 2002). Aquacult. Res 46:
1657-1667.
Ojha M, Chadha N, Saini V, Damroy S, Chandraprakash S. 2014. Effect
of ethanolic extract of Mucuna pruriens on growth, metabolism and
immunity of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings. Intl J Fauna
Biol Study 5: 01-09.
Phan LT, Bui TM, Nguyen TTT, Gooley GJ, Ingram BA, Nguyen HV,
Nguyen PT, De Silva SS. 2009. Current status of farming practices of
striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in the Mekong Delta,
Vietnam. Aquaculture 296: 227-236.
Platel K, Srinivasan K. 2000. Influence of dietary spices and their active
principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats.
Food/Nahrung 44: 42-46.
Rahimi-Yadkoori N, Zanguee N, Mousavi SM, Zakeri M. 2015. Effects of
ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract on digestive enzymes and liver
activity of Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi fingerlings. J Persian Gulf 6:
1-10.
Saralamp P, Chuakul W, Temsiririrkkul R, Clayton T. 1996. Medicinal
Plants in Thailand. Amarin Printing and Publishing,, Bangkok.
Subeenabegum S, Navaraj P. 2016. Studies on the immunostimulatory
effect of extract of Solanum trilobatum and Ocimum sanctum in
Mystus keletius. Intl J Fish Aquat Res 4: 376-381.
Thanikachalam K, Kasi M, Rathinam X. 2010. Effect of garlic peel on
growth, hematological parameters and disease resistance against
Aeromonas hydrophila in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Bloch)
fingerlings. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 3: 614-618.
Van Hai N. 2015. The use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants in
aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture 446: 88-96.
Xie J, Liu B, Zhou Q, Su Y, He Y, Pan L, Ge X, Xu P. 2008. Effects of
anthraquinone extract from rhubarb Rheum officinale Bail on the
crowding stress response and growth of common carp Cyprinus
carpio var. Jian. Aquaculture 281: 5-11.
Enzymatic digestion of stomachless fish Zenarchopterus buffonis.
AACL Bioflux 9: 695-703.
Adel M, Abedian Amiri A, Zorriehzahra J, Nematolahi A, Esteban MÃ.
2015. Effects of dietary peppermint (Mentha piperita) on growth
performance, chemical body composition and hematological and
immune parameters of fry Caspian white fish (Rutilus frisii kutum).
Fish Shellfish Immunol 45: 841-847.
Alarcón F, GarcÃa-Carreño F, Del Toro MN. 2001. Effect of plant protease
inhibitors on digestive proteases in two fish species, Lutjanus
argentiventris and L. novemfasciatus. Fish Physiol Biochem 24: 179-
189.
Babak N, Reza M, Ali S. 2012. Effects of anthraquinone extract from
Rheum palmatum on growth indices of Rutilus frisii kutum. African J
Anim Biomed Sci 7: 123-132.
Ballarin L, Dall'Oro M, Bertotto D, Libertini A, Francescon A, Barbaro A.
2004. Haematological parameters in Umbrina cirrosa (Teleostei,
Sciaenidae): a comparison between diploid and triploid specimens.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 138: 45-51.
Baloi M, de Carvalho CVA, Sterzelecki FC, Passini G, Cerqueira VR.
2016. Effects of feeding frequency on growth, feed efficiency and
body composition of juveniles Brazilian sardine, Sardinella
brasiliensis (Steindacher 1879). Aquacult. Res 47: 554-560.
Bennani N, Schmid-Alliana A, Lafaurie M. 1995. Evaluation of
phagocytic activity in a teleost fish, Dicentrarchus labrax. Fish
Shellfish Immunol 5: 237-246.
Bergmeyer H-U. 2012. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Elsevier, The
Nederlands.
Bernfeld P. 1955. Amylases, alpha, and beta. Meth Enzymol 1: 149-158.
Biesiot PM, Capuzzo JM. 1990. Digestive protease, lipase and amylase
activities in stage I larvae of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 95: 47-54.
Cai Z, Li W, Mai K, Xu W, Zhang Y, Ai Q. 2015. Effects of dietary sizefractionated fish hydrolysates on growth, activities of digestive
enzymes and aminotransferases and expression of some protein
metabolism related genes in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys
crocea) larvae. Aquaculture 440: 40-47.
CBI. 2015. CBI product factsheet: Pangasius in Europe. Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, CBI Market Intelligence, Netherland.
Chakrabarti R. 2005. Stimulation of immunity in Indian major carp Catla
catla with herbal feed ingredients. Fish Shellfish Immunol 18: 327-
334.
Chakraborty SB, Horn P, Hancz C. 2014. Application of phytochemicals
as growth-promoters and endocrine modulators in fish culture. Rev
Aquacult 6: 1-19.
Chi C, Giri SS, Jun JW, Kim HJ, Yun S, Kim SG, Park SC. 2016.
Immunomodulatory effects of bioactive compound isolated from
Dryopteris crassirhizoma on the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella.
J Immunol Res 2016: 10.
Cho C. 1987. La energÃa en la nutrición de los peces. NutricÃon en
Acuicultura 2: 197-243.
Ciardullo S, Aureli F, Coni E, Guandalini E, Iosi F, Raggi A, Rufo G,
Cubadda F. 2008. Bioaccumulation potential of dietary arsenic,
cadmium, lead, mercury, and selenium in organs and tissues of
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a function of fish growth. J
Agric Food Chem 56: 2442-2451.
Citarasu T. 2010. Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture
industry. Aquacult Intl 18: 403-414.
Couto A, Barroso C, Guerreiro I, Pousão-Ferreira P, Matos E, Peres H,
Oliva-Teles A, Enes P. 2016. Carob seed germ meal in diets for
meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles: Growth, digestive enzymes,
intermediary metabolism, liver and gut histology. Aquaculture 451:
396-404.
Devi KN, Dhayanithi NB, Kumar TTA, Balasundaram C, Harikrishnan R.
2016. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of partially purified herbal extracts
against bacterial fish pathogens. Aquaculture 458: 121-133.
Dorojan OGV, Cristea V, Creţu M, Coadă M, Dediu L, Grecu IR, Plă cintă
S. 2015. Effect of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and vitamin E on growth
performance and body composition of Acipenser stellatus juveniles.
AACL Bioflux 8 (2): 195-202.
Goda AMAS. 2008. Effect of dietary ginseng herb (Ginsana® G115)
supplementation on growth, feed utilization, and hematological
indices of nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), fingerlings. J
World Aquacult Soc 39: 205-214.
Guimarães CFM, Mársico ET, Monteiro MLG, Lemos M, Mano SB,
Conte Junior CA. 2016. The chemical quality of frozen Vietnamese
Pangasius hypophthalmus fillets. Food Sci Nutr 4: 398-408.
Güroy B, Mantoğlu S, Merrifield DL, Guroy D. 2016. Effects of dietary
nutrafito plus on growth, haemotological parameters and total
ammonia-nitrogen excretion of juvenile striped catfish
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Aquacult Res 47: 1770-1777.
Hartree EF. 1972. Determination of protein: a modification of the Lowry
method that gives a linear photometric response. Ann Biochem 48:
422-427.
Haugland GT, Jakobsen RA, Vestvik N, Ulven K, Stokka L, Wergeland
HI. 2012. Phagocytosis and respiratory burst activity in lumpsucker
(Cyclopterus lumpus L.) leukocytes analysed by flow cytometry.
PLoS ONE 7 (10): e47909. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047909.
Hernández AJ, Romero A, Gonzalez-Stegmaier R, Dantagnan P. 2016.
The effects of supplemented diets with a phytopharmaceutical
preparation from herbal and macroalgal origin on disease resistance in
rainbow trout against Piscirickettsia salmonis. Aquaculture 454: 109-
117.
Hien TTT, Phu TM, Tu TLC, Tien NV, Duc PM, Bengtson DA. 2016.
Effects of replacing fish meal with soya protein concentrate on
growth, feed efficiency and digestibility in diets for snakehead,
Channa striata. World Aquacult 5: 674-674.
Ieyama T, Gunawan-Puteri MDPT, Kawabata J. 2011. α-Glucosidase
inhibitors from the bulb of Eleutherine americana. Food Chem 128:
308-311.
Ifesan BOT, Joycharat N, Voravuthikunchai SP. 2009. The mode of
antistaphylococcal action of Eleutherine americana. FEMS Immunol
Med Microbiol 57: 193-201.
Insanu M, Kusmardiyani S, Hartati R. 2014. Recent studies on
phytochemicals and pharmacological effects of Eleutherine
americana Merr. Procedia Chem 13: 221-228.
Jiang J, Feng L, Tang L, Liu Y, Jiang W, Zhou X. 2015. Growth rate,
body composition, digestive enzymes and transaminase activities, and
plasma ammonia concentration of different weight Jian carp
(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Anim. Nutr 1: 373-377.
Jiang J, Wu X-Y, Zhou X-Q, Feng L, Liu Y, Jiang W-D, Wu P, Zhao Y.
2016. Effects of dietary curcumin supplementation on growth
performance, intestinal digestive enzyme activities and antioxidant
capacity of crucian carp Carassius auratus. Aquaculture 463: 174-
180.
Kumar S, Prakash C, Gupta SK, Chadha NK, Jain KK, Ghughuskar MM,
Pandey PK. 2015. Effects of dietary anthraquinone extract on growth,
metabolic and haemato-immunological responses of Cirrhinus
mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings. PNAS India Sec B: Biol. Sci:
1-10.
Kuntorini EM, Dewi M, Misrina. 2016. Anatomical structure and
antioxidant activity of red bulb plant (Eleutherine americana) on
different plant age. Biodiversitas 17: 229-233.
Kuz’mina V. 2014. Effect of macrophytes on the activity of digestive
enzymes in fish intestinal mucosa. Inland Water Biology 7: 82-87.
Linfield WM, Barauskas RA, Sivieri L, Serota S, Stevenson RW. 1984.
Enzymatic fat hydrolysis and synthesis. J Amer Oil Chem Soc 61:
191-195.
Liu B, Xie J, Ge X, Xu P, Wang A, He Y, Zhou Q, Pan L, Chen R. 2010.
Effects of anthraquinone extract from Rheum officinale Bail on the
growth performance and physiological responses of Macrobrachium
rosenbergii under high-temperature stress. Fish Shellfish Immunol
29: 49-57.
Lyu SY, Park WB. 2005. Production of cytokine and NO by RAW 264.7
macrophages and PBMC in vitro incubation with flavonoids. Arch
Pharmacal Res 28: 573-581.
Michael R, Quinn C, Venkatalakshmi S. 1998. Modulation of humoral
immune response by ascorbic acid in Oreochromis mossambicus
(Peters). Indian J Exp Biol 36: 1038-1040.
Nair MPN, Kandaswami C, Mahajan S, Chadha KC, Chawda R, Nair H,
Kumar N, Nair RE, Schwartz SA. 2002. The flavonoid, quercetin,
differentially regulates Th-1 (IFNγ) and Th-2 (IL4) cytokine gene
expression by normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochimica
et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Mol Cell Res 1593: 29-36.
Nugroho RA, Fotedar R. 2015. Effects of dietary organic selenium on
immune responses, total selenium accumulation and digestive system
health of marron, Cherax cainii (Austin, 2002). Aquacult. Res 46:
1657-1667.
Ojha M, Chadha N, Saini V, Damroy S, Chandraprakash S. 2014. Effect
of ethanolic extract of Mucuna pruriens on growth, metabolism and
immunity of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings. Intl J Fauna
Biol Study 5: 01-09.
Phan LT, Bui TM, Nguyen TTT, Gooley GJ, Ingram BA, Nguyen HV,
Nguyen PT, De Silva SS. 2009. Current status of farming practices of
striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in the Mekong Delta,
Vietnam. Aquaculture 296: 227-236.
Platel K, Srinivasan K. 2000. Influence of dietary spices and their active
principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats.
Food/Nahrung 44: 42-46.
Rahimi-Yadkoori N, Zanguee N, Mousavi SM, Zakeri M. 2015. Effects of
ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract on digestive enzymes and liver
activity of Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi fingerlings. J Persian Gulf 6:
1-10.
Saralamp P, Chuakul W, Temsiririrkkul R, Clayton T. 1996. Medicinal
Plants in Thailand. Amarin Printing and Publishing,, Bangkok.
Subeenabegum S, Navaraj P. 2016. Studies on the immunostimulatory
effect of extract of Solanum trilobatum and Ocimum sanctum in
Mystus keletius. Intl J Fish Aquat Res 4: 376-381.
Thanikachalam K, Kasi M, Rathinam X. 2010. Effect of garlic peel on
growth, hematological parameters and disease resistance against
Aeromonas hydrophila in African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Bloch)
fingerlings. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 3: 614-618.
Van Hai N. 2015. The use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants in
aquaculture: A review. Aquaculture 446: 88-96.
Xie J, Liu B, Zhou Q, Su Y, He Y, Pan L, Ge X, Xu P. 2008. Effects of
anthraquinone extract from rhubarb Rheum officinale Bail on the
crowding stress response and growth of common carp Cyprinus
carpio var. Jian. Aquaculture 281: 5-11.