Nusantara Bioscience (Nusantara Biosci) encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all aspects of biological sciences that emphasize issues germane to biological and nature conservation. ESCI Web of Science Core Collection
Climatic and elevational drivers of Selaginella species richness in Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Setyawan AD, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Sulton MN. 2026. Climatic and elevational drivers of Selaginella species richness in Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 18 (1): n180106. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n180106. Understanding environmental factors that shape species richness patterns, yet the determinants of Selaginella diversity in Java, Indonesia, remain poorly understood. Selaginella, an ancient lycophyte genus widely distributed in tropical regions, is highly sensitive to environmental conditions, particularly moisture availability and temperature. This study examined the relationships between Selaginella species richness and elevational and climatic gradients across Java, Indonesia. A total of 1,962 occurrence records representing 21 identified species and one unidentified taxon were compiled from field surveys, herbarium collections, and verified biodiversity databases. Species richness was estimated using a 0.25° × 0.25° grid system and spatially visualized through Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation. The influence of elevation, Annual Mean Temperature, Annual Mean Precipitation, Annual Mean Solar Radiation, and Annual Mean Moisture Index on species richness was evaluated using polynomial regression, Pearson correlation analysis, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Species richness showed pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with hotspots concentrated in the humid montane regions of West Java. Richness exhibited nonlinear relationships with all environmental variables and peaked at intermediate elevations. Annual Mean Moisture Index (R² = 0.616) and Annual Mean Precipitation (R² = 0.527) were the variables most strongly associated with species richness, whereas Annual Mean Temperature and solar radiation showed negative relationships. Correlation and PCA results further indicated that moisture availability is closely linked to richness patterns, while elevation influences richness indirectly through its effects on local climatic conditions. These findings demonstrate that humid submontane and montane environments are critical for maintaining Selaginella diversity in Java and highlight the importance of conserving climatically suitable habitats under future environmental change.
Climatic gradients, elevation, Java Island, species richness, Selaginella
Copyright (c) 2026 AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN, SUTARNO, SUGIYARTO, SUNARTO, MUHAMMAD NUR SULTON https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Prediction of potential climate change impacts on the geographic distribution shift of Selaginella kraussiana and S. uncinata in East, South and Southeast Asia
Abstract. Setyawan AD, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Nursamsi I, Sulton MN, Nugroho GD. 2026. Prediction of potential climate change impacts on the geographic distribution shift of Selaginella kraussiana and S. uncinata in East, South and Southeast Asia. Nusantara Bioscience 18 (1): n180105. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n180105. Climate change is increasingly altering the geographic distribution of invasive plant species, yet comparative assessments of closely related invasive taxa remain limited. This study evaluated the potential impacts of climate change on the future distribution of two invasive lycophytes, Selaginella kraussiana and S. uncinata, across East, South, and Southeast Asia. Species distribution models were developed using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm based on occurrence records compiled from GBIF, field observations, and published literature. The models incorporated 15 environmental variables representing bioclimatic, edaphic, UVB-radiation, and topographic factors. Future habitat suitability was projected for 2030, 2050, and 2080 under four Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5). Model performance was high for both species, with AUC values of 0.935 for S. kraussiana and 0.966 for S. uncinata, indicating excellent predictive accuracy. Environmental controls differed markedly between the species. Selaginella kraussiana was primarily associated with temperature-related variables, particularly the minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio_6), whereas S. uncinata was more strongly associated with annual precipitation (bio_12) and other moisture-related variables. Future projections indicated substantial habitat expansion for S. kraussiana, with total suitable habitat increasing from 11.47 × 10⁶ km² under current conditions to 16.43 × 10⁶ km² under RCP 8.5 by 2080. Expansion was projected mainly into higher-latitude and higher-elevation subtropical and temperate regions. In contrast, S. uncinata exhibited relatively stable distribution patterns, with total suitable habitat changing only slightly from 2.95 × 10⁶ km² to 3.04 × 10⁶ km² across future climate scenarios. These findings suggest that S. kraussiana may experience a greater climate-driven increase in invasion potential than S. uncinata and demonstrate the value of integrating species distribution modeling with ecological interpretation to support invasion-risk assessment, early detection, and climate-adaptive management of invasive lycophytes in Asia.
Climate change, invasive alien species, MaxEnt, Selaginella kraussiana, Selaginella uncinata
Copyright (c) 2025 AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN, SUTARNO, SUGIYARTO, SUNARTO, ILYAS NURSAMSI, MUHAMMAD NUR SULTON, GILANG DWI NUGROHO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Short Communication: Exploratory AFLP-based genetic structuring among selected Selaginella species from Indonesia
Abstract. Setyawan AD, Chikmawati T, Miftahudin, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto. 2025. Short Communication: Exploratory AFLP-based genetic structuring among selected Selaginella species from Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17 (2): 375-386. Selaginella is one of the oldest groups of living vascular plants and helps us understand how early land plants evolved and diversified. Despite its ecological and morphological diversity, molecular data remain limited for many tropical species. This study presents an exploratory assessment of multilocus genetic structuring among selected Selaginella species using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. AFLP profiles were generated using four selective primer combinations, producing a total of 248 polymorphic fragments. Genetic similarity among species was quantified using Jaccard’s coefficient, and patterns of multilocus resemblance were examined through UPGMA clustering and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Pairwise similarity values ranged from 0.59 to 1.00, indicating a continuum of genetic differentiation rather than sharply delimited genetic groups. UPGMA clustering and PCoA revealed two broad species assemblages and substantial variation in multilocus genetic similarity among the analyzed taxa. The clustering pattern showed partial correspondence with major growth-form categories, with predominantly creeping to ascending species grouped separately from taxa exhibiting a cypress-like habit together with S. ornata. At the same time, several morphologically distinct species exhibited relatively high AFLP similarity, highlighting both congruence and incongruence between molecular and morphological patterns. Because the final comparative analyses were based on representative AFLP profiles for each species, the results should be regarded as an exploratory overview of interspecific multilocus differentiation rather than an assessment of intraspecific variation. Although AFLP markers do not permit direct phylogenetic inference, the findings provide a useful molecular baseline for future studies employing broader sampling and sequence-based or genomic approaches. Our findings demonstrate the value of integrating multilocus AFLP data with morphological evidence to better understand genetic structuring and species relationships in Selaginella. Although exploratory in nature, this study provides a useful molecular baseline for future sequence-based and genomic investigations.
AFLP, genetic structuring, plant systematics, Selaginella, vascular plants
Copyright (c) 2025 AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN, TATIK CHIKMAWATI, MIFTAHUDIN, SUTARNO, SUGIYARTO, SUNARTO, YULITA KUSUMADEWI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Notes on Gymnopetalum (Cucurbitaceae) from the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia
Abstract. Pratami MP, Santika Y, Rugayah. 2026. Notes on Gymnopetalum (Cucurbitaceae) from the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 18 (1): n180101. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n180101. Four species of Gymnopetalum (G. chinensis, G. orientale, G. scabrum, and G. pectinatum) have been reported for the Malesian Region, all of which can be found in the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. The genus is closely related to Trichosanthes, and one species, G. orientale, morphologically resembles T. quinquangulata. Moreover, molecular data place Gymnopetalum as a section of Trichosanthes (=Trichosanthes sect. Tripodanthera). In this study, morphology and leaf anatomy observation have been conducted on BO collections of Gymnopetalum from the Lesser Sunda Islands. Anatomical observation of leaf paradermal sections follows the method of Sass and Cutler. An unidentified specimen collected from Lombok (Kahono, Nakano, and Abbas 2005-36) resembles G. orientale in floral characters but differs in leaf shape. Anatomical data support morphological data that the specimen is similar to G. orientale in epidermis characters. They have the same epidermis cell shape i.e. irregularly shaped with shallowly sinuous anticlinal walls, but differ in size only, G. orientale has epidermal cell sizes of 19-24.80 × 12.40-14.88 µm (upper) and 19.84-21.32 × 12.40-14.88 µm (lower), whereas the Kahono Nakano, Abbas 2005-36 specimen has epidermal cell sizes of 27.28-29.76 × 14.88-17.36 µm (upper) and 24.80-27.28 × 17.36-19.84 µm (lower). These differences fall within morphological variation and support the identification of the Lombok material as G. orientale. The anatomical evidence corroborates previous morphological and molecular studies, indicating intermediate characters between G. orientale and T. quinquangulata, reinforcing the close evolutionary relationship between the two genera. This study contributes additional morphological and anatomical data supporting the phylogenetic placement of Gymnopetalum within Trichosanthes.
Anatomy, Gymnopetalum, Lesser Sunda Islands, morphology, Trichosanthes
Copyright (c) 2026 MENTARI PUTRI PRATAMI, YESSI SANTIKA, RUGAYAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Short Communication: Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Chlorella sorokiniana cultured in tofu wastewater
Abstract. Mursandi H, Susanty D, Nurhayati L, Okasari AA. 2022. Short Communication: Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Chlorella sorokiniana cultured in tofu wastewater. Nusantara Bioscience 14: 155-159. Microalgae are microorganisms that grow quickly and produce secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity. Antioxidants of microalgae can be utilized in various aspects such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, supplements, and feed. Microalgae utilization will be more profitable if the microalgae can be cultured on waste media. This study aims to determine the concentration of a suitable medium for the growth of Chlorella sorokiniana Shihira & R.W.Krauss, total flavonoids, total phenolics, and the potential of ethanolic extract of C. sorokiniana as an antioxidant. This study cultured the microalgae C. sorokiniana on tofu liquid waste media at various concentrations (15, 20, 25, and 30%). The growth of C. sorokiniana on the media was observed using a spectrophotometer at 680 nm wavelength. C. sorokiniana biomass was collected on the 7th day. The biomass was extracted using ethanol as a solvent. Phytochemical analysis was performed using the standard method, Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were conducted to determine the IC50 value. The results showed that the best growth of C. sorokiniana was on TLW media at a concentration of 30%. The ethanolic extract of C. sorokiniana showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. The total phenolic content in the ethanolic extract of C. sorokiniana was 18.39 ± 0.29 mgGAE/g, and the total flavonoid content was 31.93 ± 5,60 mgQE/g. The IC50 of the ethanolic extract of C. sorokiniana was 288.95 mg/L, which shows this extract has a potent antioxidant.
Antioxidant, C. sorokiniana, flavonoid, phenolic
Invasion dynamics and elevational range expansion of insects in tropical agricultural landscapes of Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Rahmadhani SE, Salsabila S, Andrianto R, Rosyida SH, Ainia Q, Dewangga A, Setyawan D. 2025. Invasion dynamics and elevational range expansion of insects in tropical agricultural landscapes of Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 355-374. Biological invasions in tropical mountain agroecosystems are increasingly reported, yet the processes driving elevational range expansion of invasive insects remain poorly understood. This study examined invasion dynamics and elevational range expansion of insects across a gradient of lowland to highland agricultural landscapes in Wonosobo District, Central Java, Indonesia. Using a targeted sampling approach, we quantified invasion intensity with the Relative Invasiveness Index (RII) and elevational expansion with the Altitudinal Expansion Index (AEI). Functional feeding group composition and environmental drivers were further analyzed to evaluate invasion-related community reorganization. A total of 692 insect individuals were recorded, of which 295 individuals (42.6%) belonged to nine invasive or potentially invasive taxa. RII values were lowest at lowland (13.2%), highest at mid-elevation (53.6%), and moderately high at highland sites (48.7%). In contrast, AEI was only positive in highland systems (mean AEI = 45.7%; range: 38.7-59.6%), where upslope expansion was detected in saprophagous Diptera, with Leucostoma simplex showing the highest elevational shift (up to 856 m above historically documented limits). Functional composition shifted from herbivore-dominated assemblages at low elevation to predator-dominated at mid-elevation and saprophage-detritivore-dominated at high elevation, indicating functional homogenization under increasing invasion pressure. Canonical Correspondence Analysis revealed that elevation and light intensity were the primary drivers of upslope expansion, while temperature and wind exposure influenced invasion dominance. These findings demonstrate that elevational gradients in tropical agricultural landscapes function as invasion filters rather than biodiversity gradients, with mid-elevation systems acting as transitional invasion hotspots and highland systems representing high-risk zones for invasion-driven functional simplification. The study highlights the need for elevation-specific invasion risk zoning and early intervention strategies to mitigate emerging invasion threats in tropical mountain agroecosystems.
Biological invasion, elevational gradient, functional homogenization, invasive insects, tropical agriculture
Functional guild complementarity and morphological filtering in Annonaceae seed dispersal within a managed tropical garden
Abstract. Handayani T, Wawangningrum H, Yuzammi, Efendi M, Yulistyarini T. 2026. Functional guild complementarity and morphological filtering in Annonaceae seed dispersal within a managed tropical garden. Nusantara Bioscience 18 (1): n180103. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n180103. Understanding the mechanisms that structure plant-frugivore interactions in managed ex situ environments is essential for maintaining Seed Dispersal Effectiveness (SDE), genetic diversity, and long-term plant persistence. This study assessed the possible morphological filtering effect of Annonaceae fruit and seed traits on four co-existing frugivore guilds (birds, bats, squirrels, and civets) in the protected environment of the Bogor Botanical Gardens (BBG), Indonesia. To ensure a comprehensive dataset, we performed detailed morphological measurements and conducted twice-weekly observations across 22 Annonaceae species to identify fruit consumption patterns. We recorded fruit color, size, and shape, and statistically tested the classical morphological filtering hypothesis using Chi-Square, ANOVA, and Spearman correlation analyses. Our results showed a generally generalist interaction system, with the apocarpous fruit type being the most prevalent (12 species). The morphological specialization hypothesis was rejected, as fruit and seed size dimensions did not significantly correlate with specific visitor guilds (χ² = 9.793, df = 18, P = 0.938). Spearman’s rank correlation confirmed strong internal morphological constraints within the fruit (ρ > 0.70, P < 0.05), while no external ecological filtering regarding animal attraction was detected (ρ > 0.70, P > 0.05). This pattern indicates that frugivores in these managed collections exhibit high behavioral flexibility, utilizing a broad range of resources regardless of specific morphological traits. Despite this lack of strict matching, SDE is maintained through functional guild complementarity: bats act as long-distance dispersal specialists, while civets provide niche coverage for the largest fruits. However, the aggregated seed clumps deposited by civets remain a concern for recruitment. These findings show that generalist interactions, supported by complementary guild functions, underpin effective seed dispersal. Conserving the full frugivore assemblage is therefore critical to sustaining ecological processes in botanical gardens and should directly inform faunal management strategies.
Annonaceae, Bogor Botanical Gardens, frugivory, morphology, Seed Dispersal Effectiveness (SDE)
Copyright (c) 2026 TRI HANDAYANI, HARY WAWANGNINGRUM, MUHAMMAD EFENDI, YUZAMMI, TITUT YULISTYARINI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Updated information on qualitative leaf anatomical characters of Eusideroxylon zwageri from East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abstract. Dewi AP, Wulansari TYI, Senjaya SK, Arifiani D, Wanda IF, Lisnawati Y, Sunardi, Prawestri AD, Martiansyah I, Evana, Satrio RD, Hartono AMNK, Suyoko, Yuswandi AY, Syukur M, Sari DK, Rasyl CA. 2025. Updated information on qualitative leaf anatomical characters of Eusideroxylon zwageri from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 322-336. Eusideroxylon zwageri, the sole species of its genus (Eusideroxylon) and one of the most economically and culturally significant timbers of Borneo known as Bornean ironwood or “kayu ulin”, has been extensively studied for its ecology, genetics, and conservation, yet its foliar anatomy remains poorly documented. This study provides an updated qualitative assessment of leaf anatomical characters of E. zwageri based on 66 accessions representing five subpopulations in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Transverse and paradermal sections of the lamina, midrib, and petiole were prepared following standard microtechnique procedures, and 37 anatomical traits were recorded. The results showed that most foliar anatomical features of E. zwageri are consistent with the Lauraceae family. A single character appears diagnostic for E. zwageri—osteosclereids present in the mesophyll of the lamina. Several anatomical features of E. zwageri indicate functional adaptation, including superficial stomata (related to efficient CO2 intake), sclereids (contributing to the hardness and durability of the wood), oil cell distribution (which helps prevent pest attacks), suggesting functional adaptations related to gas exchange efficiency, mechanical reinforcement, and defense against herbivory. Nevertheless, understanding pronounced lignification of sclerenchyma and sclereids may constrain regeneration, posing challenges for conservation. These updated anatomical data provide a foundation for future taxonomic, ecological, and conservation research, particularly in developing propagation strategies to support large-scale restoration of this Vulnerable species.
Anatomical markers, conservation, Lauraceae, sclereids, taxonomy
Diversity of urban street tree communities in Semarang District, Indonesia
Abstract. Madjid AA, Wulandari AA, Dzihni A, Simanjuntak MPD, Chairunisa S, Dewangga A, Himawan W, Buot Jr IE, Setyawan AD. 2025. Diversity of urban street tree communities in Semarang District, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 337-353. Roadside vegetation plays an important role in maintaining ecological functions, microclimate regulation, and environmental quality in rapidly urbanizing tropical landscapes. This study examined the diversity, composition, and functional structure of urban street trees across five major 10-km roadside corridors in Semarang District, Central Java, Indonesia. Field surveys conducted in September 2024 recorded 2,091 individuals representing 53 species, 47 genera, and 26 families, and classified into functional categories based on ecological and management attributes. Species richness and abundance varied markedly among routes. The Bandungan-Kaloran corridor showed the highest richness and stability, while the Ungaran-Cangkiran corridor exhibited the strongest species dominance, and the Semarang-Bawen corridor had the lowest richness. Three species-Swietenia mahagoni, Polyalthia longifolia, and Mangifera indica-emerged as district-wide dominants. Functional composition was heavily skewed toward Ornamental Plant (OP) and Timber Plants (TP), with Frugivory-supporting species (Fr) providing secondary ecological roles. Diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson, Margalef, and Evenness) revealed substantial spatial heterogeneity: peri-urban routes showed balanced community structures, whereas highly built-up corridors exhibited low diversity and high dominance. These patterns highlight the influence of urbanization intensity, planting space limitations, and disturbance pressure on roadside vegetation structure. These findings highlight the need for more diversified and functionally balanced street tree planting strategies to enhance the sustainability and resilience of urban green infrastructure in Semarang District and other rapidly developing tropical cities.
Functional diversity, Semarang District, tree diversity, tropical urban ecology, urban street trees
Phylogeny and recombination of papaya begomoviruses in Northern and Central-East India
Abstract. Srivastava A, Pandey V, Verma RK, Marwal A, Gupta R, Shahid MS, Gaur RK. 2025. Phylogeny and recombination of papaya begomoviruses in Northern and Central-East India. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 298-312. Papaya plants exhibiting characteristic leaf curl symptoms were surveyed in 2022 across Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and Chhattisgarh, India. Begomovirus infection was suspected based on symptomatology and confirmed in 11 of 47 collected samples using PCR with Begomovirus-specific primers. This study aimed to elucidate the diversity and distribution of begomoviruses infecting papaya in these regions. Full-length viral genomes were amplified through Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA), and associated alphasatellites and betasatellites were detected using PCR with universal primers. The amplified viral genomes (~2.7 kb), betasatellites (~1.4 kb), and alphasatellites (~1.3 kb) were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed 94.57-99.46% nucleotide identity of DNA-A with known isolates of Papaya Leaf Curl Virus (PaLCuV), Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV), Croton Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (CYVMV), Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus (ToLCNDV), and Cotton Leaf Curl Multan Virus (CLCuMuV). The DNA-B component exhibited 98.33% identity with ToLCNDV. Ten betasatellites shared 86.81-99.71% identity with related species, whereas two alphasatellites showed approximately 98.5% identity with PaLCuA and PaLCVSA. One betasatellite (PL36) displayed 86.81% identity and was identified as a novel Papaya Leaf Curl Raipur Betasatellite (PaLCuRPRB). Furthermore, six PaLCuV isolates showing <91% identity was classified as new PaLCuV variants.
Begomovirus, diversity, papaya leaf curl disease, phylogeny, species demarcation tool
Effect of phosphorus and potassium on growth and yield parameters and disease incidence of potato
Abstract. Islam MS, Khan AA, Rubayet MT, Haque MM, Karim MA, Mian IH. 2025. Effect of phosphorus and potassium on growth and yield parameters and disease incidence of potato. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 313-321. A study was undertaken to find out the effects of two macronutrient elements on plant growth, tuber, and tuber disease incidence of potato (Solanum tuberosum). The major nutrient elements were phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The doses of nutrients were P @ 0, 20, 35, 50 kgha-1, and K @ 0, 90, 140, 190 kgha-1. Data were recorded on vine number/ten hills, plant height, canopy coverage, tuber number per ten plants, and tuber weight per plot. Disease incidence and physiological disorders such as common scab (Streptomyces scabies), dry rot (Fusarium sp.) and soft rot (Erwinia carotovora) of potato were also assessed. The highest tuber yield of 24.05 (44.53 tha-1) and 24.12 kg plot-1 (44.66 tha-1) was obtained with 35 kgha -1 P and 140 kgha-1 applied individually. When both the elements were applied together, the highest yield of 30.68 kg plot-1 (56.82 tha-1) was obtained at 35 kg P and 140 kg K per hectare. Tuber diseases and disorders were minimal when 35 kgha-1 P and 140 kgha-1 K were applied together during the potato cultivation under field conditions. Based on findings of the present study, it may be concluded that application of P and K at the rates of 37.67 and 136.69 kgha-1 along with a standard dose of N is optimum for maximum plant growth, tuber yield and minimizing the incidence of disease and disorders of potato tuber.
Diseases, Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), potato, yield
Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and GC-MS characterization of Ganoderma applanatum
Abstract. Invento JB, Benida GMV, Tejano JCM, Enojales JJC, Pagente MJO, Dologan KCR, Plimaco SMY. 2026. Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and GC-MS characterization of Ganoderma applanatum. Nusantara Bioscience 18 (1): n180104. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n180104. This study investigated the medicinal potential of Ganoderma applanatum ethanolic extracts by focusing on antioxidant capacity, cytotoxicity, and bioactive compound profiling. Samples were collected, authenticated, and subjected to phytochemical screening, revealing the presence of flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids. The free-radical scavenging ability of the extracts was determined using a modified DPPH assay, where dilutions (10-1,000 µg/mL) were mixed with 0.1 mM ethanolic DPPH, vortexed, incubated in the dark for 1 h at room temperature, and absorbance read at 517 nm in triplicates to calculate % inhibition and IC50. The extract demonstrated a 97% inhibition at 500 µg/mL, indicating strong free radical neutralization. GC-MS analysis identified 26 bioactive compounds, including fatty acids, hydrocarbons, phenolics, terpenoids, and steroids, many of which are associated with antioxidant and cytotoxic effects. Cytotoxicity was evaluated via the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) by the MSU-IIT Chemistry Department, exposing 10 Artemia salina nauplii per replicate to triplicate dilutions (1-10,000 μg/mL) for 24 h, and calculating % mortality. LC50 values were determined to be 37 µg/mL, signifying potent toxicity. These results collectively highlight G. applanatum’s rich phytochemical composition and significant bioactivities, supporting its traditional medicinal use. The evidence-based findings suggest that the ethanolic extract possesses promising antioxidant and cytotoxic properties, warranting further investigation for therapeutic applications.
Bioactive compounds, Brine Shrimp Lethality Test, ethanolic extract, Ganoderma applanatum, GC-MS analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 JOEY B. INVENTO, GECELLE MARIE V. BENIDA, JENNY CEL M. TEJANO, JASMIN JOY C. ENOJALES, MARY JOY O. PAGENTE, KAYE CATHERINE R. DOLOGAN, SHEILA MARIE Y. PLIMACO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Disease assessment and pathogenicity of Phomopsis spp. in fruits of eggplants (Solanum melongena) in Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines
Abstract. Nacionales AMB, Paguntalan DP. 2026. Disease assessment and pathogenicity of Phomopsis spp. in fruits of eggplants (Solanum melongena) in Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines. Nusantara Bioscience 18 (1): n180102. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n180102. Fruit rot is an economically important disease affecting eggplant (Solanum melongena) production worldwide. This study assessed the incidence, severity, and economic impact of fruit rot in Barangay Oyungan, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines and characterized its causal pathogen. Across three harvests, disease incidence averaged 35.05%, with 14.75% specifically attributed to fruit rot. The Percent Disease Index (PDI) was consistently high (mean 54.79%). Economic losses were substantial, with rejected fruit peaking at 51.55% of the harvest on 17 March 2024. Morpho-cultural characterization of fungal isolates revealed nine colonies, of which AES2R3 and AES3R3 exhibited typical Phomopsis spp. characteristics. AES2R3 produced both alpha- and beta-conidia, whereas AES3R3 produced only alpha-conidia. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that both isolates were pathogenic, producing characteristic sunken, gray-to-brown lesions and dark pycnidia by 22 days post-inoculation. These findings establish that Phomopsis spp. is a major cause of eggplant fruit rot in the locality and demonstrate its significant impact on yield and quality. Results highlight the importance of implementing integrated disease management strategies, varietal screening, and seasonal monitoring to reduce losses and support farmer profitability. This is the first study to report the occurrence of Phomopsis species causing fruit rot in Miagao, Iloilo.
Disease assessment, eggplant, fruit rot, pathogenicity test, Phomopsis spp.
Copyright (c) 2026 AIVEE MAE B. NACIONALES, DIANA P. PAGUNTALAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessing tourist experience and willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation at Mongkrang Hill, Mount Lawu, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Wulandari AA, Mukarromah AN, Dzihni A, Azzam AK, Deristani A, Sunarto, Setyawan AD. 2025. Assessing tourist experience and willingness to pay for biodiversity conservation at Mongkrang Hill, Mount Lawu, Central Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 277-288. Highland ecosystems are ecologically sensitive environments increasingly pressured by nature-based tourism. Mongkrang Hill, located on the southern slopes of Mount Lawu in Karanganyar District, Central Java, Indonesia, has experienced rapid visitor growth, raising concerns regarding vegetation disturbance, waste accumulation, and declining habitat quality. This study assesses tourist experience and Willingness to Pay (WTP) for conservation by integrating the Experiential Value Scale (EVS) with economic valuation. A total of 60 visitors were surveyed using structured questionnaires, supported by field observations and semi-structured interviews. Multiple regression analysis showed that all four EVS dimensions—hedonic, novelty, interaction, and comfort—significantly influenced visitor satisfaction, with novelty and hedonic value being the strongest predictors. Satisfaction, in turn, had a positive and significant effect on WTP (? = 0.90), explaining 80.1% of its variance. The average additional WTP of IDR 15,840 indicates substantial potential for conservation-based financing. Observations further revealed ecological pressures related to trail erosion, vegetation trampling, and improper waste disposal, alongside community benefits through local economic activities and circular economy practices such as plastic waste recycling. The integrated EVS–WTP approach highlights how enhanced visitor experience can strengthen pro-conservation behavior and provide actionable pathways for sustainable ecotourism management. These findings support the development of experience-based conservation strategies for biodiversity protection in highland ecosystems.
Biodiversity conservation, circular economy, experiential value scale, highland ecotourism, visitor satisfaction
Bamboo diversity, ecological structure, and utilization in the riparian ecosystem of the upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Aprilia FN, Ardhyanti FAK, Prabowo GAS, Paramesti H, Aszar AS, Yap CK, Setyawan AD. 2025. Bamboo diversity, ecological structure, and utilization in the riparian ecosystem of the upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 259-276. Bamboo plays an important ecological and socio-economic role in tropical riparian landscapes, yet its spatial structure and environmental determinants remain poorly quantified. This study analyzed the diversity, composition, ecological dominance, and utilization of bamboo communities along the upstream–midstream–downstream gradient of the upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. Field surveys recorded five species—Bambusa spinosa, Dendrocalamus asper, Gigantochloa apus, G. atter, and G. atroviolacea—distributed unevenly across riparian zones. Diversity, species richness, and structural heterogeneity increased downstream, shifting from monodominant B. spinosa stands upstream to multi-species Gigantochloa assemblages in lowland alluvial areas. Importance Value Index (IVI) patterns revealed strong environmental filtering in the upstream zone, mixed natural–managed dominance midstream, and cultivation-enhanced coexistence downstream. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that soil moisture, canopy openness, and soil pH were the strongest predictors of diversity, whereas species dominance was shaped primarily by ecological traits and management intensity. Utilization patterns reflected a biocultural continuum, with D. asper and Gigantochloa spp. providing multipurpose materials for construction, food, handicrafts, and cultural practices, while B. spinosa served chiefly as an ecological stabilizer in upland slopes. The riparian bamboo system represents a socio-ecological mosaic shaped by hydrological gradients and community management. These findings highlight bamboo’s potential as a nature-based solution for riparian stabilization, biodiversity conservation, and livelihood support. Strengthening integrated, community-based bamboo management could enhance ecological resilience and sustainable riverine landscape governance in tropical regions.
Bamboo diversity, Bengawan Solo River, ecological structure, riparian ecosystem, utilization potential
Fatty acid profile of Chlorella sorokiniana InaCC M38 grown in tofu wastewater for biofuel potential
Abstract. Susanty D, Safitri LN, Hutagaol RP, Oksari AA, Nurlela. 2025. Fatty acid profile of Chlorella sorokiniana InaCC M38 grown in tofu wastewater for biofuel potential. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 226-234. Chlorella sorokiniana Shihira & Krauss, 1965 is a microalgae that can grow in tofu liquid waste medium by utilizing the nutrients in the waste in the form of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). This research aims to determine the lipid content and fatty acid compounds contained in C. sorokiniana cultured in 25, 30, and 35% Tofu Liquid Waste (TLW) medium using two extraction methods. In this study, the growth of C. sorokiniana on TLW medium was determined by calculating the cell density of C. sorokiniana using a hemocytometer, and the biomass was collected by centrifuging. Chlorella sorokiniana was cultivated for seven days. Lipid extraction was performed using maceration and a combined ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE)–maceration method. Biomass and lipid yields, as well as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) profiles, were analyzed using GC–MS. Chlorella sorokiniana grows well on 30% TLW medium with a dry biomass weight of 0.45 g/L on day 7; extraction using the combined method extracted more fatty acid compounds than the maceration method. Lipid yield using the extraction by combined extraction method had more excellent results (4.61%) than the maceration method (3.82%). The fatty acid composition of C. sorokiniana extracted by combination extraction consists of 11 types of Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA), two types of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA), and two types of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA). The Saturated fatty acid most commonly contained in C. sorokiniana was palmitic acid, which could be applied as biodiesel. Chlorella sorokiniana cultured in 30% TLW has a higher percentage of SFA (56.58%) with less PUFA, making it more potential for biodiesel.
Chlorella sorokiniana, fatty acid, maceration, medium, ultrasound-assisted extraction
Effect of temperature on rice (Oryza sativa) seedling disease incidence and severity in Bangladesh
Abstract. Rubayet MT, Prodhan F, Mamun MAA, Kader MA, Hossain MM, Masum MMI, Hoque MZ, Rahman MM, Biswas JC. 2025. Effect of temperature on rice (Oryza sativa) seedling disease incidence and severity in Bangladesh. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 235-242. Seedling diseases are strongly influenced by temperature and cultivation environment, posing serious challenges to rice production under changing climates. To investigate these effects, two simultaneous experiments were conducted in Bangladesh, at Rangpur (25.6962°N, 89.2676°E) and Gazipur (24.0361°N, 90.3963°E) using BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 under open-field and polythene-covered conditions. Seedling emergence was consistently higher in polythene-covered plots, suggesting improved establishment in warmer microclimates. Three major diseases were detected across sites: bakanae (Fusarium moniliforme), blast (Pyricularia oryzae), and brown spot (Bipolaris oryzae). Varietal and environmental interactions were evident, with BRRI dhan29 showing greater susceptibility to bakanae in open-field conditions, while BRRI dhan28 was more prone to blast. Brown spot severity showed no significant differences between locations, indicating a lesser influence of variety and microclimate. Physiological observations revealed that healthy seedlings exhibited higher chlorophyll content (Soil Plant Analysis Development/SPAD values), whereas bakanae-infected seedlings displayed abnormal elongation relative to healthy plants. These results demonstrate that temperature and cultivation environment exert significant effects on rice seedling health, and that varietal responses differ according to disease type. Findings underscore the need for integrating varietal resistance and environment-specific management strategies to mitigate seedling disease risks in the context of climate change.
Bakanae, blast, brown spot disease, climate change
Dengue virus and Plasmodium coinfection among febrile patients in Osun State, Nigeria
Abstract. Ajayi BB, Olaitan KS, Owoyomi OF, Oni SE, Akinlabi AM, Aro EO, Ogbolu DO. 2025. Dengue virus and Plasmodium coinfection among febrile patients in Osun State, Nigeria. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 253-258. Dengue and malaria are major co-endemic vector-borne diseases in Nigeria, presenting significant diagnostic challenges due to their overlapping clinical symptoms. In settings where malaria is hyperendemic, febrile illnesses are often presumptively treated as malaria, potentially leading to the misdiagnosis of other pathogens like dengue virus (DENV). This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of DENV infection and the prevalence of DENV/Plasmodium coinfection among febrile patients in Osun State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to September 2024, involving 250 febrile patients from selected healthcare facilities. Blood samples were analyzed using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for Plasmodium antigens and for DENV-specific Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) antibodies. Sociodemographic and risk factor data were collected via structured questionnaires. The prevalence of malaria was high at 53.6% (134/250), consistent with the region's hyperendemic status. Evidence of recent DENV infection (IgM positive) was found in 0.8% (2/250) of patients, while 6.4% (16/250) were IgG positive, indicating past exposure. Concurrent infection was detected in 0.8% (2/250) of patients for Malaria/DENV IgM and 3.2% (8/250) for Malaria/DENV IgG. Both malaria and DENV IgG seropositivity were significantly associated with age (p<0.05). This study confirms the endemic circulation of DENV in Osun State and highlights its contribution to the burden of non-malarial febrile illness. These findings underscore the critical need to revise existing diagnostic algorithms and integrate DENV surveillance into public health frameworks to mitigate misdiagnosis and improve patient outcomes.
Coinfection, dengue virus, febrile patients, malaria, Nigeria, Osun State
Morphological characterization and correlation of seed, fruit, and seedling of Horsfieldia iryaghedhi
Abstract. Ekasari I, Sahromi, Wardhani PK. 2025. Morphological characterization and correlation of seed, fruit, and seedling of Horsfieldia iryaghedhi. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 218-225. Horsfieldia iryaghedhi is a critically endangered species from the Myristicaceae family. Examining seed, fruit, and seedling morphology of the species is crucial, as generative propagation remains the only known conservation method. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the morphological characterization of the seed, fruit, and seedling of H. iryaghedhi and to analyse the correlation between seed, fruit, and seedling traits. This study was conducted at the Bogor Botanical Garden, utilizing five plant collections. The examined morphological traits included length, width, and weight of the seed, as well as fruit height, root collar diameter, and the number of leaves for the seedling. The results showed that the length, width, and weight of the fruit were 39.64±2.48 mm, 30.04±1.98 mm, and 20.33±3.60 g, respectively. Overall, the correlation between seed and fruit parameters indicates that one trait influences the other. The low variability in fruit and seed traits, despite being obtained from mother trees of different origins, has implications for the species' genetic diversity. The mean for seedling height is 106.74±32.78 cm, and the mean of collar diameter is 1.27±0.64 mm. Height and root collar diameter seedling traits were found to be closely related in 24-month-old seedlings. Understanding the ecology of seedling growth is essential for developing developmental strategies to conserve biodiversity and restore natural habitats. In conclusion, the variability in fruit and seed traits is exhibited by plants obtained from mother trees of different origins. The trees in the Bogor Botanical Gardens study site are mother trees, and this is extremely important for the future sustainable population of this species.
Endangered species, Indonesia, Myristicaceae, plant traits, species conservation
Effect of light and media composition on growth and stomatal density of Phalaenopsis amboinensis
Abstract. Nugraha MA, Puspitaningtyas DM, Haryanto. 2025. Effect of light and media composition on growth and stomatal density of Phalaenopsis amboinensis. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 243-252. Phalaenopsis amboinensis J.J.Sm. is an endangered orchid species endemic to Indonesia, valued for both its conservation significance and horticultural potential. However, limited natural populations and slow propagation rates hinder sustainable conservation efforts. This study investigated the combined effects of culture media composition and light conditions on the in vitro growth, chlorophyll content, and stomatal density of P. amboinensis plantlets. A factorial experiment was conducted using nine media formulations under light and dark conditions. Significant interactions between media and light treatments were observed across all measured parameters (p < 0.05). The KC EO2 medium, containing 2 g/L KC, 40 g/L potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) extract, 2 g/L peptone, and MS vitamins under light, produced the most vigorous vegetative growth (5.40 ± 2.50 leaves, 1.44 ± 0.31 cm leaf length, 2.00 ± 0.82 roots, and 1.89 ± 0.45 cm root length). In contrast, the KC EO3 medium with 2 g/L KC, 150 g/L mung bean sprout (Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek) extract, and 150 mL/L young coconut water (Cocos nucifera L.) under light yielded the highest chlorophyll a content (0.695 ± 0.113 mg/g fresh weight) and stomatal density (77.57 ± 2.72 stomata/mm²). Control plantlets cultured without organic supplements under dark conditions showed poor growth and negligible chlorophyll accumulation. These findings demonstrate that organic-enriched media, especially when combined with light exposure, significantly enhance physiological and morphological development in vitro. The optimized culture conditions offer a practical and scalable protocol for ex situ conservation and commercial propagation of P. amboinensis, supporting the preservation and sustainable use of this rare orchid species.
Chlorophyll, ex situ conservation, in vitro culture, Phalaenopsis amboinensis, stomata, tissue culture media
Destructive sampling-based allometric equations for biomass and carbon estimation in Acacia hybrid plantations in Southeastern Vietnam
Abstract. Ha NT, Bao TQ, Tuan NT, Rodríguez-Hernández DI, Dung NT, Ngoan TT. 2025. Destructive sampling-based allometric equations for biomass and carbon estimation in Acacia hybrid plantations in Southeastern Vietnam. Nusantara Bioscience 16: 203-217. This study developed accurate allometric equations for estimating aboveground and belowground biomass, as well as carbon stocks, for Acacia hybrid (Acacia mangium × Acacia auriculiformis) plantations in Southeastern, Vietnam. A dataset of 45 destructively sampled trees with varying ages and diameter classes was used to validate the models. The fresh biomass of the four tree components (stem, branches, leaves, and roots) was measured for a total of 180 samples. Samples were oven-dried at 105°C for stems and branches, and 80°C for leaves, to determine their biomass. Linear and non-linear equations were employed to model both individual tree and stand-level dry biomass (AGB: aboveground biomass, BGB: belowground biomass, TGBG: total biomass), and carbon stocks (AGC: aboveground carbon, BGC: belowground carbon, TGC: total carbon). Diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), stand density (SD), and stand age (A) were included as predictor variables. The best-fitting models were selected based on coefficients of determination (R²), sum of squared errors (SEE), mean absolute error (MAE), sum of squared residuals (SSR), correction factors (CF), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE), with R² values greater than 0.895 and RMSE values less than 0.363. The results revealed strong relationships between aboveground and belowground biomass, and logarithmic functions of DBH and tree height were found to be good predictors for all biomass components. The key equations are: ln(AGB) = -3.03805 + 0.586847*ln(DBH*H) + 1.58329*ln(DBH); ln(BGB) = -0.597955 + 0.485409*ln(DBH)2; ln(TGB) = -2.65453 + 2.11674*ln(DBH) + 0.57522*ln(H). Among the variables, DBH was found to be particularly effective in estimating BGB. At the stand level, total biomass (TSB) has a significant correlation with stand density, mean diameter, and stand height, as shown in the following equation: Ln(TSB) = -9.85561 + 1.09128*ln(SD) + 1.96789*ln(Ds) + 0.608831*ln(Hs). These models provide foresters with valuable tools for estimating biomass and carbon accumulation in Acacia hybrid plantations. The total carbon stock of the Acacia hybrid population in the study area ranged from 29.0 tons/ha to 313.3 tons/ha. This information can support carbon accounting efforts and contribute to Vietnam's initiatives for carbon reduction and climate change mitigation.
Acacia mangium × auriculiformis, allometric modeling, carbon stock, destructive sampling, Southeast Asia reforestation
Gamma-ray irradiation induced polymorphism in Echinacea purpurea revealed by RAPD markers
Abstract. Cahyaningsih AP, Etikawati N, Yunus A. 2025. Gamma-ray irradiation induced polymorphism in Echinacea purpurea revealed by RAPD markers. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 289-297. One of the major challenges in the development and cultivation of Echinacea purpurea in Indonesia is the narrow genetic diversity and the lack variation of local accessions, which restricts breeding potential to produce superior varieties with improved traits in terms of morphological characteristics and phytochemical content as medicinal ingredients. To overcome this challenge, gamma-ray irradiation methods can be used as an effective tool to induce mutations and increase genetic variability. This study investigated the impact of gamma irradiation on the genetic diversity of E. purpurea using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The seeds of E. purpurea were irradiated using gamma-ray with irradiation doses of 0 Gy (control), 20 Gy, 40 Gy, and 60 Gy. Nine RAPD primers, including OPA-10, OPA-16, OPA-18, and OPA-19, were used to amplify DNA segments. The binary data obtained from the electrophoresis visualization for each treatment were analyzed using the Dice similarity index to calculate the similarity index. Dendrogram construction were performed using the NTSYS. The analysis revealed a significant increase in genetic diversity at doses of 40 Gy and 60 Gy, with 58.04% of the total bands showing polymorphism across all treatments. The 60 Gy treatment, in particular, resulted in the highest genetic dissimilarity compared to the control, indicating a dose-dependent response. The similarity coefficients between control and irradiated plants ranged from 63.7% (20 Gy) to 84.4% (0 Gy), with a noticeable trend toward greater genetic differentiation as the irradiation dose increased. These findings suggest that gamma irradiation effectively induces genetic variation in E. purpurea, which could be harnessed for mutation breeding programs aimed at improving desirable traits such as phytochemical production. However, further studies with larger sample sizes and long-term evaluation are needed to assess the stability of these mutations and their potential for incorporation into breeding programs. This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the use of gamma irradiation in enhancing genetic diversity and its potential application in breeding superior E. purpurea varieties with improved agronomic or medicinal traits.
Echinacea purpurea, gamma irradiation, medicinal plant, molecular marker, mutation breeding
Effect of tannin and amino acid supplementation on growth, digestibility, and blood parameters in heifer calves
Abstract. Salsabila LN, Fitri A, Sitanggang FEM, Permana IG, Farida WR, Anzhany D, Ridwan R. 2025. Effect of tannin and amino acid supplementation on growth, digestibility, and blood parameters in heifer calves. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 194-201. Nutritional management during the growth phase of heifer calves is crucial for optimal performance and health. Tannins and amino acids have shown potential benefits in ruminant nutrition through improved protein utilization and antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tannins (1% DM), amino acids (0.3% DL-methionine + 0.7% L-lysine), and their mixture on heifer calves' performance and metabolic indicators. To achieve the objective, a 4 × 4 Latin square design was used with 4 calves (109.00 ± 18.17 kg of body weight), each receiving 4 treatments in 4 periods. The treatment period lasted 14 days, including 10 days for diet adaptation and 4 days for sample collection. The basal diet was a Total Mixed Ration (TMR) consisting of 20 kg/d of forage and 2 kg/d of concentrate. Treatments included: P1 (control, TMR only), P2 (TMR + 1% dry matter intake (DMI) tannin), P3 (TMR + 1% DMI amino acids), and P4 (TMR + 1% DMI tannin and 1% DMI amino acids). The results showed that individual supplementation in P2 (0.66 kg/h/d) and P3 (0.73 kg/h/d) had higher Average Daily Gain (ADG) compared to P1 (0.54 kg/h/d) and P4 (0.41 kg/h/d) (p < 0.05). Feed efficiency in P2 (2.65%) and P3 (3.02%) is higher than in P1 (2.49%) and P4 (1.74%) (p < 0.05). Although nutrient intake did not differ, Crude Protein (CP) intake in the P1 (0.32 kg/day) was lower than in the P2 (0.44 kg/day), P3 (0.39 kg/day), and P4 (0.40 kg/day) (p < 0.05). Plasma protein and cholesterol levels were lower in the P1 (7.07 g/dL; 94.14 mg/dL) than those (7.46-7.62 g/dL; 125.98-149.85 mg/dL, respectively) (p < 0.05). Overall, supplementation of 1% DMI tannin or amino acids alone improved the performance without compromising hematological profiles and blood metabolites.
Amino acids, blood protein, calves, performance, tannin
Stand structure, diversity, and carbon stock assessment of Lake Duluti Forest Reserve in Tanzania
Abstract. Mfinanga US, Mwakalukwa EE. 2025. Stand structure, diversity, and carbon stock assessment of Lake Duluti Forest Reserve in Tanzania. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 185-193. For a successful conservation of biodiversity in a particular forest, assessment of its status and underlying threats is important. Estimation of carbon stocks locked up in the forest is also key in designing the required climate change mitigation options. However, there is limited information on the biodiversity status and carbon storage potential of many forest reserves in Tanzania. This study assessed the tree and shrub species diversity, composition, stand structure, and carbon stock potential of the Lake Duruti Forest Reserve (LDFR). Data were collected from 40 systematically established concentric plots (0.071 ha each) covering a total forest area of 26.24 ha. A total of 48 tree and shrub species were recorded, comprising both adult individuals (DBH ? 5 cm) and regenerants (DBH < 5 cm), representing 25 plant families. Adult individuals accounted for 42 species from 23 families, while regenerants included 22 species from 15 families. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H?) was 3.21 for adults and 2.80 for regenerants, indicating high species diversity. The mean stem density of adult trees was 197 ± 97 stems ha?¹, with a basal area of 16.27 ± 7.30 m² ha?¹. The estimated above-ground carbon stock was 79.24 ± 35.31 Mg C ha?¹, while below-ground carbon stock was 30.86 ± 12.77 Mg C ha?¹. The absence of visible anthropogenic disturbance suggests effective conservation measures are in place. These findings highlight the ecological stability and carbon sequestration potential of LDFR and highlight the need for strategic planning to enhance biodiversity conservation and carbon stock management.
Catchment forests, climate change, eco-tourism, vegetation composition, volcanic lakes
Melatonin partly reverses differentiation and apoptosis resistance caused by chemical hypoxia
Abstract. Liu X, Liu H, Qi Y, Zhang S, Ma Y. 2025. Melatonin partly reverses differentiation and apoptosis resistance caused by chemical hypoxia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 178-184. Hypoxia, a condition characterized by a deficiency of oxygen reaching tissues, is a key feature of malignant solid tumors. Tumor cells under a hypoxic microenvironment exhibit more malignant phenotypes to adapt to the hypoxic environment for survival by regulating gene expression involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, and also chemoresistance. Melatonin is a hormone that has been proven to induce apoptosis and differentiation in various types of malignant cells. The present study aims to investigate the role and potential molecular mechanism of melatonin in mediating chemical hypoxia-induced differentiation and apoptosis resistance. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) was used to generate an in vitro hypoxia culture model, as verified by the increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1?. The cells treated with melatonin and CoCl2 were collected to determine differentiation and apoptosis levels through LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase) activity measurement and Hoechst staining. GRP78, p53, and endocan levels were detected using Western blot and ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms by which melatonin induces differentiation and resistance to apoptosis in response to chemical hypoxia. The significant elevation of a hypoxia marker protein successfully demonstrated (CoCl2-induced hypoxia). The chemical hypoxia environment resulted in a less differentiated phenotype and a lower apoptotic ratio in gastric cancer cells. Melatonin converted the differentiation and apoptosis resistance phenotypes in CoCl2-treated gastric cancer cells. Changes in the expression of endocan, LDH, p53, and GRP78 were observed. Melatonin-regulated differentiation and apoptosis-related genes partly reverse differentiation and apoptosis resistance caused by chemical hypoxia induced by CoCl2. The study provides a new perspective on the anti-tumor effect of melatonin.
CoCl2, gastric cancer, GRP78, Lactate Dehydrogenase, p53
Development of anti-obesity herbal drink from butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) extract and lemon (Citrus limon) juice
Abstract. Anugrahani AD, Indarto D, Pamungkasari EP, Wijayanti L, Utami F. 2025. Development of anti-obesity herbal drink from butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) extract and lemon (Citrus limon) juice. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 129-136. Obesity is a multifactorial disease with a high global prevalence and higher risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Obesity management comprises diet, physical exercise, and pharmacotherapy. Some obese patients have low compliance with diet and exercise therapy, while long-term use of anti-obesity drugs causes adverse side effects. Herbal drinks have also been used for obesity treatment, but their efficacy remains debatable. Herbal drink products have been developed, including butterfly pea flower extract and lemon juice, which contain flavonoids and anthocyanins that have anti-obesity activity. The purpose of this study was to create a herbal drink for obesity treatment and analyze acceptability, microbiological contamination, and nutritional and phytochemical contents. An organoleptic test assessed the acceptability of the herbal drink. Analysis of macronutrient content used proximate methods. Vitamin C and microbiological tests were performed using spectrophotometric and Total Plate Count (TPC) methods. Delphinidin and hesperidin levels were measured using a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and followed by the post-hoc Mann-Whitney with p<0.05 to determine the best formula of the four formulas (F1-F4) in this study. Organoleptic test results showed that formulation F3 of the herbal drink was the most liked and acceptable by the panelists. The herbal drink (F3) contained 0.82% fat, 0.34% protein, 0.099% carbohydrate, 3,527.25 mg/100 g vitamin C, 21.66 ppm delphinidin, and 525.68 ppm hesperidin. In conclusion, herbal drink has the potential to become an alternative anti-obesity treatment. Further research is needed to test the effectiveness of herbal drinks on weight loss and lipid profile improvement in obese patients.
Diversity of plants as a food supplement and medicine for livestock in cattleman communities of Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Aprilia FN, Ardhyanti FAK, Paramesti H, Prabowo GAS, Safira RN, Nisyawati, Setyawan AD. 2025. Diversity of plants as a food supplement and medicine for livestock in cattleman communities of Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 84-95. The Wonosobo community in Central Java, Indonesia mostly participates in agriculture and animal husbandry. Individuals engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry exhibit a significant reliance on local resources for the management of food production and animals. This study aimed to find plant diversity that serves as animal feed and supplements for cattle in Wonosobo. The investigation was conducted in October 2024 in the Kalibawang Sub-district of Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia, utilizing data gathered from four villages: Dempel, Kalialang, Karangsambung, and Mergolangu. This study included direct surveys and comprehensive interviews with 126 livestock farmers to collect data. The study documented 74 plant species from 37 families utilized as animal feed. The predominant plant families were Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Moraceae, encompassing several plants with considerable potential for application in feed, medicine, and animal supplements, presenting a promising perspective for the future of agriculture in Wonosobo. Of the 78 species, 15 were utilized by the inhabitants of Kalibawang Sub-district for medicinal applications, including wora-wari (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), sengon laut (Paraserianthes falcataria), brotowali (Tinospora cordifolia), coconut (Cocos nucifera), papaya (Carica papaya), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), sulanjana (Pennisetum purpureum), cassava (Manihot esculenta), jenu (Derris elliptica), banana (Musa x paradisiaca), ginger (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma longa), candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus), and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). The highest UV index was recorded in Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Carica papaya L., with a value of 0.023. The highest indices for RFC (0.37) is Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn and IAR (Informant Agreement Ratio) (0.94) is Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam; however, the highest ICF (Informant Consensus Factor) index was associated with the diarrhea (0.66).
Animal Feed, Cattleman, Diversity plant, Food suplement, Medicinal plant
Exploring the ethnobotany of natural dye plants in Kalibawang Sub-district, Wonosobo District, Indonesia through traditional knowledge, conservation, and community empowerment
Abstract. Sulton MN, Rammadhani RM, Fahimah RA, Putri RA, Permatasari RI, Saensouk S, Iskandar J, Supriyatna J, Setyawan AD. 2025. Exploring the ethnobotany of natural dye plants in Kalibawang Sub-district, Wonosobo District, Indonesia through traditional knowledge, conservation, and community empowerment. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 155-168. The use of synthetic dyes can cause environmental and health problems. Natural dyes can be a novelty to replace synthetic dyes because they contain materials that are more environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and sustainable. This ethnobotanical research was carried out to reveal the traditional knowledge of the people in Kalibawang Sub-district, Wonosobo District, Indonesia, regarding the use of various species of plants as a source of natural dyes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the species of plants that can produce natural colors used by the people of Kalibawang Sub-district, as well as to assess their conservation and sustainability and empower the community. The method used is an ethnographic study through in-depth interviews with informants, field observations, and documentation of plant species. The quantitative method used is recording how many people use the coloring plants and calculating the RFC. This study identifies various species of plants used as natural dyes and their utilization. A total of 53 plant species from 37 families have been identified and utilized as color producers in Kalibawang Sub-district. The most widely used plant parts are fruit (36%) and leaves (28%), the plant forms are herbs (49%) and trees (26%), the colors are red (28%) and green (15%), used to color food (49%), and drinks (42%). Most of these plants are intentionally planted (53%), but most of them are rarely used (43%), only a few are frequently used (26%), among the most important are turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) (RFC 0.891) for yellow color, and pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. ex Lindl.) (RFC 0.633), and green grass jelly (Cyclea barbata Miers) (RFC 0.613) for green color. The sustainability of several species needs attention because of their conservation status, namely Tectona grandis L.f. (EN), Coffea arabica L. (EN), and Cinnamomum verum J.Presl (VU). The dye extraction method usually uses water or other natural ingredients. This study shows that natural dyes have the potential to be further innovated. However, this traditional knowledge is in danger of being lost due to lifestyle changes and the lack of interest of the younger generation. Hence, it needs to increase public awareness of the potential of natural dyes as an alternative to synthetic dyes and to engage the community in this important issue.
Conservation, Curcuma longa, ethnobotany, natural dyes, sustainability, traditional knowledge
The potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed extract and rice straw as coagulants-adsorbents for processing batik liquid waste
Abstract. Rahmani AS, Masykuri M, Setyono P. 2025. The potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa seed extract and rice straw as coagulants-adsorbents for processing batik liquid waste. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 116-126. One of the efforts to reduce the content of heavy metals in this batik liquid waste is by applying the process of a combination of coagulation and adsorption. This process involves the use of the coagulant of Rosella Seeds Extracts (RSE) to neutralize the charge of the heavy metal ions, making them more likely to bind to the adsorbents from rice straw biomass. The adsorption then occurs, where the neutralized heavy metal ions are physically or chemically bound to the surface of the adsorbents, effectively removing them from the liquid waste. This study aims to determine the decrease in chromium metal levels (Cr6+) in artificial batik liquid waste using this coagulation-adsorption process with biocoagulants of rosella seed extracts combined with straw rice adsorbents. K2Cr2O7 solution was used as an artificial solution for batik liquid waste. The coagulation process was repeated 3 times to determine the optimum RSE biocoagulant, both doses, pH, and contact time. The first coagulation was carried out by mixing biocoagulant RSE into a 10 ppm K2Cr2O7 solution. The coagulation process was carried out in the same way at pH 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 using the optimal dose of biocoagulant. The result showed that the optimum dose of biocoagulant RSE was 30 × 103 ppm, with an absorbance value, and the percentage of chromium metal (Cr6+) was, respectively, 0.623 and 68.69%. Meanwhile, the optimum pH for RSE biocoagulant was at pH 2 (acid condition), with absorbance and the percentage of chromium metal (Cr6+) values being, respectively, 0.617 and 69.02%. These findings have potential applications in the field of environmental science and waste management, particularly in the development of effective and sustainable methods for treating industrial waste.
Adsorben, batik liquid waste, biocoagulant, chromium, rice straw, rosella
Optimizing bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) production through carrageenan-fertilizer synergy
Abstract. Anayatin AB, Pabiona MG, Cristobal JU, Tan R, Labajo JRN. 2025. Optimizing bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) production through carrageenan-fertilizer synergy. Nusantara Bioscience 17: 169-177. This study evaluates the synergistic effects of combining radiation-modified Carrageenan Plant Growth Promoter (PGP) with the Recommended Rate of Inorganic Fertilizer (RRIF) on the growth, nutrient dynamics, and yield of Momordica charantia L. (bitter gourd or ampalaya). Through a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times, treatments integrating RRIF and Carrageenan PGP were tested for their impact on plant height, soil properties, nutrient content, and fruit morphology. Results revealed that *Full RRIF + 4.5L ha?¹ Carrageenan PGP* significantly enhanced fruit yield (64.50 tons ha?¹) and achieved the highest return on investment (ROI: 435.30%), underscoring its economic viability. Meanwhile, ½ RRIF + 9L ha?¹ Carrageenan PGP produced the largest fruit diameter (49.44 mm) and highest total nitrogen (2.60%) and crude protein (16.24%) content, highlighting its role in improving nutritional quality. Mid-growth plant height (29 DAT) exhibited strong correlations with fruit weight (r = 0.475), length (r = 0.482), and diameter (r = 0.647), emphasizing the critical role of vegetative vigor in later stages for optimizing fruit development. Notably, earlier flowering (26 DAT under Full RRIF) correlated negatively with fruit weight (r = -0.558) and length (r = -0.532), suggesting accelerated reproductive phases enhance resource allocation to fruit traits. Carrageenan PGP applications stabilized soil moisture (92.30-93.82%) and maintained adequate phosphorus/potassium levels while significantly boosting soil organic matter (1.48%) and nitrogen content (0.074%) in Full RRIF treatments. The stability of these soil parameters, coupled with enhanced nutrient partitioning efficiency, positions Carrageenan PGP as a sustainable alternative to conventional fertilization. This study advocates for integrating Carrageenan PGP with reduced inorganic fertilizers to balance productivity, soil health, and economic returns. Future research should explore long-term impacts on soil microbial diversity, carbon sequestration, and scalability across diverse agroecological zones to refine protocols for sustainable M. charantia cultivation.
Carrageenan, kappa-Carrageenan, Momordica charantia, nutrient content, plant growth promoter, soil properties