Effects of fermented cow urine on the growth and quality of katuk (Sauropus androgynus) accessions from West Java, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 122
File Views: 149
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Rahayu A, Rochman N, Nahraeni W, Yuliawati. 2025. Effects of fermented cow urine on the growth and quality of katuk (Sauropus androgynus) accessions from West Java, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 9: 831-843. This study examined the growth, yield, and nutritional quality of katuk using local germplasm and natural nitrogen sources. The objective was to evaluate the performance of ten katuk accessions from West Java, Indonesia, and to assess the potential of fermented cow urine as a supplementary nitrogen source relative to urea. A factorial completely randomized design with three replications was employed, consisting of ten accessions (Sarampad, Maleber1, Maleber2, Kadudampit1, Kadudampit2, Gegerbitung, Dramaga, Cinangneng1, Cinangneng2, and Katulampa) and six fertilizer compositions (0% cow urine + 100% Urea; 100% cow urine + 0% Urea; 75% cow urine + 25% Urea; 50% cow urine + 50% Urea; 25% cow urine +75% Urea; 0% cow urine + 0% Urea). Sarampad, Maleber1, and Maleber2 exhibited superior fresh and dry harvest weight, vitamin C, chlorophyll a and b content, while maintaining low nitrate accumulation. Plant height under 100% cow urine, shoot number and vitamin C under 25% cow urine + 75% urea, and chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll under 50% cow urine + 50% Urea were higher than under 100% Urea, with superiority values of 14.7%, 19.0%, 20.2%, 14.6%, 18.2%, and 15.9%, respectively. These findings indicate that fermented cow urine may serve as a low-cost supplementary nitrogen source for katuk; however, its use as a full replacement for synthetic nitrogen fertilizer requires further validation under field conditions.
Article Details
Issue
Section
How to Cite
References
Ahmed N, Habib U, Younis U, Irshad I, Danish S, Rahi AA, Munir TM. 2020. Growth, chlorophyll content and productivity responses of maize to magnesium sulphate application in calcareous soil. Open Agric 5 (1): 792-800. DOI: 10.1515/opag-2020-0023.
Alemayehu YA, Demoz AA, Degefu MA, Gebreeyessus GD, Demessie SF. 2020. Effect of human urine application on cabbage production and soil characteristics. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 10 (2): 262-275. DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2020.136.
Anju T, Rai NKSR, Kumar A. 2022. Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.: A multipurpose plant with multiple uses in traditional ethnic culinary and ethnomedicinal preparations. J Ethn Foods 9 (1): 10. DOI: 10.1186/s42779-022-00125-8.
Ansar M, Bahrudin, Paiman. 2022. Application of cow urine fertilizers to increase the growth and yield of mustard plants (Brassica rapa L.). Res Crops 23 (3): 566-573. DOI: 10.31830/2348-7542.2022.ROC-866.
AOAC. 1995. Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical. Chemist. AOAC International. Virginia, USA
Aumtong S, Foungyen P, Kanchai K, Chuephudee T, Chotamonsak C, Lapyai D. 2024. Impact of reduced nitrogen inputs on soil organic carbon and nutrient dynamics in Arable Soil, Northern Thailand: short-term evaluation. Agronomy 14 (11): 2587. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14112587.
Bazmi RR, Panichayupakaranant P. 2023. The role of roots, stems, and leaves in plant function: Structural and physiological perspectives for optimized plant growth. Adv Herb Res 6 (1): 1-5. DOI: 10.25163/ahi.619956.
Bélanger G, Rochette P, Chantigny M, Ziadi N, Angers D, Charbonneau É, Pellerin D, Liang C. 2015. Nitrogen availability from dairy cow dung and urine applied to forage grasses in eastern Canada. Can J Plant Sci 95 (1): 55-65. DOI: 10.4141/CJPS-2014-039.
Bowles EF, Burleigh M, Mira A, Van Breda SGJ, Weitzberg E, Rosier BT. 2025. Nitrate: “the source makes the poison.” Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 65 (24): 4676-4702. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2395488.
Calinski T, Steel RGD, Torrie JH. 1981. Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach. Biometrics 37 (4): 859. DOI: 10.2307/2530180.
Cardenas LM, Misselbrook TM, Hodgson C, Donovan N, Gilhespy S, Smith KA, Dhanoa MS, Chadwick D. 2016. Effect of the application of cattle urine with or without the nitrification inhibitor DCD, and dung on greenhouse gas emissions from a UK grassland soil. Agric Ecosyst Environ 235: 229-241. DOI: 10.1016/j.agee.2016.10.025.
Chen LH, Xu M, Cheng Z, Yang LT. 2024. Effects of nitrogen deficiency on the photosynthesis, chlorophyll a fluorescence, antioxidant system, and sulfur compounds in Oryza sativa. Intl J Mol Sci 25 (19): 10409. DOI: 10.3390/ijms251910409.
Chojnacka K, Baltrusaitis J. 2025. Organo-mineral fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Sustain Sci Technol 2 (2): 022001. DOI: 10.1088/2977-3504/adc0a8.
Chojnacka K. 2023. Valorization of biorefinery residues for sustainable fertilizer production: A comprehensive review. Biomass Convers Biorefin 13 (16): 14359-14388. DOI: 10.1007/s13399-023-04639-2.
de Bang TC, Husted S, Laursen KH, Persson DP, Schjoerring JK. 2021. The molecular–physiological functions of mineral macronutrients and their consequences for deficiency symptoms in plants. New Phytol 229 (5): 2446-2469. DOI: 10.1111/nph.17074.
de Oliveira NLC, Puiatti M, Santos RHS, Cecon PR, Rodrigues PHR. 2009. Soil and leaf fertilization of lettuce crop with cow urine. Hortic Bras 27 (4): 431-437. DOI: 10.1590/S0102-05362009000400006.
Devasena M, Sangeetha V. 2022. Cow urine: Potential resource for sustainable agriculture. In: Mondal S, Singh RL (eds). Emerging Issues in Climate Smart Livestock Production: Biological Tools and Techniques. Academic Press, London. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-822265-2.00007-7.
Ebrahimi P, Shokramraji Z, Tavakkoli S, Mihaylova D, Lante A. 2023. Chlorophylls as natural bioactive compounds existing in food by-products: A critical review. Plants 12 (7): 1533. DOI: 10.3390/plants12071533.
Fageria NK. 2016. The Use of Nutrients in Crop Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton. DOI: 10.1201/9781420075113.
Fathi A. 2022. Role of nitrogen (N) in plant growth, photosynthesis pigments, and N use efficiency: A review. Agrisost 28: 1-8. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7143588.
Gomez KA, Gomez AA. 1984. Two-factor experiments. In: Gomez KA, Gomez AA (eds). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Gottimukkala KSV, Mishra B, Joshi S, Reddy MK. 2019. Cow urine: Plant growth enhancer and antimicrobial agent. J Hortic Plant Res 8: 30-45. DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/jhpr.8.30.
Gunnarsson M, Lalander C, McConville JR. 2023. Estimating environmental and societal impacts from scaling up urine concentration technologies. J Clean Prod 382: 135194. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135194.
Gupta SK, Gupta AB, Gupta R. 2017. Pathophysiology of Nitrate Toxicity in Humans in View of the Changing Trends of the Global Nitrogen Cycle With Special Reference to India. In: Abrol YP, Adhya TK, Aneja VP, Raghuram N, Pathak H, Kulshrestha U, Sharma C, Singh B (eds). The Indian Nitrogen Assessment: Sources of Reactive Nitrogen, Environmental and Climate Effects, Management Options, and Policies. Elsevier, Amsterdam. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-811836-8.00028-8.
Haryuni M, Suprapti E, Dewi TSK, Supriyadi T, Nugroho AA, Priyatmojo A, Gozan M. 2018. Phosphorus dosage and cow urine to chlorophyll and proline content on Binucleate rhizoctonia by induced resistance of vanilla. Proc Intl Conf Sci Educ Technol 2018: 215-218. DOI: 10.2991/iset-18.2018.45.
Hata FT, da Silva DC, Hata NNY, Pavinatto MDS, de Queiroz Cancian MA, Macedo RB, Ventura MU, de Resende JTV, Spinosa WA. 2024. Using bokashi and cow urine as organic low-cost amendments can enhance arugula (Eruca sativa L.) agronomic traits but not always total polyphenols and antioxidant activity. Horticulturae 10 (2): 155. DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae10020155.
Hoshmand R. 2018. Design of Experiments for Agriculture and the Natural Sciences. Chapman and Hall/CRC, New York. DOI: 10.1201/9781315276021.
Iwansyah AC, Damanik RM, Kustiyah L, Hanafi M. 2016. Relationship between antioxidant properties and nutritional composition of some galactopoietics herbs used in indonesia: A comparative study. Intl J Pharm Pharm Sci 8 (12): 236-243. DOI: 10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i12.14964.
Jandaik S, Thakur P, Kumar V. 2015. Efficacy of cow urine as plant growth enhancer and antifungal agent. Adv Agric 2015: 620368. DOI: 10.1155/2015/620368.
Javed T, Indu I, Singhal RK, Shabbir R, Shah AN, Kumar P, Jinger D, Dharmappa PM, Shad MA, Saha D, Anuragi H, Adamski R, Siuta D. 2022. Recent advances in agronomic and physio-molecular approaches for improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants. Front Plant Sci 13: 877544. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.877544.
Jin N, Jin L, Wang S, Li J, Liu F, Liu Z, Luo S, Wu Y, Lyu J, Yu J. 2022. Reduced chemical fertilizer combined with bio-organic fertilizer affects the soil microbial community and yield and quality of lettuce. Front Microbiol 13: 863325. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.863325.
Kappel N, Boros IF, Ravelombola FS, Sipos L. 2021. EC sensitivity of hydroponically-grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) types in terms of nitrate accumulation. Agriculture 11 (4): 315. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture11040315.
Khanal A, Shakya SM, Shah SC, Sharma MD. 2011. Utilization of urine waste to produce quality cauliflower. J Agric Environ 12: 91-96. DOI: 10.3126/aej.v12i0.7568.
Kurniawan E, Rahayu A, Mulyaningsih Y. 2019. Karakter agronomi berbagai aksesi tanaman katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) pada pemberian berbagai dosis urine sapi. J Agronida 5 (2): 78-89. DOI: 10.30997/jag.v5i2.2315. [Indonesian]
Lestari E, Budiasih R, Nurhayatini R, Parlinah L. 2023. Pengaruh konsentrasi urin sapi terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman caisim (Brassica juncea L.) varietas Tosakan. OrchidAgro 3 (2): 9-13. DOI: 10.35138/orchidagro.v3.i4.592. [Indonesian]
Li C, Aluko OO, Yuan G, Li J, Liu H. 2022. The responses of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen to chemical nitrogen fertilizers reduction base on a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 12 (1): 16326. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18684-w.
Lichtenthaler K, Welburn AR. 1983. Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochem Soc Trans (11): 591-592. DOI: 10.1042/bst0110591.
Liu C, Liu Y, Lu Y, Liao Y, Nie J, Yuan X, Chen F. 2019. Use of a leaf chlorophyll content index to improve the prediction of above-ground biomass and productivity. PeerJ 6 (1): e6240. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6240.
Liu Y, Su L, Wang Q, Zhang J, Shan Y, Deng M. 2020. Comprehensive and quantitative analysis of growth characteristics of winter wheat in China based on growing degree days. Adv Agron 159: 237-273. DOI: 10.1016/bs.agron.2019.07.007.
Manu Y, Nainiti S, Herewila K. 2019. Pengetahuan dan persepsi petani terhadap pemanfaatan pupuk organik cair (bio-urine sapi) pada tanaman sawi putih di Desa Netpala Kecamatan Mollo Utara Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan. Bul Ilm IMPAS 20 (2): 144-151. DOI: 10.35508/impas.v20i02.1853. [Indonesian]
Marschner H. 2012. Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 3rd ed. Academic Press, London. DOI: 10.1016/C2009-0-63043-9.
Martins T, Barros AN, Rosa E, Antunes L. 2023. Enhancing health benefits through chlorophylls and chlorophyll-rich agro-food: A comprehensive review. Molecules 28 (14): 5344. DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145344.
Mazahar S, Umar S, Iqbal M. 2025. Genotypic variability of nitrate-accumulating leafy vegetables as affected by nitrogen doses: Morpho-physiological and biochemical approach. Discover Plants 2 (1): 122. DOI: 10.1007/s44372-025-00185-5.
Mulyati S, Nurhidayat AI, Faturrochman FFF, Dzaqiah MN, Rendra RS E. 2024. Potensi daun katuk (Sauropus androgynus) sebagai sayuran superfood. Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu Akademik 1 (6): 300-306. DOI: 10.61722/jmia.v1i6.2947. [Indonesian]
Nahraeni W, Rahayu A, Yusdiarti A. 2016. Preferensi konsumen terhadap sayuran indijenes. Jurnal Agribisains 2 (2): 32-40. DOI: 10.30997/jagi.v2i2.779. [Indonesian]
Naveena E, Janavi G, Arumugam T, Anitha T. 2020. Estimation of nutritive composition of Sauropus androgynus (Multivitamin plant) at different growth stages and position of leaves. Intl J Chem Stud 8 (3): 443-447. DOI: 10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i3e.9251.
Nguyen NHK, Tien HTC, Truc TT, Quoc LPT. 2020. Chlorophyll content and antioxidant activity from folium sauropi (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr) with microwave-assisted extraction. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 991 (1): 012036. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/991/1/012036.
Nguyen NTT, Nguyen BX, Habibi N, Dabirimirhosseinloo M, Oliveira LDA, Terada N, Sanada A, Kamata A, Koshio K. 2025. Effect of organic and synthetic fertilizers on nitrate, nitrite, and vitamin C levels in leafy vegetables and herbs. Plants 14 (6): 917. DOI: 10.3390/plants14060917.
Nuraini Y, Asgianingrum RE. 2017. Peningkatan kualitas biourin sapi dengan penambahan pupuk hayati dan molase serta pengaruhnya tertumbuhan dan produksi pakcoy. Jurnal Hortikultura Indonesia 8 (3): 183-191. DOI: 10.29244/jhi.8.3.183-191. [Indonesian]
Nurhapsa N, Rahmawati R, Semaun R, Nurhaedah N, Mukhlis M. 2024. Utilization of livestock waste for organic production: An environmentally friendly and sustainable solution. Unram J Commun Serv 5 (4): 318-323. DOI: 10.29303/ujcs.v5i4.718.
Pan Z, He P, Fan D, Jiang R, Song D, Song L, Zhou W, He W. 2024. Global impact of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers on vegetable productivity and reactive nitrogen losses. Sci Total Environ 926: 172016. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172016.
Pathy A, Ray J, Paramasivan B. 2021. Challenges and opportunities of nutrient recovery from human urine using biochar for fertilizer applications. J Clean Prod 304: 127019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127019.
Polakitan A, Lintang M, Tandi OG, Salamba HN, Polakitan D, Malia IE, Kindangen J. 2024. Fermentation of cow urine as liquid organic fertilizer to increase rice production. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 1417 (1): 12007. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1417/1/012007.
Purba RAP, Paengkoum P. 2022. Exploring the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihemolytic properties of Sauropus androgynus dried leaf extracts for ruminant health and production. Molecules 27 (23): 8580. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238580.
Rahayu A, Maulana Y, Rochman N. 2023. Pengaruh komposisi pupuk N-organik terhadap pertumbuhan dan kualitas beberapa aksesi katuk {Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.} asal Bogor. J Agronida 9 (1): 26-35. DOI: 10.30997/jag.v9i1.8406. [Indonesian]
Rahayu A, Nahraeni W, Rochman N, Faturrochman A. 2019. Respon pertumbuhan aksesi kemangi pada berbagai komposisi pupuk nitrogen alami. Jurnal Agronida 5 (2): 70-77. DOI: 10.30997/jag.v5i2.2314. [Indonesian]
Ramírez-Sandoval M, Pinochet D, Rivero MJ, Cardenas LM. 2023. Effect of cow urine nitrogen rates and moisture conditions on nitrogen mineralization in andisol from Southern Chile. Agronomy 13 (1): 10. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13010010.
Ruzzi M, Colla G, Rouphael Y. 2024. Biostimulants in agriculture II: Towards a sustainable future. Front Plant Sci 15: 1427283. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1427283.
Samah E, Candra IA. 2022. The impact of liquid organic fertilizer on growth and crop production of melon (Cucumis melo L.). Jurnal Pertanian Tropik 9 (1): 9-14. DOI: 10.32734/jopt.v9i1.6880.
Santana T, Rahayu A, Mulyaningsih Y. 2021. Karakterisasi morfologi dan kualitas berbagai aksesi katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.). Jurnal Agronida 7 (1): 15-25. DOI: 10.30997/jag.v7i1.4102. [Indonesian]
Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L et al. 2023. Risk assessment of N-nitrosamines in food. EFSA J 21 (3): e06040. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6040.
Setiyo Y, Yulianti NL, Sanjaya PB, Gunam I. 2021. The impact of calorage changes on bio-urine quality from aerobic and anaerobic fermentation process in a bioreactor. J Global Biosci 10 (4): 8512-8529.
Seyyedsalehi MS, Mohebbi E, Tourang F, Sasanfar B, Boffetta P, Zendehdel K. 2023. Association of dietary nitrate, nitrite, and n-nitroso compounds intake and gastrointestinal cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxics 11 (2): 190. DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020190.
Singh S, Singh DR, Salim KM, Srivastava A, Singh LB, Srivastava RC. 2011. Estimation of proximate composition, micronutrients and phytochemical compounds in traditional vegetables from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Intl J Food Sci Nutr 62 (7): 765-773. DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.585961.
Sitinjak RR. 2023. Potential of liquid organic fertilizer from horse and cow urine on shoot growth of Cattleya labiata Lindl. Ornam Hortic 29 (2): 126-134. DOI: 10.1590/2447-536X.v29i2.2552.
Speight JG. 2017. Acidity and Alkalinity. In: Speight JG (eds). Rules of Thumb for Petroleum Engineers. Scrivener Publishing LLC, Beverly, USA. DOI: 10.1002/9781119403647.ch8.
Surachman S, Zulfita D, Mahmudi M. 2025. Biofertilizers and cow urine affect growth, nutrient absorption and yield of caisim (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis) on peat soil. Sci Digest 1: 6. DOI: 10.18805/ag.DF-731.
Umaramani M, Sivakanesan R. 2015. Vitamin C content of commonly eaten green leafy vegetables in fresh and under different storage conditions. Trop Plant Res 2 (3): 240-245.
Wang Z, Zhao T, Ma L, Chen C, Miao Y, Guo L, Liu D. 2023. Mechanisms governing the impact of nitrogen stress on the formation of secondary metabolites in Artemisia argyi leaves. Sci Rep 13 (1): 12866. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40098-5.
Winasih R, Indra DD, Nurmala S. 2023. Identifikasi dan analisis sidik jari daun katuk dari lima daerah di Jawa Barat menggunakan spektroskopi FTIR dan Kemometrik. Pharmacoscript 6 (1): 91-101. DOI: 10.36423/pharmacoscript.v6i1.1164. [Indonesian]
Woldeyohannis NN, Desta AF. 2024. Metagenome-based microbial community analysis of urine-derived fertilizer. BMC Microbiol 24 (1): 418. DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03578-w.
Xia P, Ma L, Yi Y, Lin T. 2021. Assessment of heavy metal pollution and exposure risk for migratory birds-A case study of Caohai wetland in Guizhou Plateau (China). Environ Pollut 275: 116564. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116564.
Yemata G, Mengistu E. 2024. Potential of cattle urine as an alternative fertilizer for maize (Zea mays L.) production in Ethiopia. Heliyon 10 (22): e39111. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39111.
Yu G, Wang Q, Zheng X, Yang B, Zhang C, Zhang G, Wei X. 2025. Effects of human urine application on soil physicochemical properties, microbial communities, and enzymatic activities. Front Agron 7: 1610839. DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2025.1610839.
Zhao M, Xuan L, Qi H, Shen T, Xu M. 2021. Molecular cloning, transcriptional profiling, subcellular localization, and mirna-binding site analysis of six scl9 genes in poplar. Plants 10 (7): 1338. DOI: 10.3390/plants10071338.