Biomass production of Azolla microphylla as biofilter in a recirculating aquaculture system
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Abstract. Sumoharjo, Ma’ruf M, Budiarto I. 2018.Biomass production of Azolla microphylla as biofilter in a recirculating aquaculture system. Asian J Agric 2: 14-19. This study utilized macrophyte (Azolla microphylla Kaulf.) as a biofilter and investigated that biomass produced in an aquaculture system could potentially be an alternative feed. This experiment was aimed to determine the Azolla microphylla growth rate and its efficiency in removing ammonia from a simple recirculating aquaculture system. The experimental units were set up in three different water flows, i.e. 3 lpm, 5 lpm, and 7 lpm onto the three different geometrically baseboards of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growing tanks (prism, rectangular and limas). The results showed that water flow did not give significant effect(P < 0.10) on the growth rate of Azolla. The lower water flow (3 lpm) resulted in the highest ammonia biofiltration efficiency, which can remove ammonia up to 32.2±3.0% of the total NH3-N and NH4+-N (TAN).
2017-01-01
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References
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Intensification of pond aquaculture and high rate photosynthetic
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Fort Myers, FL, USA.
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oxygen concentration and body weight on maximum feed intake,
growth and hematological parameters of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis
niloticus. Aquaculture 275: 152-162.
Van Hove C. 1989. Azolla and its Multipurpose Uses with Emphasis on
Africa. FAO, Rome.
Wedemeyer GA. 1996. Physiology of fish in intensive culture. Chapman
and Hall, New York.
Zonnenveld A, Huisman EA, Boon JH. 1991. The Principles of
Aquaculture. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
media with different configuration in a water recirculation system for
the culture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Aquacult Eng 29:
139-154.
Balarin JD, Haller RD. 1982. The intensive culture of tilapia in tanks,
raceways and cages. In: Muir JF, Roberts RJ. (eds.), Recent Advances
in Aquaculture. Westview Press Inc., Colorado.
Bradfield AE. 1985. Laboratory studies of energy budgets. In: Tytler P,
Calow P. (eds.), Fish Energetics: New Perspectives. John Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore.
Brune DE, Schwartz G, Eversole AG, Collier JA, Schwedler TE. 2003.
Intensification of pond aquaculture and high rate photosynthetic
systems. Aquacult Eng 28: 65-86.
Buttner JK, Soderberg RW, Terlizzi DE. 1993. An Introduction to Water
Chemistry in Freshwater Aquaculture. Massachusetts: NRAC Fact
Sheet No. 170.
Colt J.1991. Aquaculture production system. J Anim Sci 69: 4183-4192.
Datta SN. 2002. Culture of Azolla and its efficacy in diet of Labeo rohita.
Aquaculture 310: 376-379.
El-Syafai SA, El-Gohary FA, Nasr FA, Van Der Steen FE, Gijzen HJ.
2004. Chronic ammonia toxicity to duckweed-fed tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 232: 117-127.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2009.
Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in small-scale
aquaculture: A Review. FAO-Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical
Paper, 531. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Rome, Italy.
Fiogbé EDJC, Micha C, Van Howe. 2014. Use of a natural aquatic fern,
Azolla microphylla, as a main component in food for the omnivorous
-phytoplanktonophagous tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. J Appl
Ichthyol 20: 517-520.
Floyd RF. 2003. Oxygen for fish production. FACT Sheet FA-27.
Extention-Institute of Food and Agricultural Science. University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Handy RD, and Poxton MG. 1993. Nitrogen pollution in mariculture:
toxicity and excretion of nitrogenous compounds by marine fish. Rev
Fish Biol Fish 3 (3): 205-241.
Liu TL, Sun PB. 2008. Effect Ammonium on Blood Characteristic and
Lypooxigenase Activities in Cultured Tilapia. Department of Food
Science. National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan.
Lumpkin TA, Plucknett DL. 1980. Azolla: Botany, physiology and use as
a green manure. Econ Bot 34: 111-134.
Nerici C, Silva A, Merino G. 2012. Effect of two temperatures on
ammonia excretion rates of Seriolella violacea (Palm fish) juveniles
under rearing conditions. Aquacult Eng 46: 47-52.
Pillay TVR. 1992. Aquaculture and the Environment. 1st ed. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Rafee G, Saad CR. 2005. Nutrient cycle and sludge production during
different stages of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) growth in a
recirculating aquaculture system. Aquaculture 244: 109-118.
Randall D, Tsui T. 2002. Ammonia toxicity in fish. Mar Poll Bull 45: 17-
23.
Schneider O, Sereti V, Eding EH, Verreth JAJ. 2005. Analysis of nutrient
flows in integrated intensive aquaculture systems. J Aquacult Eng 32:
379-401.
Smith M. 2003. Biological Filters for Aquaculture. L.S. Enterprises, Fort
Fort Myers, FL, USA.
Sumoharjo. 2015. Performance of duckweed (Lemna minor) as biofilter in
recirculating aquaculture system. J Trop Fish Sci 21: 86-94.
Teichert-Coddington D, Green BW. 1993. Tilapia yield improvement
through maintenance of minimal oxygen concentrations in
experimental grow-out ponds in Honduras. Aquaculture 118: 63-71.
Timmons MB, Ebeling JM, Wheaton FW, Summerfelt ST, Vinci BJ.
2002. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems, 2nd ed. Cayuga Aqua
Ventures, New York.
Tran-Duy A, Schrama JW, Van Dam AA, Vereth JAJ. 2008. Effects of
oxygen concentration and body weight on maximum feed intake,
growth and hematological parameters of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis
niloticus. Aquaculture 275: 152-162.
Van Hove C. 1989. Azolla and its Multipurpose Uses with Emphasis on
Africa. FAO, Rome.
Wedemeyer GA. 1996. Physiology of fish in intensive culture. Chapman
and Hall, New York.
Zonnenveld A, Huisman EA, Boon JH. 1991. The Principles of
Aquaculture. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. [Indonesian]