Simple carbon and organic matter addition in acid sulfate soils and time-dependent changes in pH and redox under varying moisture regimes
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Abstract. Michael PS. 2020. Simple carbon and organic matter addition in acid sulfate soils and time-dependent changes in pH and redox under varying moisture regimes. Asian J Agric 4: 23-29. It has been recently shown that the addition of dead plant materials as organic matter in acid sulfate soils (ASS) creates microenvironments conducive for soil microbes to reduce the sulfate content and redox potential (Eh), thereby increasing the pH of sulfuric soil and sustaining the pH of sulfidic soil, respectively. The time course of effects of addition of organic matter however was not clearly established. This was study conducted to assess the time course of the effect of soil carbon and organic matter following addition of glucose and acetate as carbon and lucerne hay as organic matter sources, respectively. The conditions of the treatments were either anaerobic (flooded) or aerobic (under 75% field capacity). The results showed that the effects of addition of amendments on pH and Eh of ASS are immediate, but treatment dependent. Organic matter as a multiple food sources for soil microbes was more effective in reducing the soil and increasing the pH of the sulfuric and the sulfidic soil, respectively. The effects of acetate were comparatively higher than glucose, dependent on the type of microbial ecology that was engaged by these resources being simple carbon sources. The overall increase in pH and reduction in Eh was immediate within the first three days, but the changes in the soil properties measured were reversed over time. The reversal in the mechanism inducing the changes in pH and Eh ceased as the microbial metabolic resources used as metabolic substrate to generate alkalinity got depleted.
2017-01-01
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References
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Armstrong, J. & Armstrong, W. (1991) A convective through-flow of gases in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Aquat. Bot., 39, 75-88.
Armstrong, J., Armstrong, W., Beckett, P. M., Halder, J. E. Lythe, S., Holt, R. & Sinclair, A. (1996) Pathways of aeration and the mechanisms and beneficial effects of humidity-and Venturi-induced convections in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Aquat. Bot., 54, 177-197.
Baldwin, D. S. & Fraser, M. (2009) Rehabilitation options for inland waterways impacted by sulfidic sediments – A synthesis. J. Environ. Manage., 91, 311-319.
Bendix, M., Tornbjerg, T. & Brix, H. (1994) Internal gas transport in Typha latifolia L. and Typha angustifolia L. 1. Humidity-induced pressurization and convective throughflow. Aquat. Bot., 49, 75-89.
Buschmann, J., Berg, M., Stengel, C., Winkel, L., Sampson, M. L., Tang, P. T. & Viet, P. H. (2008) Contamination of drinking water resources in the Mekong delta plains: arsenic and other trace metals pose serious health risks to population. Environ. Int., 34, 756-764.
Dowley, A., Fitzpatrick, R. W., Cass, A. & Besz, W. (1998) Measurement of redox potential (Eh) in periodically waterlogged viticultural soils. Proceedings of the 16th World Congress of Soil Science (CD-ROM), Montpellier, France. 10 p.
Dubey, A. K. & Sahu, O. (2014) Phragmites australis (Marsh Plant) as wastewater treatment material. Int. J. Agri. Res. Rev., 1, 48-55.
Fanning, D. S. (2012) Acid Sulfate Soils. In Jorgensen, S. E. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Environmental Management. Taylor & Francis, CRC Press. 26-30 pp.
Fiedler, S., Vepraskas, M. J. & Richardson, J. L. (2007) Soil redox potential: importance, field measurements, and observations. In Donald L. S. (Ed.) Advance in Agronomy. Academic Press. 1-54 pp.
Fitzpatrick, R. W., Powell, B. & Marvanek, S. (2008) Atlas of Australian acid sulfate soils. In Fitzpatrick R. W. & Shand, P. (Eds.) Inland Acid Sulfate Soil Systems Across Australia. CRC LEME, Perth, Australia. 75-89 pp.
Fitzpatrick, R. W., Shand, P. & Hicks, W. (2011) Technical Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Inland Freshwater Areas impacted by Acid Sulfate Soils. CSIRO Land and Water Science Report, 05/11. 171 pp.
Fitzpatrick, R. W. (2013) Demands on Soil Classification and Soil Survey Strategies: Special-Purpose Soil Classification Systems for Local Practical Use. In Shahid, S. A., Taha F. K. & Abdelfattah, M. A. (Eds.) Developments in Soil Classification, Land Use Planning and Policy Implications. Springer Netherlands. 51-83 pp.
Fitzpatrick, R. W., Grealish, G., Shand, P., Simpson, S. L., Merry, R. H. & Raven, M. D. (2009a) Acid Sulfate Soil Assessment in Finniss River, Currency Creek, Black Swamp, and Goolwa Channel, South Australia. CSIRO Land and Water. Adelaide. Science Report 26/09. 213 pp. http://www.clw.csiro.au/publications/science/2009/sr26-09.pdf
Fitzpatrick, R. W., Grealish, G., Shand, P., Thomas, B. P., Merry, R. H., Creeper, N. L. & et al. (2009b) Preliminary Risk Assessment of Acid Sulfate Soil Materials in the Currency Creek, Finniss River, Tookayerta Creek and Black Swamp region, South Australia. CSIRO Land and Water. Adelaide. Science Report 01/09. 45 p.
Fitzpatrick, R. W., Grealish, G., Gardner, E. A., Carlin, G. D. & Froggatt, D. W. (2010) Export of acidity in drainage water from acid sulfate soil. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 41, 319-326.
Hanhart, K., Ni, D. van, Bakker, N., Bil, F. & Mensvoort, M. E. F. van. (1997) Surface water management under varying drainage conditions for rice on an acid sulfate soil in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Agri. Waste Manage., 33, 99-116.
Hoeft, R. G., Walsh, L. M. & Keeney, D. R. (1973) Evaluation of various extractants for available soil sulfur1. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 37, 401-404.
Jayalath, J., Mosely, L. M. & Fitzpatrick, R. W. (2016) Addition of organic matter influences pH changes in reduced and oxidised acid sulfate soils. Geoderma, 262, 125-132.
Kamp, M. V. D., Wilson, G. B., Singley, M. E., Richard, T. L., Kolega, J. J. Gouin, F. R. & et al. (1992) On-farm composting handbook. Natural Resource Agriculture and Engineering Service. Ithaca, New York.
Marks, M., Lapin, B. & Randall, J. (1994) Phragmites australis (P. communis): threats, management and monitoring. Nat. Areas J., 14, 285-294.
Merry, R. H., Fitzpatrick, R. W., Bonifacio, E., Spouncer, L. R. & Davies, P. J. (2002) Redox changes in a small wetland with potential acid sulfate, saline and sodic soils. Confronting new realities in the 21st century. Transactions of International Union of Soil Science 17th World Congress of Soil Science (CD-ROM). Bangkok, Thailand. 13 p.
Melville, M. D. & White, I. (2012) Acid sulfate soils: Management. In Jorgensen, S. E. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Environmental Management. Taylor & Francis, CRC Press. 6 p.
Michael, P. S. & Reid, R. (2018). The combined effects of complex organic matter and plants on the chemistry of acid sulfate soils under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 18, 542-555.
Michael, P. S. (2013) Ecological impacts and management of acid sulphate soil: A review. Asian J. of Water, Environ. Pollut., 10, 13-24.
Michael, P. S. (2015a) Effects of alkaline sandy loam on sulfuric soil acidity and sulfidic soil oxidation. Int. J. Environ., 4, 42-54.
Michael, P. S. (2015b) Effects of organic amendments and plants on the chemistry of acid sulfate soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. PhD Thesis, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. 200 pp.
Michael, P. S. (2015c). Effects of organic amendments and plants on the chemistry of acid sulfate soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. J. Poc. R. Soc. N. S. W. 148, 185-186.
Michael, P. S. (2018a). Comparative analysis of the ameliorative effects of soil carbon and nitrogen amendment on surface and subsurface soil pH, Eh and sulfate content of acid sulfate soils. Eurasian Soil Sci., 51, 1181-1190.
Michael, P. S. (2018b). The role of surface soil carbon and nitrogen in regulating surface soil pH and redox potential of sulfidic soil of acid sulfate soils. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci., 41, 1627-1642.
Michael, P. S. (2018c). Effects of live plants and dead plant matter on the stability of pH, redox potential and sulfate content of sulfuric soil neutralized by addition of alkaline sandy loam. Mal. J. Soil Sci., 22, 1-18.
Michael, P. S. (2020). Co-existence of organic matter and live plant macrophytes under flooded soil conditions acidify sulfidic soil of acid sulfate soils. Trop. Plant Res., 7, 20-29. DOI: 10.22271/tpr.2020.v7.i1.004
Michael, P. S., Fitzpatrick R. W. & Reid, R. (2017) Effects of live wetland plant macrophytes on acidification, redox potential and sulphate content in acid sulphate soils. Soil Use Manage., 33, 471-481.
Michael, P. S., Fitzpatrick, R. W. & Reid, R. (2015) The role of organic matter in ameliorating acid sulfate soils with sulfuric horizons. Geoderma, 225, 42-49.
Michael, P. S., Fitzpatrick, R. W. & Reid, R. (2016) The importance of carbon and nitrogen for amelioration of acid sulphate soils. Soil Use Manage., 32, 97-105.
Michael, P. S., Reid, R. & Fitzpatrick, R. W. (2012) Amelioration of slowly permeable hypersaline peaty-clayey sulfuric and sulfidic materials in acid sulfate soils by mixing with friable sandy loam soil. In Burkitt, L. L. & Sparrow, L. A. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 5th Joint Australian and New Zealand Soil Science Conference: Soil solutions for diverse landscapes. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. 146-149 pp. http://soilscienceaustralia.com.au/images/sampledata/publications_tab/confproceedings433/WCSS/2012NatConf_Hobart/Soil_Science_Proceedings_Final.pdf
Michael, P. S., Reid, R. & Fitzpatrick, R. W. (2014) Effects of organic matter amendment on acid sulfate soil chemistry. In Clay, C. (Ed.) Proceedings of the 4th National Acid Sulfate Soil Conference. Rendezvous Hotel, Perth, Australia. 80-81 pp. http://soilscienceaustralia.com.au/soil2014/proceedings/Michael.pdf
Pons, L. J. (1973) Outline of the genesis, characteristics, classifications and improvement of acid sulphate soils. International Symposium on Acid Sulphate Soils. Introductory Papers and Bibliography. Edited by H. Dost. International Institute for Land Reclaimation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. 3-27 pp.
Rabenhorst, M. C., Hively, W. D. & James, B. R. (2009) Measurements of soil redox potential. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 73, 668-674.
Reid, R. J. & Butcher, C. S. (2011) Positive and negative impacts of plants on acid production in exposed acid sulphate soils. Plant Soil, 349, 183-190.
Schulte, E. E. & Hopkins, B. G. (1996) Estimation of soil organic matter by weight loss-on-ignition. In Magdoff, F. R., Tabatabai, M. A. & Hanlon, E. A. (Eds.) Soil Organic Matter: Analysis and Interpretation. Soil Science Society of America. 21-31 pp.
Shamshuddin, J., Muhrizal, S., Fauziah, I. & Husni, M. H. A. (2004) Effects of adding organic materials to an acid sulfate soil on the growth of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings. Sci. Total Environ., 323, 33-45.
Simpson, H. & Pedini, P. (1985) Brackish water aquaculture in the tropics: the problem of acid sulfate soil environment. Appl. Geochem., 19, 1837-1853.
Simpson, S. L., Fitzpatrick, R. W., Shand, P., Angel, B. M., Spadaro, D. A. & Mosley, L. (2010) Climate-driven mobilisation of acid and metals from acid sulfate soils. Mar. Freshw. Res., 61, 129–138.
Soil Survey Staff. (2014) Keys to Soil Taxonomy. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.
Sullivan, L. A., Ward, N. J., Bush, R. T. & Burton, E. D. (2009) Improved identification of sulfuric soil materials by a modified method. Geoderma, 149, 33-38.
Sullivan, L. A., Bush, R. T., McConchie, D., Lancaster, G., Haskins, P. G. & Clark, M. W. (1999) Comparison of peroxide-oxidisable sulfur and chromium- reducible sulfur methods for determination of reduced inorganic sulfur in soil. Soil Res., 37, 255-266.
Tinh, T. K., Huong, H. T. T. & Nilsson, S. I. (2001) Rice-soil interactions in Vietnamese acid sulphate soils: impacts of submergence depth on soil solution chemistry and yields. Soil Use Manage., 17, 67-76.
Tornberg, T., Bendix, M. & Brix, H. (1994) Internal gas transport in Typha latifolia L. and Typha angustifolia L. 2. Convective throughflow pathways and ecological significance. Aquat. Bot., 49, 91-105.
Vegas-Vilarrubia, T., Baritto, F. & G. Melean. (2008) A critical examination of some common field tests to assess the acid-sulfate condition in soils. Soil Use Manage., 24, 60-68.
Yan, F., S. Schubert & Mengel, K. (1996) Soil pH changes during legume growth and application of plant materials. Biol. Fertil. Soils., 23, 236-242.
Armstrong, J. & Armstrong, W. (1991) A convective through-flow of gases in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Aquat. Bot., 39, 75-88.
Armstrong, J., Armstrong, W., Beckett, P. M., Halder, J. E. Lythe, S., Holt, R. & Sinclair, A. (1996) Pathways of aeration and the mechanisms and beneficial effects of humidity-and Venturi-induced convections in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Aquat. Bot., 54, 177-197.
Baldwin, D. S. & Fraser, M. (2009) Rehabilitation options for inland waterways impacted by sulfidic sediments – A synthesis. J. Environ. Manage., 91, 311-319.
Bendix, M., Tornbjerg, T. & Brix, H. (1994) Internal gas transport in Typha latifolia L. and Typha angustifolia L. 1. Humidity-induced pressurization and convective throughflow. Aquat. Bot., 49, 75-89.
Buschmann, J., Berg, M., Stengel, C., Winkel, L., Sampson, M. L., Tang, P. T. & Viet, P. H. (2008) Contamination of drinking water resources in the Mekong delta plains: arsenic and other trace metals pose serious health risks to population. Environ. Int., 34, 756-764.
Dowley, A., Fitzpatrick, R. W., Cass, A. & Besz, W. (1998) Measurement of redox potential (Eh) in periodically waterlogged viticultural soils. Proceedings of the 16th World Congress of Soil Science (CD-ROM), Montpellier, France. 10 p.
Dubey, A. K. & Sahu, O. (2014) Phragmites australis (Marsh Plant) as wastewater treatment material. Int. J. Agri. Res. Rev., 1, 48-55.
Fanning, D. S. (2012) Acid Sulfate Soils. In Jorgensen, S. E. (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Environmental Management. Taylor & Francis, CRC Press. 26-30 pp.
Fiedler, S., Vepraskas, M. J. & Richardson, J. L. (2007) Soil redox potential: importance, field measurements, and observations. In Donald L. S. (Ed.) Advance in Agronomy. Academic Press. 1-54 pp.
Fitzpatrick, R. W., Powell, B. & Marvanek, S. (2008) Atlas of Australian acid sulfate soils. In Fitzpatrick R. W. & Shand, P. (Eds.) Inland Acid Sulfate Soil Systems Across Australia. CRC LEME, Perth, Australia. 75-89 pp.
Fitzpatrick, R. W., Shand, P. & Hicks, W. (2011) Technical Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Inland Freshwater Areas impacted by Acid Sulfate Soils. CSIRO Land and Water Science Report, 05/11. 171 pp.
Fitzpatrick, R. W. (2013) Demands on Soil Classification and Soil Survey Strategies: Special-Purpose Soil Classification Systems for Local Practical Use. In Shahid, S. A., Taha F. K. & Abdelfattah, M. A. (Eds.) Developments in Soil Classification, Land Use Planning and Policy Implications. Springer Netherlands. 51-83 pp.
Fitzpatrick, R. W., Grealish, G., Shand, P., Simpson, S. L., Merry, R. H. & Raven, M. D. (2009a) Acid Sulfate Soil Assessment in Finniss River, Currency Creek, Black Swamp, and Goolwa Channel, South Australia. CSIRO Land and Water. Adelaide. Science Report 26/09. 213 pp. http://www.clw.csiro.au/publications/science/2009/sr26-09.pdf
Fitzpatrick, R. W., Grealish, G., Shand, P., Thomas, B. P., Merry, R. H., Creeper, N. L. & et al. (2009b) Preliminary Risk Assessment of Acid Sulfate Soil Materials in the Currency Creek, Finniss River, Tookayerta Creek and Black Swamp region, South Australia. CSIRO Land and Water. Adelaide. Science Report 01/09. 45 p.
Fitzpatrick, R. W., Grealish, G., Gardner, E. A., Carlin, G. D. & Froggatt, D. W. (2010) Export of acidity in drainage water from acid sulfate soil. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 41, 319-326.
Hanhart, K., Ni, D. van, Bakker, N., Bil, F. & Mensvoort, M. E. F. van. (1997) Surface water management under varying drainage conditions for rice on an acid sulfate soil in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Agri. Waste Manage., 33, 99-116.
Hoeft, R. G., Walsh, L. M. & Keeney, D. R. (1973) Evaluation of various extractants for available soil sulfur1. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 37, 401-404.
Jayalath, J., Mosely, L. M. & Fitzpatrick, R. W. (2016) Addition of organic matter influences pH changes in reduced and oxidised acid sulfate soils. Geoderma, 262, 125-132.
Kamp, M. V. D., Wilson, G. B., Singley, M. E., Richard, T. L., Kolega, J. J. Gouin, F. R. & et al. (1992) On-farm composting handbook. Natural Resource Agriculture and Engineering Service. Ithaca, New York.
Marks, M., Lapin, B. & Randall, J. (1994) Phragmites australis (P. communis): threats, management and monitoring. Nat. Areas J., 14, 285-294.
Merry, R. H., Fitzpatrick, R. W., Bonifacio, E., Spouncer, L. R. & Davies, P. J. (2002) Redox changes in a small wetland with potential acid sulfate, saline and sodic soils. Confronting new realities in the 21st century. Transactions of International Union of Soil Science 17th World Congress of Soil Science (CD-ROM). Bangkok, Thailand. 13 p.
Melville, M. D. & White, I. (2012) Acid sulfate soils: Management. In Jorgensen, S. E. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Environmental Management. Taylor & Francis, CRC Press. 6 p.
Michael, P. S. & Reid, R. (2018). The combined effects of complex organic matter and plants on the chemistry of acid sulfate soils under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 18, 542-555.
Michael, P. S. (2013) Ecological impacts and management of acid sulphate soil: A review. Asian J. of Water, Environ. Pollut., 10, 13-24.
Michael, P. S. (2015a) Effects of alkaline sandy loam on sulfuric soil acidity and sulfidic soil oxidation. Int. J. Environ., 4, 42-54.
Michael, P. S. (2015b) Effects of organic amendments and plants on the chemistry of acid sulfate soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. PhD Thesis, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. 200 pp.
Michael, P. S. (2015c). Effects of organic amendments and plants on the chemistry of acid sulfate soils under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. J. Poc. R. Soc. N. S. W. 148, 185-186.
Michael, P. S. (2018a). Comparative analysis of the ameliorative effects of soil carbon and nitrogen amendment on surface and subsurface soil pH, Eh and sulfate content of acid sulfate soils. Eurasian Soil Sci., 51, 1181-1190.
Michael, P. S. (2018b). The role of surface soil carbon and nitrogen in regulating surface soil pH and redox potential of sulfidic soil of acid sulfate soils. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci., 41, 1627-1642.
Michael, P. S. (2018c). Effects of live plants and dead plant matter on the stability of pH, redox potential and sulfate content of sulfuric soil neutralized by addition of alkaline sandy loam. Mal. J. Soil Sci., 22, 1-18.
Michael, P. S. (2020). Co-existence of organic matter and live plant macrophytes under flooded soil conditions acidify sulfidic soil of acid sulfate soils. Trop. Plant Res., 7, 20-29. DOI: 10.22271/tpr.2020.v7.i1.004
Michael, P. S., Fitzpatrick R. W. & Reid, R. (2017) Effects of live wetland plant macrophytes on acidification, redox potential and sulphate content in acid sulphate soils. Soil Use Manage., 33, 471-481.
Michael, P. S., Fitzpatrick, R. W. & Reid, R. (2015) The role of organic matter in ameliorating acid sulfate soils with sulfuric horizons. Geoderma, 225, 42-49.
Michael, P. S., Fitzpatrick, R. W. & Reid, R. (2016) The importance of carbon and nitrogen for amelioration of acid sulphate soils. Soil Use Manage., 32, 97-105.
Michael, P. S., Reid, R. & Fitzpatrick, R. W. (2012) Amelioration of slowly permeable hypersaline peaty-clayey sulfuric and sulfidic materials in acid sulfate soils by mixing with friable sandy loam soil. In Burkitt, L. L. & Sparrow, L. A. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 5th Joint Australian and New Zealand Soil Science Conference: Soil solutions for diverse landscapes. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. 146-149 pp. http://soilscienceaustralia.com.au/images/sampledata/publications_tab/confproceedings433/WCSS/2012NatConf_Hobart/Soil_Science_Proceedings_Final.pdf
Michael, P. S., Reid, R. & Fitzpatrick, R. W. (2014) Effects of organic matter amendment on acid sulfate soil chemistry. In Clay, C. (Ed.) Proceedings of the 4th National Acid Sulfate Soil Conference. Rendezvous Hotel, Perth, Australia. 80-81 pp. http://soilscienceaustralia.com.au/soil2014/proceedings/Michael.pdf
Pons, L. J. (1973) Outline of the genesis, characteristics, classifications and improvement of acid sulphate soils. International Symposium on Acid Sulphate Soils. Introductory Papers and Bibliography. Edited by H. Dost. International Institute for Land Reclaimation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. 3-27 pp.
Rabenhorst, M. C., Hively, W. D. & James, B. R. (2009) Measurements of soil redox potential. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 73, 668-674.
Reid, R. J. & Butcher, C. S. (2011) Positive and negative impacts of plants on acid production in exposed acid sulphate soils. Plant Soil, 349, 183-190.
Schulte, E. E. & Hopkins, B. G. (1996) Estimation of soil organic matter by weight loss-on-ignition. In Magdoff, F. R., Tabatabai, M. A. & Hanlon, E. A. (Eds.) Soil Organic Matter: Analysis and Interpretation. Soil Science Society of America. 21-31 pp.
Shamshuddin, J., Muhrizal, S., Fauziah, I. & Husni, M. H. A. (2004) Effects of adding organic materials to an acid sulfate soil on the growth of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings. Sci. Total Environ., 323, 33-45.
Simpson, H. & Pedini, P. (1985) Brackish water aquaculture in the tropics: the problem of acid sulfate soil environment. Appl. Geochem., 19, 1837-1853.
Simpson, S. L., Fitzpatrick, R. W., Shand, P., Angel, B. M., Spadaro, D. A. & Mosley, L. (2010) Climate-driven mobilisation of acid and metals from acid sulfate soils. Mar. Freshw. Res., 61, 129–138.
Soil Survey Staff. (2014) Keys to Soil Taxonomy. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C.
Sullivan, L. A., Ward, N. J., Bush, R. T. & Burton, E. D. (2009) Improved identification of sulfuric soil materials by a modified method. Geoderma, 149, 33-38.
Sullivan, L. A., Bush, R. T., McConchie, D., Lancaster, G., Haskins, P. G. & Clark, M. W. (1999) Comparison of peroxide-oxidisable sulfur and chromium- reducible sulfur methods for determination of reduced inorganic sulfur in soil. Soil Res., 37, 255-266.
Tinh, T. K., Huong, H. T. T. & Nilsson, S. I. (2001) Rice-soil interactions in Vietnamese acid sulphate soils: impacts of submergence depth on soil solution chemistry and yields. Soil Use Manage., 17, 67-76.
Tornberg, T., Bendix, M. & Brix, H. (1994) Internal gas transport in Typha latifolia L. and Typha angustifolia L. 2. Convective throughflow pathways and ecological significance. Aquat. Bot., 49, 91-105.
Vegas-Vilarrubia, T., Baritto, F. & G. Melean. (2008) A critical examination of some common field tests to assess the acid-sulfate condition in soils. Soil Use Manage., 24, 60-68.
Yan, F., S. Schubert & Mengel, K. (1996) Soil pH changes during legume growth and application of plant materials. Biol. Fertil. Soils., 23, 236-242.