Ruderal flora as ethnoecological capital for urban conservation policy in Kupang City, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 135
File Views: 90
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Gaol ML, Dewi IAL, Mudita IW. 2025. Ruderal flora as ethnoecological capital for urban conservation policy in Kupang City, Indonesia. Asian J Ethnobiol 8: 390-401. Accelerating urbanization in tropical cities like Kupang, Indonesia, disrupts green spaces and reshapes spontaneous herbaceous plant communities, which are vital for urban biodiversity. To assess these impacts, field surveys compared flora across urban and peri-urban gradients, revealing 91 species with significantly higher richness and diversity in peri-urban areas. Invasive species dominated the urban core flora, indicating biotic homogenization, while sensitive flora were found mainly in the peri-urban. Crucially, this herbaceous vegetation holds immense socio-ecological value, with 94.51% of species having medicinal uses, and peri-urban corridors supporting multifunctional species that provide material and environmental services. Policy analysis, nevertheless, indicated that current urban planning overlooked these ruderal corridors and lacks specific diversity metrics. This study establishes that peri-urban ruderal flora constitutes a significant form of ethnoecological capital, highlighting its critical importance as a reservoir of both biodiversity and ethnobotanical knowledge. By linking ecological gradients with policy analysis, this study emphasizes the urgency of safeguarding spontaneous vegetation within rapidly transforming urban landscapes. The findings provide a scientific basis for re-evaluating urban conservation strategies to incorporate these socio-ecological values into resilience planning for tropical secondary cities.
Article Details
Issue
Section
How to Cite
References
Adhinata AR, Khairiah A, Des M, Rahmah FA, Septiani N, Priyanti, Akbar YR. 2023. Potensi etnobotani tanaman bambu pada masyarakat sekitar Hutan Kota Sangga Buana Jakarta Selatan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi 3 (1): 20-31. DOI: 10.24036/prosemnasbio/vol3/554. [Indonesian]
Agustiyara A, Mutiarin D, Nurmandi A, Kasiwi AN, Ikhwali MF. 2025. Mapping urban green spaces in Indonesian cities using remote sensing analysis. Urban Sci 9 (2): 23. DOI: 10.3390/urbansci9020023.
Aini A, Nurainas N, Syamsuardi S. 2024. Kajian etnobotani tumbuhan obat di beberapa daerah di Pulau Sumatera. Jurnal Dinamika Kesehatan dan Ilmu Keperawatan 8 (4): 25-40. [Indonesian]
Arifin HS, Nakagoshi N. 2011. Landscape ecology and urban biodiversity in tropical Indonesian cities. Landsc Ecol Eng 7 (1): 33-43. DOI: 10.1007/s11355-010-0145-9.
Aronson MFJ, La Sorte FA, Nilon CH et al. 2014. A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proc Roy Soc B: Biol Sci 281 (1780): 20133330. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3330.
Aronson MFJ, Nilon CH, Lepczyk CA, Parker TS, Warren PS, Cilliers SS, Goddard MA, Hahs AK, Herzog C, Katti M, La Sorte FA, Williams NSG, Zipperer W. 2016. Hierarchical filters determine community assembly of urban species pools. Ecology 97 (11): 2952-2963. DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1535.
Ayuningrum LS, Setyaningrum M, Agustin MR, Sabrina MA, Arifiani KN, Nazar IA, Md Naim D, Setyawan AD. 2024. Ethnobotanical study of homegarden by local communities in the urban area of Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia. Asian J Ethnobiol 7 (2): 79-88. DOI: 10.13057/asianjethnobiol/y070201.
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Kota Kupang. 2024. Kota Kupang dalam Angka 2024. Kupang City Agency for Statistics, Kupang. [Indonesian]
Braun V, Clarke V. 2022. Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. SAGE Publications, Los Angeles.
Byrne M. 2022. Climate of the Timor-Leste and Nusa Tenggara Region. In AC Trainor, CR Santos (eds). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Timor-Leste. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton.
Christenhusz MJM, Byng JW. 2016. The number of known plant species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa 261 (3): 201-217. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
Elmqvist T, Andersson E, Frantzeskaki N, McPhearson T, Olsson P, Gaffney O, Takeuchi K, Folke C. 2019. Sustainability and resilience for transformation in the urban century. Nature Sustain 2 (4): 267-273. DOI: 10.1038/s41893-019-0250-1.
Elmqvist T, Fragkias M, Goodness J, Güneralp B, Marcotullio PJ, McDonald RI, Parnell S, Schewenius M, Sendstad M, Seto KC, Wilkinson C. 2013. Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities. Springer, Dordrecht. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7088-1.
Galera H, Sudnik-Wójcikowska B, Wierzbicka M, Wiłkomirski B. 2012. Directions of changes in the flora structure in the abandoned railway areas. Ecol Quest 16: 29-40. DOI: 10.12775/v10090-012-0003-5.
Gaol ML, Mudita IW. 2022. The herbaceous species tropical savanna of West Timor Indonesia: Structure and composition pattern. Asian J Environ Ecol 18: 57-76. DOI: 10.9734/ajee/2022/v18i330319.
GBIF. 2023. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. DOI: 10.15468/39omei.
Grimm NB, Faeth SH, Golubiewski NE, Redman CL, Wu J, Bai X, Briggs JM. 2008. Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319 (5864): 756-760. DOI: 10.1126/science.1150195.
Haase D, Larondelle N, Andersson E, Artmann M, Borgström S, Breuste J, Gomez-Baggethun E, Gren Å, Hamstead Z, Hansen R, Kabisch N, Kremer P, Langemeyer J, Rall EL, McPhearson T, Pauleit S, Qureshi S, Schwarz N, Voigt A, Wurster D, Elmqvist T. 2014. A quantitative review of urban ecosystem service assessments: Concepts, models, and implementation. Ambio 43 (4): 413-433. DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0504-0.
Hakim DL, Adji R, Satwhikawara R. 2024. Analysis of indigenous vegetation diversity in urban area of Bekasi Regency. J Soc Econ Agric 13 (1): 32-43. DOI: 10.26418/jsea.v13i1.75756.
Hanum Z, Armadhan WS, Kusuma D, Perwitasari IG, Almadani AR, Safira RN, Setyawan AD. 2024. Vegetation composition and structure in the Green Open Space (GOS) Area of Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 10: 72-88.
He R, Li L, Wang G, Cao L, Xiong G, Yang F. 2024. Plant diversity value of informal green spaces in tropical coastal urban areas: An empirical study of species, functional, and phylogenetic diversity. Sci Total Environ 955: 176741. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176741.
Ilie D, Cosmulescu S. 2023. Spontaneous plant diversity in urban contexts: A review of its impact and importance. Diversity 15 (2): 277. DOI: 10.3390/d15020277.
Isely D. 1982. Leguminosae and Homo sapiens. Econ Bot 36 (1): 46-70. DOI: 10.1007/BF02907899.
Johnson AL, Tauzer EC, Swan CM. 2013. Human legacies differentially organize functional and phylogenetic diversity of urban herbaceous plant communities. Appl Veg Sci 18 (3): 1-15. DOI: 10.1111/avsc.12155.
Kementerian Agraria dan Tata Ruang/Badan Pertanahan Nasional [Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency]. 2022. Peraturan Menteri Agraria dan Tata Ruang/Kepala Badan Pertanahan Nasional Nomor 14 Tahun 2022 tentang Penyediaan Kawasan Ruang Terbuka Hijau [Ministerial Regulation No. 14 of 2022 concerning the Provision of Green Open Space Areas]. [Indonesian]
Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat [Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing]. 2008. Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 5 Tahun 2008 tentang Pedoman Penyediaan dan Pemanfaatan Ruang Terbuka Hijau di Kawasan Perkotaan [Ministerial Regulation No. 5 of 2008 concerning Guidelines for the Provision and Utilization of Green Open Spaces in Urban Areas]. [Indonesian]
Kiswantoro A, Hendratono T, Supina S, Susanto DR, Sugiarto S. 2024. Addressing the urban heat island effect in Yogyakarta: The role of human behaviour and community engagement in mitigating heat impacts. Intl J Soc Sci Bus 8 (4): 577-588. DOI: 10.23887/ijssb.v8i4.84827.
Knapp S, Kühn I, Wittig R, Ozinga WA, Poschlod P, Klotz S. 2010. Urbanization causes shifts in species’ trait state frequencies. Preslia 80 (4): 375-388.
Kowarik I. 1991. Some responses of flora and vegetation to urbanization in Central Europe. In: Ravera O (eds). Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems: Perturbation and Recovery. Ellis Horwood, West Sussex.
Kumari K, Saggoo MIS. 2015. Traditional and ethnomedicinal uses of some grasses (Poaceae) of Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, India. Ann Plant Sci 4 (10): 1195-1198.
Latifah S, Valentino N, Setiawan B, Muddofir MRT, Hidayati E, Nuraini, Putra TZ. 2021. Species composition, structure and endemicity of flora Malesiana in the Udayana urban forest, Mataram City. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 637 (1): 012088. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/637/1/012088.
Legume Phylogeny Working Group (LPWG). 2023. The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) Fabaceae. World Checklist of Vascular Plants. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. DOI: 10.34885/wnph-7z39.
Luminero. 2023. NVivo 14 [Computer software]. Lumivero. https://lumivero.com/products/nvivo/.
Magurran AE. 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Mangalik ES, Susandarini R. 2025. Ethnobotany and sustainable use of medicinal plants in Toraja: Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and conservation. Intl J Environ Sci 11 (7s): 40-62. DOI: 10.64252/8hmne830.
Martin GJ. 1995. Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual. Chapman & Hall, New York. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2496-0.
McDonald RI, Mansur AV, Ascensão F et al. 2020. Research gaps in knowledge of the impact of urban growth on biodiversity. Nat Sustain 3 (1): 16-24. DOI: 10.1038/s41893-019-0436-6.
McDonnell MJ, Hahs AK. 2008. The use of gradient analysis studies in advancing our understanding of the ecology of urbanizing landscapes: Current status and future directions. Landscape Ecol 23 (10): 1143-1155. DOI: 10.1007/s10980-008-9253-4.
McKinney ML. 2006. Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biol Conserv 127 (3): 247-260. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.005.
Mueller-Dombois D, Ellenberg H. 2003. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. Blackburn Press, Caldwell
Nagy RC, Lockaby BG. 2011. Urbanization in the southeastern United States: Socioeconomic forces and ecological responses along an urban-rural gradient. Urban Ecosyst 14 (1): 71-86. DOI: 10.1007/s11252-010-0143-6.
Nikmatullah M, Rahayu M, Hasanah IF. 2022. Studi etnobotani keanekaragaman spesies tumbuhan obat di Pasar Tradisional Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat. Bulletin Plasma Nutfah 28 (1): 35-44. DOI: 10.21082/blpn.v28n1.2022.35-44. [Indonesian]
Norton BA, Coutts AM, Livesley SJ, Harris RJ, Hunter AM, Williams NSG. 2015. Planning for cooler cities: A framework to prioritise green infrastructure to mitigate high temperatures in urban landscapes. Landsc Urban Plann 134: 127-138. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.018.
Patel A, Shah S. 2014. Phylogeny in few species of Leguminosae family based on matK sequence. Comput Mol Biol 4 (6): 1-5. DOI: 10.5376/cmb.2014.04.0006.
Pemerintah Daerah Kota Kupang. 2000. Peraturan Daerah Kota Kupang Nomor 7 Tahun 2000 tentang Ruang Terbuka Hijau Kota Kupang. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/48407/perda-kota-kupang-no-7-tahun-2000. [Indonesian]
Pemerintah Daerah Kota Kupang. 2011. Peraturan Daerah Kota Kupang Nomor 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Kupang Tahun 2011-2031. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/48408/ perda-kota-kupang-no-12-tahun-2011. [Indonesian]
Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. 2011. Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Nomor 1 Tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Tahun 2011-2031. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/48409/perda-provinsi-ntt-no-1-tahun-2011. [Indonesian]
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. 2021. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 21 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Penataan Ruang. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/163599/pp-no-21-tahun-2021. [Indonesian]
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. 2021. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/163600/pp-no-22-tahun-2021. [Indonesian]
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. 2024. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2024 tentang Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati dan Ekosistemnya. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/267625/uu-no-32-tahun-2024. [Indonesian]
Pickett STA, Cadenasso ML, Grove JM, Boone CG, Groffman PM, Irwin E, Kaushal SS, Marshall V, McGrath BP, Nilon CH, Pouyat RV, Szlavecz K, Troy A, Warren P. 2011. Urban ecological systems: Scientific foundations and a decade of progress. J Environ Manag 92 (3): 331-362. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.08.022.
Putri A, Sari FD, Putri FO, Ade FY. 2025. Inventarisasi penggunaan tumbuhan (etnobotani) di daerah Pakasai, Pariaman Timur, Kota Pariaman, Sumatera Barat. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi 4 (2): 212-224. DOI: 10.24036/prosemnasbio/vol4/1018. [Indonesian]
Putri LSE, Dasumiati, Kristiyanto, Mardiansyah, Malik C, Leuvinadrie LP, Mulyono EA. 2016. Ethnobotanical study of herbal medicine in Ranggawulung Urban Forest, Subang District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17 (1): 172-176. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d170125.
R Core Team. 2023. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org.
Rega-Brodsky CC, Aronson MFJ, Piana MR, Carpenter ES, Hahs AK, Herrera-Montes A, Knapp S, Kotze DJ, Lepczyk CA, Moretti M, Salisbury AB, Williams NSG, Jung K, Katti M, MacGregor-Fors I, MacIvor JS, La Sorte FA, Sheel V, Threfall CG, Nilon CH. 2022. Urban biodiversity: State of the science and future directions. Urban Ecosyst 25(4): 1083-1096. DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01207-w.
Rizal S, Trimin K, Ghina AS. 2021. Studi etnobotani tumbuhan obat di Desa Pagar Ruyung Kecamatan Kota Agung Kabupaten Lahat Sumatera Selatan. Sainmatika: Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam 18 (2): 222-230. DOI: 10.31851/sainmatika.v18i2.6618. [Indonesian]
Safitri DS, Soenarno SM, Noer S. 2024. Etnobotani tumbuhan liar sebagai obat herbal di lingkungan perumahan Grand Tamansari 3 Kabupaten Bekasi. EduBiologia: Biol Sci Educ J 4 (2): 40-49. DOI: 10.30998/edubiologia.v4i2.23719.
Santhyami, Laraswati, Agustina L, Agustina P. 2024. Exploring urban ethnobotany: A case study of medicinal plants traded in Gede Hardjonagoro Market, Surakarta, Indonesia. Trop J Nat Prod Res 8 (4): 6839-6852. DOI: 10.26538/tjnpr/v8i4.13.
Shackleton CM, Hurley PT, Dahlberg AC, Emery MR, Nagendra H. 2017. Urban foraging: A Ubiquitous human practice overlooked by urban planners, policy, and research. Sustainability 9 (10): 1884. DOI: 10.3390/su9101884.
Seto KC, Fragkias M, Güneralp B, Reilly MK. 2011. A meta-analysis of global urban land expansion. PLoS One 6 (8): e23777. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023777.
Seto KC, Güneralp B, Hutyra LR. 2012. Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109 (40): 16083-16088. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211658109.
Soerjani M, Kostermans AJGH, Tjitrosoepomo G. 1987. Weeds of Rice in Indonesia. Balai Pustaka, Jakarta.
Sujarwo W. 2023. Kekinian Etnobotani Indonesia: Peran, Potensi, Tantangan, dan Peluang dalam mendukung Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Tumbuhan Berkelanjutan. BRIN Publishing, Jakarta. DOI: 10.55981/brin.782. [Indonesian]
Suryawati E, Wulandari AS, Kurniawati F. 2015. Guidebook of Invasive Alien Plant Species in Indonesia. Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Jakarta.
Tjitrosoedirdjo SS, Mawardi I, Tjitrosoedirdjo S. 2016. 75 Important Weeds in Indonesia. SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor.
Tredici PD. 2010. Spontaneous urban vegetation: Reflections of change in a globalized world. Nat Cult 5 (3): 299-315. DOI: 10.3167/nc.2010.050305.
Verburg PH, Schot PPP, Dijst MJ, Veldkamp A. 2004. Land use change modelling: Current practice and research priorities. GeoJournal 61: 309-324. DOI: 10.1007/s10708-004-4946-y.
Wariss HM, Wang H, Yi TS, Anjum S, Ahmad S, Alam K. 2016. Taxonomic perspective of grasses; a potential resource of cholistan desert, Pakistan. J Biodivers Environ Sci 9 (2): 25-42.
Weber E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
Wittig R, Diesing D, Gödde M. 1985. Urbanophob — Urbanoneutral — Urbanophil. Das Verhalten der Arten gegenüber dem Lebensraum Stadt. Flora 177 (5-6): 265-282. DOI: 10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30180-9.
Dziuba TP, Dubyna DV, Iemelianova SM, Tymoshenko PA. 2022. Vegetation of the railways of the Kyiv urban area (Ukraine). Biologia 77 (4): 931-952. DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00961-0.
Yuliana I, Jatmiko B, Widodo W, Suryanti. 2025. Mapping ethnoscience in multidisciplinary research over the last two decades: A bibliometric analysis. Multidiscip Rev 8 (11): 2025343. DOI: 10.31893/multirev.2025343.
Zhang L, Du C, Li W, Liu Y, Zhang G, Xie S, Liu Y, Kong D. 2024. Spatial patterns and driving factors of plant diversity along the urban–rural gradient in the context of urbanization in Zhengzhou, China. PeerJ 12: e18261. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18261.