Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human diseases in Gura Damole District, Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia
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Abstract. Assefa B, Megersa M, Jima TT. 2021. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human diseases in Gura Damole District, Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia. Asian J Ethnobiol 4: 42-52. Many countries, including Ethiopia, use medicinal plants for their primary health care system. Plants have been used as a source of medicine to treat human diseases in Ethiopia. This study aimed to document medicinal plants to treat various human diseases in southeast Ethiopia's, the Gura Damole District of Oromia Regional State. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants was carried out from August 05 to November 06, 2019. A total of 90 informants were selected to collect ethnobotanical information from 6 kebeles. Ethnobotanical data were collected using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions with informants, and field observation. Various ethnobotanical ranking indices were used to analyze the importance of some plant species. A total of 30 medicinal plants belonging to 21 families were identified. These medicinal plants comprised shrubs (36.6%), trees (26.6%), herbs (23.3%), and lianas (13.3%). The plant families with the highest medicinal plants in the study area used for various diseases treatment were Asteraceae and Solanaceae (3 species each). Leaves (46.7%) were the dominant plant part used to prepare remedies, followed by roots (36.7%). Powdering (50%) and oral route of administration (59%) were commonly mentioned methods of preparation and administration, respectively. Carissa spinarum was the most preferred medicinal plant to treat evil eyes and is also ranked highest as the preferable medicinal plant for various purposes. Although the current study revealed the existence of indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants to treat human diseases, agricultural expansion became the primary threat to medicinal plants. Hence, different conservation methods should be applied to conserve those mostly preferred and frequently used medicinal plants for various purposes.
2018-01-01
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References
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Alebie G, Mehamed A. 2016. An ethno-botanical study of medicinal plants in Jigjiga town, capital city of Somali regional state of Ethiopia. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 4(6): 168-175.
Alebie G, Urga B, Worku A. 2017. Systematic review on traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in Ethiopia: trends and perspectives. Malaria Journal 16: 307. DOI 10.1186/s12936-017-1953-2
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Amsalu N, Bezie Y, Fentahun M, Alemayehu A, Amsalu G. 2018. Use and conservation of medicinal plants by indigenous people of Gozamin Wereda, East Gojjam Zone of Amhara region, Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical approach. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018, Article ID 2973513.
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Birhan W, Giday M, Teklehaymanot T (2011). The contribution of traditional healers’ clinics to public health care system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 7: 39.
Chekole G. 2017. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used against human ailments in Gubalafto District, Northern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 13(1): 55. DOI 10.1186/s13002-017-0182-7
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CSA 2007. The Population and Housing Census for Ethiopia, statistical report results at country level. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Authority, Ethiopia.
Demie G, Negash M, Awas T. 2018. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by indigenous people in and around Dirre Sheikh Hussein heritage site of south-eastern Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol 220: 87–93. DOI.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.033
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Flatie T, Gedif T, Asres K, Gebre-mariam T. 2009. Ethnomedicinal survey of Bertha ethnic group Asossa Zone, Benishangul-Gumuz regional state, mid-West Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed5: 14. DOI:10.1186/1746-4269-5-14.
GDDAO 2019. Gura Damole District: Annual report on population size and agriculture of the district, Raytu.
Giday M, Asfaw Z, Woldu Z, Teklehaymanot T. 2009. Medicinal plant knowledge of the Bench ethnic group of Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical investigation. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 5: 34. DOI:10.1186/1746-4269-5-34.
Giday M, Asfaw Z, Woldu Z. 2009. Medicinal plants of the Meinit ethnic group of Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical study. J Ethnopharmacol 124(3): 513–521. DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.009.
Hachlafi NE, Chebat A, Bencheikh RS, Fikri-Benbrahim K. 2020. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used for chronic diseases treatment in Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region (Morocco). Ethnobotany Research & Applications, 20:2.
Hedberg I, Edwards S, 1989. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Pittosporaceae to Araliaceae volume 3. Ethiopia: Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Uppsala and The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Hedberg I, Edwards S. 1995. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Poaceae (Gramineae) volume 7. Ethiopia: Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Uppsala and The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Hedberg I, Kelbessa E, Edwards S, Demissew S, Persson E. 2006. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Plantaginaceae volume 5. Ethiopia: Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Uppsala and The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Hunde D, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E. 2006.Use of traditional medicinal plants by people of ‘Boosat’ Sub district, central eastern Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 16(2):141–155.
Jima TT, Megersa M. 2018. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human diseases in Berbere district, Bale zone of Oromia regional state, south east Ethiopia. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018, Article ID 8602945.
Kassa Z, Asfaw Z, Demissew S. 2020. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Sheka Zone of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 16: 7. DOI.org/10.1186/s13002-020-0358-4.
Kefalew A, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E. 2015. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in Ada’a district, East Shewa zone of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 11: 25. DOI 10.1186/s13002-015-0014-6.
Kent M, Coker P. 1992.Vegetation description and analysis: a practical approach. Belhaven Press, London, UK.
Kidane L, Gebremedhin G, Beyene T. 2018. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Ganta Afeshum District, Eastern Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 14: 64. DOI.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0266-z.
Kumar G, Jalaluddin MD, Rout P, Mohanty R, and Dileep CL (2013). Emerging trends of herbal care in dentistry. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 7(8): 1827-1829.
Lucy H, Edgar JD. 1999. Medicinal plants: a reemerging health aid, division of life sciences UNESCO.
Lulekal E, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E, Van Damme P. 2013. Ethnomedicinal study of plants used for human ailments in Ankober district, north Shewa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 9: 63.
Lulekal E, Kelbessa E, Bekele T, Yineger H. 2008. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu district, south-eastern Ethiopia. J EthnobioL Ethnomed 4: 10. DOI:10.1186/1746-4269-4-10.
Maroyi A. 2011. Traditional use of medicinal plants in south-central Zimbabwe: review and perspectives. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 9: 31.
Martin GJ. 1995. Ethnobotany: A methods manual. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
Mengesha GG. 2016. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in treating human and livestock health problems in Mandura woreda of Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia. Advancement in Medicinal Plant Research 4(1): 11–26.
Mesfin F, Demissew S, Teklehaymanot T. 2009. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Wonago Woreda, SNNPR, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 5: 28. DOI:10.1186/1746-4269-5-28.
Mesfin F, Seta T, Assefa A. 2014. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Amaro woreda, Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 12: 341–354.
Palombo EA. 2011. Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evidence Based Complement Alternative Medicine 2011 Article ID 680354.
Pradhan SP, Chaudhary RP, Sigdel S, Pandey PB. 2020. Ethnobotanical knowledge of Khandadevi and Gokulganga Rural Municipality of Ramechhap district of Nepal. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 20: 07.
Tamene S, Addisu D, Debela E. 2020. Ethno-medicinal study of plants in Boricha district: Use, preparation and application by traditional healers, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 14(7): 343-353.
Tefera BN, Kim YD. 2019. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the Hawassa Zuria District, Sidama zone, Southern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 15: 25.
Teka A, Asfaw Z, Demissew S, Van Damme P. 2020. Medicinal plant use practice in four ethnic communities (Gurage, Mareqo, Qebena, and Silti), south central Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 16: 27.
Teklehaymanot T. 2009. Ethnobotanical study of knowledge and medicinal plants use by the people in Dek Island in Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol 124: 69–78.
Teklehaymanot T. 2017. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and edible plants of Yalo woreda in Afar regional state, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 13: 40. DOI 10.1186/s13002-017-0166-7.
Tesfaye S, Belete A, Engidawork E, Gedif T, Asres K. 2020. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by traditional healers to treat cancer-like symptoms in eleven districts, Ethiopia. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020, Article ID 7683450.
Wanjohi BK, Njenga EW, Sudoi V, Kipkore WK, Moore HL Matthew IJ. 2020. Ecological Kknowledge of indigenous plants among the Marakwet Community (Embobut Basin), Elgeyo Marakwet County (Kenya) Davies. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 20: 1.
Wondimu T, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E. 2007. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants around ‘Dheeraa’ town, Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol 112: 152–161.
World Health Organization 2011. The World Traditional Medicines Situation, in Traditional medicines: Global Situation, Issues and Challenges, Geneva, Switzerland.
World Health Organization 2002. WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 2. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Wubetu M, Abula T, Dejenu G. 2017. Ethnopharmacologic survey of medicinal plants used to treat human diseases by traditional medical practitioners in Dega Damot district, Amhara, Northwestern Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes 10:157.
Yineger H, Yewhalaw D. 2007. Traditional medicinal plant knowledge and use by local healers in Sekoru District, Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 3: 24. DOI:10.1186/1746-4269-3-24.
Yirga G. 2010. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in and around Alamata, southern Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 2: 338–344.
Yohannis SW, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E. 2018. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by local people in Menz Gera Midir District, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 12(21): 296-314.
Zenebe G, Zerihun M, Solomon Z. 2012. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Asgede Tsimbila district, Northwestern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 10: 305-320.
Zerabruk S, Yirga G. 2012. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Gindeberet district western Ethiopia. South African Journal of Botany 78:165-169.
Agbor MS, Naidoo S. 2015. Ethnomedicinal plants used by traditional healers to treat oral health problems in Cameroon. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015, Article ID 649832.
Alebie G, Mehamed A. 2016. An ethno-botanical study of medicinal plants in Jigjiga town, capital city of Somali regional state of Ethiopia. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 4(6): 168-175.
Alebie G, Urga B, Worku A. 2017. Systematic review on traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in Ethiopia: trends and perspectives. Malaria Journal 16: 307. DOI 10.1186/s12936-017-1953-2
Alexiades M. 1996. Collecting ethnobotanical data: an introduction to basic concepts and techniques. In. Alexiades M, Sheldon JW (Eds.), Selected guideline for ethnobotanical research: a field manual. New York, NY: Botanical Garden, pp. 58–94.
Amsalu N, Bezie Y, Fentahun M, Alemayehu A, Amsalu G. 2018. Use and conservation of medicinal plants by indigenous people of Gozamin Wereda, East Gojjam Zone of Amhara region, Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical approach. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018, Article ID 2973513.
Bekele G, Reddy PR. 2015. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments by Guji Oromo tribes in Abaya District, Borana, Oromia, Ethiopia. Universal Journal of Plant Science, 3:1–8. DOI: 10.13189/ujps.2015.030101.
Birhan W, Giday M, Teklehaymanot T (2011). The contribution of traditional healers’ clinics to public health care system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 7: 39.
Chekole G. 2017. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used against human ailments in Gubalafto District, Northern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 13(1): 55. DOI 10.1186/s13002-017-0182-7
Cotton CM. 1996. Ethnobotany, Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Chichister, UK.
CSA 2007. The Population and Housing Census for Ethiopia, statistical report results at country level. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Authority, Ethiopia.
Demie G, Negash M, Awas T. 2018. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by indigenous people in and around Dirre Sheikh Hussein heritage site of south-eastern Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol 220: 87–93. DOI.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.033
Edwards S, Demissew S, Hedberg I. 1997. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Hydrocharitaceae to Arecaceae volume 6. Ethiopia: Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Uppsala and The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Edwards S, Tadesse M, Demissew S, Hedberg I. 2000. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Magnoliaceae to Flacourtiaceae volume 2 part 1. Ethiopia: Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Uppsala and The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Edwards S, Tadesse M, Hedberg I. 1995. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Canellaceae to Euphorbiaceae part 2 volume 2. Ethiopia: Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Uppsala and The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Flatie T, Gedif T, Asres K, Gebre-mariam T. 2009. Ethnomedicinal survey of Bertha ethnic group Asossa Zone, Benishangul-Gumuz regional state, mid-West Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed5: 14. DOI:10.1186/1746-4269-5-14.
GDDAO 2019. Gura Damole District: Annual report on population size and agriculture of the district, Raytu.
Giday M, Asfaw Z, Woldu Z, Teklehaymanot T. 2009. Medicinal plant knowledge of the Bench ethnic group of Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical investigation. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 5: 34. DOI:10.1186/1746-4269-5-34.
Giday M, Asfaw Z, Woldu Z. 2009. Medicinal plants of the Meinit ethnic group of Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical study. J Ethnopharmacol 124(3): 513–521. DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2009.05.009.
Hachlafi NE, Chebat A, Bencheikh RS, Fikri-Benbrahim K. 2020. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used for chronic diseases treatment in Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region (Morocco). Ethnobotany Research & Applications, 20:2.
Hedberg I, Edwards S, 1989. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Pittosporaceae to Araliaceae volume 3. Ethiopia: Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Uppsala and The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Hedberg I, Edwards S. 1995. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Poaceae (Gramineae) volume 7. Ethiopia: Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Uppsala and The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Hedberg I, Kelbessa E, Edwards S, Demissew S, Persson E. 2006. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Plantaginaceae volume 5. Ethiopia: Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Uppsala and The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Hunde D, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E. 2006.Use of traditional medicinal plants by people of ‘Boosat’ Sub district, central eastern Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 16(2):141–155.
Jima TT, Megersa M. 2018. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human diseases in Berbere district, Bale zone of Oromia regional state, south east Ethiopia. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018, Article ID 8602945.
Kassa Z, Asfaw Z, Demissew S. 2020. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Sheka Zone of Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 16: 7. DOI.org/10.1186/s13002-020-0358-4.
Kefalew A, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E. 2015. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in Ada’a district, East Shewa zone of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 11: 25. DOI 10.1186/s13002-015-0014-6.
Kent M, Coker P. 1992.Vegetation description and analysis: a practical approach. Belhaven Press, London, UK.
Kidane L, Gebremedhin G, Beyene T. 2018. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Ganta Afeshum District, Eastern Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 14: 64. DOI.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0266-z.
Kumar G, Jalaluddin MD, Rout P, Mohanty R, and Dileep CL (2013). Emerging trends of herbal care in dentistry. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 7(8): 1827-1829.
Lucy H, Edgar JD. 1999. Medicinal plants: a reemerging health aid, division of life sciences UNESCO.
Lulekal E, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E, Van Damme P. 2013. Ethnomedicinal study of plants used for human ailments in Ankober district, north Shewa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 9: 63.
Lulekal E, Kelbessa E, Bekele T, Yineger H. 2008. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Mana Angetu district, south-eastern Ethiopia. J EthnobioL Ethnomed 4: 10. DOI:10.1186/1746-4269-4-10.
Maroyi A. 2011. Traditional use of medicinal plants in south-central Zimbabwe: review and perspectives. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 9: 31.
Martin GJ. 1995. Ethnobotany: A methods manual. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
Mengesha GG. 2016. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in treating human and livestock health problems in Mandura woreda of Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia. Advancement in Medicinal Plant Research 4(1): 11–26.
Mesfin F, Demissew S, Teklehaymanot T. 2009. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Wonago Woreda, SNNPR, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 5: 28. DOI:10.1186/1746-4269-5-28.
Mesfin F, Seta T, Assefa A. 2014. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Amaro woreda, Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 12: 341–354.
Palombo EA. 2011. Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evidence Based Complement Alternative Medicine 2011 Article ID 680354.
Pradhan SP, Chaudhary RP, Sigdel S, Pandey PB. 2020. Ethnobotanical knowledge of Khandadevi and Gokulganga Rural Municipality of Ramechhap district of Nepal. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 20: 07.
Tamene S, Addisu D, Debela E. 2020. Ethno-medicinal study of plants in Boricha district: Use, preparation and application by traditional healers, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 14(7): 343-353.
Tefera BN, Kim YD. 2019. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the Hawassa Zuria District, Sidama zone, Southern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 15: 25.
Teka A, Asfaw Z, Demissew S, Van Damme P. 2020. Medicinal plant use practice in four ethnic communities (Gurage, Mareqo, Qebena, and Silti), south central Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 16: 27.
Teklehaymanot T. 2009. Ethnobotanical study of knowledge and medicinal plants use by the people in Dek Island in Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol 124: 69–78.
Teklehaymanot T. 2017. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and edible plants of Yalo woreda in Afar regional state, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 13: 40. DOI 10.1186/s13002-017-0166-7.
Tesfaye S, Belete A, Engidawork E, Gedif T, Asres K. 2020. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by traditional healers to treat cancer-like symptoms in eleven districts, Ethiopia. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020, Article ID 7683450.
Wanjohi BK, Njenga EW, Sudoi V, Kipkore WK, Moore HL Matthew IJ. 2020. Ecological Kknowledge of indigenous plants among the Marakwet Community (Embobut Basin), Elgeyo Marakwet County (Kenya) Davies. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 20: 1.
Wondimu T, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E. 2007. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants around ‘Dheeraa’ town, Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol 112: 152–161.
World Health Organization 2011. The World Traditional Medicines Situation, in Traditional medicines: Global Situation, Issues and Challenges, Geneva, Switzerland.
World Health Organization 2002. WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 2. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
Wubetu M, Abula T, Dejenu G. 2017. Ethnopharmacologic survey of medicinal plants used to treat human diseases by traditional medical practitioners in Dega Damot district, Amhara, Northwestern Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes 10:157.
Yineger H, Yewhalaw D. 2007. Traditional medicinal plant knowledge and use by local healers in Sekoru District, Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 3: 24. DOI:10.1186/1746-4269-3-24.
Yirga G. 2010. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in and around Alamata, southern Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 2: 338–344.
Yohannis SW, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E. 2018. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by local people in Menz Gera Midir District, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 12(21): 296-314.
Zenebe G, Zerihun M, Solomon Z. 2012. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Asgede Tsimbila district, Northwestern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 10: 305-320.
Zerabruk S, Yirga G. 2012. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Gindeberet district western Ethiopia. South African Journal of Botany 78:165-169.