Carbon stock estimation of Kelimutu National Park, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 205
File Views: 134
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Marimpan LS, Khan K, Pramatana F, Purnama MME, Sinaga PS, Sipayung RH. 2026. Carbon stock estimation of Kelimutu National Park, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Asian J For 10 (1): r100116. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjfor/r100116. The increasing rate of global warming each year occurs alongside the decline in environmental quality, deforestation, and land desertification. Forests are major carbon reservoirs and play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, as well as being capable of reducing the impact of global warming. The Kelimutu National Park, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, which contains the tri-colored lakes, must be preserved to maintain stability in CO2 absorption. The aim of this study was to estimate biomass and carbon stock in forest area of the Kelimutu National Park Forest. This study used a non-destructive vegetation sampling method to estimate biomass including using employing allometric equation to calculate vegetation biomass, while necromass and litter used equations developed by the National Standardization Agency. Furthermore, to determine the potential for CO2 absorption from the atmosphere, a conversion factor of 3.67 is applied. The study results show that carbon storage in vegetation is 104.33 Mg ha-1, in litter is 7.32 Mg ha-1 and in necromass, which includes dead tree and deadwood, amounts to 20.49 and 46.49 Mg ha-1, respectively, resulted total carbon stock of 178.63 Mg ha-1. The CO2 absorption potential is 601.97 Mg CO2 ha-1. This research underscores the importance of preserving Kelimutu National Park not only as a geological heritage but also as an asset in global carbon regulation.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Adiriono T. 2009. Carbon Stock Measurement Method in Acacia crassicarpa Industrial Plantation Forests. [Thesis]. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Bentsi-Enchill F, Frederick GD, Alexander N, Moi P, Bernard E, Hugh KA. 2022. Impact of anthropogenic disturbance on tree species diversity, vegetation structure and carbon storage potential in an upland evergreen forest of Ghana, West Africa. Trees For People 8: 100238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100238.
Brown S, Lugo AL, Chapman J. 1986. Biomass of tropical tree plantations and its implications for the global carbon budget. Can J For Res 16 (2): 390-394. https://doi.org/10.1139/x86-067.
Chanan M. 2012. Pendugaan cadangan karbon (C) tersimpan di atas permukaan tanah pada vegetasi hutan tanaman jati (Tectona grandis Linn. f ) (di RPH Sengguruh BKPH Sengguruh KPH Malang Perum Perhutani II Jawa Timur). Jurnal Gamma 7 (2): 61-73. [Indonesian]
Chen W, Yu S, Jiang X , Zhan L. 2025. Regional disparities and dynamic adaptation in the forest health-based industry and ecological environment: A case study of Fujian Province. Ecol Indic 170: 113087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113087.
Chen Z, Yu G, Wang Q. 2019. Magnitude, pattern and controls of carbon flux and carbon use efficiency in China’s typical forests. Glob Planet Change 172: 464-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.11.004.
Chimdessa T. 2023. Forest carbon stock variation with altitude in Bolale Natural Forest, Western Ethiopia. Glob Ecol Conserv 45: e02537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02537.
Chu X, Zhang J, Li Z, Zhang F, Qiu W. 2019. Assessment on forest carbon sequestration in the Three-North Shelterbelt Program Region, China. J Clean Prod 215: 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.296.
Da Costa LM, Mendonça GCD, Santos GAA, Pacheco FAL, Rolim GS, Panosso AR, Scala NL. 2025. Drivers of atmospheric CO2 concentration in Southeast Brazil: Insights from land use change, vegetation, and climate factors. Remote Sens Appl Soc Environ 38: 101614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2025.101614.
Delma S, Don G, Liz SO, Katherine W, Karma JT, John H. 2024. Carbon stocks and sequestration potential of community forests in Bhutan. Trees For People 16: 100530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100530.
Dendang B, Wuri H. 2015. Structure and composition of forest stands in Mount Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indones 1: 691-695. https://doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m010401. [Indonesian]
Egusa T, Naito R, Kurokawa T. 2024. Carbon stock projection for four major forest plantation species in Japan. Sci Total Environ 927: 172241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172241.
Eloka-Eboka AC, Bwapwa JK, Semakula ME. 2020. Biomass for CO2 sequestration. In: Hashmi S, Choudhury IA (eds.). Encyclopedia of Renewable and Sustainable Materials. Elsevier, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.11029-X.
Fairman TA, Nitschke CR, Bennett LT. 2022. Carbon stocks and stability are diminished by short-interval wildfires in fire-tolerant eucalypt forests. For Ecol Manag 505: 119919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119919.
Feudis MD, Massaccesi L, Poesio C, Vittori AL, Bol R, Agnelli A. 2025. Seasonal effects of altitude and vegetation on litter and organic carbon in deciduous and coniferous forest soils. Geoderma 459: 117382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117382.
Hairiah K, Sitompul SM, van Noordwijk M, Palm C. 2001. Methods for Sampling Above- and Below-Ground Organic Pools. IC-SEA Report No. 6. Modelling Global Change Impacts on the Soil Environment: 1-3. CIFOR, Bogor.
Heriansyah I. 2005. Potensi hutan tanaman industri dalam mensequester karbon: Studi kasus di hutan tanaman akasia dan pinus. Inovasi Online 3 (17): 1-12. [Indonesian]
Hoover CM. 2008. Field Measurements for Forest Carbon Monitoring. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8506-2.
Hou M, Wang D, Yu H, Han B, He L, Li G, Huang L, Rong C, Zhai L, Tang W, Liu Z. 2023. Distribution pattern and factors affecting litter stocks at the slope-scale in a karst forest in Subtropical China. Glob Ecol Conserv 47: e02683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02683.
Iizuka K, Tateishi R. 2015. Estimation of CO2 sequestration by the forests in Japan by discriminating precise tree age category using remote sensing techniques. Remote Sens 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs71115082.
Indriyani S, Sari SP, Negari SIT, Prambudi SA, Nur AAI, Kusumaningrum L, Indrawan M, Sunarto, Sugiyarto, Budiharta S, Setyawan AD. 2024. Short communication: Estimation of aboveground biomass and carbon sequestration in KGPAA Mangkunagoro I Grand Forest Park, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25 (5): 2257-2263. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d250544.
Ji T, Lin Y, Yang Y. 2024. ForestAdvisor: A multi-modal forest decision-making system based on carbon emissions. Environ Model Softw 181: 106190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2024.106190.
Kartalaei ZM, Yahya K, Ghasem ADT. 2023. Litter and soil properties under woody and non-woody vegetation types: Implication for ecosystem management in a mountainous semi-arid landscape. J Environ Manag 348: 119238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119238.
Ketterings QM, Coe R, Noordwijk MV, Ambagau Y, Palm CA. 2001. Reducing uncertainty in the use of allometric biomass equations for predicting above-ground tree biomass in mixed secondary forests. For Ecol Manag 146 (1-3): 199-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00460-6.
Leng Y, Wei L, Philippe C, Minxuan S, Lei Z, Chao Y, Jinfeng C, Yitong Y, Yuan Z, Jiaxin Z, Zhao L, Xuhui W, Shushi P. 2024. Forest aging limits future carbon sink in China. One Earth 7 (5): 822-834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.04.011.
Li J, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Wang JT, Hu HW, Cai ZJ, Zhu YN, Singh BK. 2019. Fungal richness contributes to multifunctionality in boreal forest soil. Soil Biol Biochem 136: 107526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107526.
Makinano-Santillan M, Bolastig CG, JRS. 2019. Aboveground biomass estimate of mangroves in Siargao Island, Philippines using Sentinel-1 image. The 40th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing 1-10. Daejeon Convention Center, Daejeon, Korea, 14-18 October 2019.
Marimpan LS, Purwanto RH. 2010. Natural Forest Inventory of Ampupu Type (Eucalyptus urophylla) in Producing Volume of Stems, Biomass and Forest Carbon. [Thesis]. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Marimpan LS. 2023. Analysis of Carbon Stocks and Influencing Factors in the Ampupu Natural Forest (Eucalyptus urophylla) in the Mutis Timau Area, East Nusa Tenggara Province. [Dissertation]. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
National Standardization Agency. 2011. Carbon Stock Measurement and Calculation - Field Measurements for Carbon Stock Estimation (Ground based Forest Carbon Accounting). Jakarta, Indonesia
Nord-Larsen T, Vesterdal L, Stupak I, Bentsen NS. 2019. Ecosystem carbon stocks and their temporal resilience in a semi-natural beech-dominated forest. For Ecol Manag 447: 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.05.038.
Nurgiyantoro B, Gunawan, Marzuki. 2009. Applied Statistics for Social Sciences Research. 4th Edition. Universitas Gadjah Mada Press, Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Olorunfemi IE, Komolafe AA, Fasinmirin JT, Olufayo AA. 2019. Biomass carbon stocks of different land use management in the forest vegetative zone of Nigeria. Acta Oecol 95: 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2019.01.004.
Palacios-Peñaranda ML, Cantera KJR, Peña SEJ. 2019. Carbon stocks in mangrove forests of the Colombian Pacific. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 227: 106299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106299.
Pham MVP, Pham TM, Du QVV, Bui QT, Tran AV, Pham HM, Nguyen TN. 2019. Integrating Sentinel-1A SAR data and GIS to estimate aboveground biomass and carbon accumulation for tropical forest types in Thuan Chau District, Vietnam. Remote Sens Appl Soc Environ 14: 148-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2019.03.003.
Pimoli M, Vinod CJ, Satish A, Sundriyal RC, Yadava AK. 2024. Impact of forest management on structure, composition, biomass and carbon stock in chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) forest, Western Himalaya. Environ Chall 16: 100964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2024.100964.
Rajashekar G, Rakesh FR, Suraj R, Chandra SJ, Ganeshaiah KN, Jamuna SS, Vinay KD. 2018. Spatial distribution of forest biomass carbon (above and below ground) in Indian Forests. Ecol Indic 85: 742-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.11.024.
Rawlins BG, Henrys P, Breward N, Robinson DA, Keith AM, Garcia-Bajo M. 2011. The importance of inorganic carbon in soil carbon databases and stock estimates: A case study from England. Soil Use Manag 27: 312-320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2011.00348.x.
Republic of Indonesia Government. 1999. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan. Sekretariat Negara, Jakarta. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id. [Indonesian]
Ribbers E, Lee H, Mooney PA, Muri H, Oen AMP. 2026. Boreal forests at risk: Absence of climate perspectives in current management policies. For Policy Econ 184: 103713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2026.103713.
Rochmayanto Y, Wulan A, Lestari M, Butarbutar T, Mulyadin RM, Wicaksono D. 2016. Carbon Stocks in Various Forest Types and Plant Types in Indonesia. PT Kanisius, Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Sadono R, Wahyu W, Fahmi I, Wirabuana PYAP. 2021. Carbon storage and energy production of Eucalyptus urophylla developed in dryland ecosystems at East Nusa Tenggara. J Degrad Min Lands Manag 9 (1): 3107-3114. https://doi.org/10.15243/JDMLM.2021.091.3107.
Setyasih DMD, Putri RAS, Raharjo YAA, Izdihar RS, Kusumaningrum L, Setyawan AD. 2025. Potential aboveground carbon storage in the community forest area of Tawangmangu, Karanganyar District, Indonesia. Asian J For 9 (1): 108-114. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjfor/r090111.
Sugiyono. 2020. Qualitative, Quantitative Research Methods and R&D. 2nd Edition. Alfabeta, Bandung. [Indonesian]
Tiki L, Motuma T, Jumanneh MA, Kristina M. 2024. Comparative assessment of woody species diversity, structure and carbon stock of PFM and non-PFM forests and its implication for REDD+ in Ethiopia. Trees For People 16: 100560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100560.
Wang B, Xu G, Liu Z, Chen Y, Guo F, Xu M, Zhang Y. 2024. Carbon pools in forest systems and new estimation based on an investigation of carbon sequestration. J Environ Manag 360: 121124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121124.
Wawo AH, Hari W, Sudaryanti, Budiarjo, Achmad S, Wardi, Gatot S. 2010. Potensi Flora dan Fauna Taman Nasional Kelimutu, Ende, Flores, NTT. LIPI Press, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Wirabuana PYAP. 2021. Aplikasi Regresi Logistik untuk Penelitian Kehutanan. Interlude, Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Zekeng JC, Masha TS, Jean LF, Wanda NM, Reuben S, Marguerite MAM. 2020. Partitioning main carbon pools in a semi-deciduous rainforest in Eastern Cameroon. For Ecol Manag 457: 117686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117686.
Zhang A, Wang X, Gu X, Xu X, Gao X, Jiao L. 2025. Estimation of the aboveground carbon stocks based on tree species identification in Saihanba Plantation Forest. Ecol Indic 173: 113370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113370.
Zhang H, Dong SG, Ming WS. 2012. Biomass and carbon storage of Eucalyptus and Acacia plantations in the Pearl River Delta, South China. For Ecol Manag 277: 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.04.016.