Spatio-temporal changes in mangrove density and cover in Sriwulan and Pasar Banggi-Tireman, Central Java, Indonesia
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Abstract. Khawarizmi IA, Syahrani LPW, Luthfia, Fadhilah RN, Hapsari KS, Pradhan P, Sutomo, Setyawan AD. 2025. Spatio-temporal changes in mangrove density and cover in Sriwulan and Pasar Banggi-Tireman, Central Java, Indonesia. Intl J Bonorowo Wetlands 15: 121-129. Mangrove ecosystems play a critical role in maintaining coastal stability and supporting ecological functions in tropical regions. However, mangrove dynamics often involve subtle internal changes that may not be captured by area-based assessments alone. This study analyzed spatio-temporal changes in mangrove density and land cover in Sriwulan Village (Demak District) and Pasar Banggi-Tireman Villages (Rembang District), Central Java, Indonesia, during the period 2019-2024 using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Mangrove distribution and density were assessed through Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) classification, and changes were quantified by overlaying spatial data from both observation years. Mangrove density was categorized into low, medium, and high classes, and classification accuracy was supported by ground observations. The results show that total mangrove area in Sriwulan Village increased slightly from 16.75762 ha in 2019 to 16.77258 ha in 2024, representing a net gain of 0.01496 ha (0.09%). This change was accompanied by a marked increase in medium-density mangrove, while low- and high-density classes declined. In contrast, total mangrove area in Pasar Banggi-Tireman Villages decreased marginally from 51.13480 ha to 51.05880 ha, corresponding to a net loss of 0.07600 ha (0.15%). Despite this slight decline, medium- and high-density mangrove areas increased, whereas low-density mangrove decreased substantially. These findings indicate that mangrove ecosystems in both study sites remained spatially stable but underwent internal restructuring of canopy density. The study demonstrates that density-based analysis provides critical additional insight beyond total area change and offers a robust approach for evaluating mangrove dynamics and supporting local-scale monitoring and management.
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