Exogenous application of paclobutrazol promotes water-deficit tolerance in pepper (Capsicum annuum)
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Abstract. Slichatun, Khasanah FU, Pitoyo A, Etikawati N, Mudyantini W. 2021. Exogenous application of paclobutrazol promotes water-deficit tolerance in pepper (Capsicum annuum). Cell Biol Dev 5: 1-6. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a vegetable commodity with high economic value. However, pepper cultivation in Indonesia is still hampered by pests and drought, reducing its growth and production. The efforts to increase pepper productivity and its resistance to drought stress can be conducted by applying growth regulators (ZPT), one of which is paclobutrazol (PBZ). This study aims to determine the effect of PBZ on the growth and accumulation of proline, a plant osmoprotectant, in pepper seedlings grown in water-deficit soil. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, i.e., a variation of PBZ and soil water capacity. PBZ concentration was made in four levels, namely 0 ppm, 25 ppm, and 50 ppm. The variation of the water-capacity level was made in three levels, namely 100% FC (field capacity as well-watered treatment), 75% FC (mild water deficit), and 50% FC (severe water deficit). The treatment was given for three weeks. The quantitative data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA, and if there was a significant difference, a further test was carried out with DMRT at the 95% confidence level. In addition, qualitative data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that applying PBZ to pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings that grew under water-deficit stress significantly affected proline levels, total chlorophyll content, and carotenoid levels; meanwhile, the parameters of plant dry weight and root shoot ratio had no significant effect. Furthermore, this indicates that PBZ is quite capable of inducing resistance to pepper seedlings in drought conditions.
2017-01-01
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References
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of rapeseed in a rice-rapeseed relay cropping system. International Journal of Plant Production. 11 (4): 491-504.
Armita, D., E. L. Arumyngtyas, and R. Mastuti. 2017. Tolerance level of three genotypes of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) toward drought stress of vegetative phase based on morphological and physiological responses. International Journal of ChemTech Research. 10(2): 183-192.
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2015.Produksi Cabai Besar 1,075 Juta Ton, Cabai Rawit 0,8 Juta Ton, dan Bawang Merah 1,234 Juta Ton. Berita Resmi Statistik. Tersedia online pada:https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2015/08/03/1168/produksi-cabai-besar-1-075-juta-ton--cabai-rawit-0-8-juta-ton--dan-bawang-merah-1-234-juta-ton.html. Diakses 13 November 2018.
Bates, I. S., R. P. Waldren, and I. D. Tare. 1973. Rapid Determination of Free Proline for Water Stress Studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Bayat, S. and A. Sepehri. 2012. Paclobutrazol and salicylic acid application ameliorates the negative e?ect of water stress on growth and yield
of maize plants. Journal of Research and Agricultural Science.8: 127–139.
Berova, M., and Zlatev, Z. 2000. Physiological response and yield of paclobutrazol treated tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Plant Growth Regulator. 30(2): 117–123.
Brigard, J. P., R. L. Harkess, and B. S. Baldwin. 2006. Tomato Early Seedling Height Control Using a Paclobutrazol Seed Soak. HortScience. 41(3):768-772.
Cahyono, B. 2003. Cabai Rawit: Teknik Budidaya dan Analisis Usaha Tani. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
de Rezende, E. M., J. A. Oliveira, E. R. Carvalho, A. C. S. Clemente, and G. E. Oliveira. 2017. Physiological quality of tomato seeds treated with polymers in combination with paclobutrazol. Journal of Seed Science. 39(4): 338-343.
Dewi, K., R. Z. Agustina, and F. Nurmalika. 2016. Effects of Blue Light and Paclobutrazol on Seed Germination, Vegetative Growth and Yield
Of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L. 'Cempo Ireng'). Biotropia. 23 (2): 84-95.
Fletcher, R. A., A. Gilley, T. D. Davis, and N. Sankhla. 2000. Triazoles as plant growth regulators and stress protectants. Horticulture Reviews. 24: 55-138.
Fletcher, R. A., V. Kallidumbil, and P. Steele. 1982. An Improved bioassay for cytokinin using cucumber cotyledons. Plant Physiology. 69: 675-677.
Gopi, R., C. A. Jaleel, R. Sairam, G. M. A. Lakshmanan, M. Gomathinayagam, and R. Panneerselvam. 2007. Differential effects of hexaconazole and paclobutrazol on biomass, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant potential of Daucus carota L. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 60: 180–186.
Hendriyani, I. S. and N. Setari. 2009. Kandungan klorofil dan pertumbuhan kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis) pada tingkat penyediaan air yang berbeda. Jurnal Sains dan Matematika.17(3): 145-150.
Hidayati, N., R. L. Hendrati, A. Triani, dan Sudjino. 2017. Pengaruh kekeringan terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman nyamplung (Callophylum inophyllum L.) dan johar (Cassia florida Vahl.) dari provenan yang berbeda. Jurnal Pemuliaan Tanaman Hutan. 11(2): 99-111.
Irwan, A. W. dan F. Y. Wicaksono. 2017. Perbandingan pengukuran luas daun kedelai dengan metode gravimetri, regresi dan scanner. Jurnal Kultivasi. 16(3): 425-429.
Kasi, P. D., S. Cambaba, dan I. Illing. 2017. Pemanfaatan Mulsa Serbuk Gergaji Untuk Mengatasi Pengaruh Cekaman Kekeringan Pada Bibit Tanaman Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.). Jurnal Dinamika. 8(1): 30-40.
Khan, M. A. I., M. A. Hoque, A. M. Farooque, U. Habiba, and M. A. Rahim. 2012. Physio-morphological features of chilli accessions under moisture stress conditions. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural and Research. 37: 263-269.
Kumar S., S. Ghatty, J. Satyanarayana, A. Guha, B. S. K. Chaitanya, and A. R Reddy. 2012. Paclobutrazol treatment as a potential strategy for higher seed and oil yield in field-grown Camelina sativa L. Crantz. BMC Research Notes. 5(137): 1-13.
Kurniawan, M., M. Izzati and Y. Nurchayati, 2010. Chlorophyll, carotenoid and vitamin C in some species of aquatic plants. Buletin AnatomyPhysiology. 18: 28-40.
Kurniawati, S., N. Khumaida, S. W. Ardie, N. S. Hartati, dan E. Sudarmonowati. 2014. Pola Akumulasi Prolin dan Poliamin Beberapa Aksesi Tanaman Terung pada Cekaman Kekeringan. Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia. 42(2): 136-141.
Maestri, M., F. M. Da Matta, A. J. Regazzi, and R. S. Barros. 1995. Accumulation of proline and quaternary ammonium compounds in mature leaves of water stressed coffee plants (Coffea arabica and C. canephora). Journal of Horticultural Science.70(2): 229–233.
Magnitsky, S. V., C. C. Pasian, M. A. Bennett, and J. D. Metzger. 2006. Effects of soaking cucumber and tomato seeds in paclobutrazol solutions on fruit weight, fruit size, and paclobutrazol level in fruits. HortScience. 41(6): 1446-1448.
Matiu, M., D. P. Ankerst, and A. Menzel. 2017. Interactions between temperature and drought in global and regional crop yield variability during 1961-2014. PLoS ONE. 12(5): 1–23.
Mohamed, G. F., R. A. Agamy, and M. M. Rady. 2011. Ameliorative effects of some antioxidants on waterstressed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants. Journal Applications Sciences Researcher. 7: 24-70.
Navarro, A., M. J. Vicente, J. J. Martínez-Sánchez1, J. A. Franco, J. A. Fernández, and S. Bañón. 2008. Influence of Deficit Irrigation and Paclobutrazol on Plant Growth and Water Status in Lonicera implexa Seedlings. Acta Horticultural. 782: 299-304.
Nejad, T. S., A. Bakhshande, S. B. Nasab, andK. Payande. 2010. Effect of drought on corn root growth.Report and Opinion.2(2): 47-53.
Ningsih, R., and D. Rahmawati. 2017. Application of Paclobutrazol and Macro Inorganic Fertilizer on The Yield and Seed Quality of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Agriprima,Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences. 1(1): 22-34.
Nuraini, A., Sumadi, S. Mubarok, and J. S. Hamdani. 2018.Effects of Application Time and Concentration of Paclobutrazol on the Growth and Yield of Potato Seed of G2 Cultivar Medians at Medium Altitude.Journal of Agronomy. CC: CC-CC.
Othman, R., F. A. M. Zaifuddin and N. M. Hassan. 2014. Carotenoid biosynthesis regulatory mechanisms in plants. Journal ofOleoScience. 63: 753-760.
Oukarroum, A., S. E. Madidi., G. Schansker, and R. J. Strasser. 2007. Probing the response of barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) by chlorophyll a
fluorescence OLKJIP under drought stress and rewatering. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 60(3): 438-446.
Pasian, C. C., and M. Bennett. 2001. Paclobutrazol soaked marigold, geranium, and tomato seeds produce short seedlings. HortScience. 36: 721-731.
Ruzin, S. E. 1999. Plant microtechnique and microscopy.New York: Oxford University Press.
Saglam N., N. Gebologlu, E. Yilmaz, and A. Brohi. 2002. The effects of different plant growth regulators and foliar fertilizers on yield and quality of crisp lettuce, spinach and pole bean. Acta Horticulturae. 579: 619–623.
Sayyari, M., and F. Ghanbari, 2012. Effects of super absorbent polymer A200 on the growth, yield and some physiological responses in sweet pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) under various irrigation regimes. International JournalAgriculturalFoodandResearch. 1: 1-11.
Sinaga, R. 2008. Keterkaitan nisbah tajuk akar dan efisiensi penggunaanair pada rumput gajah dan rumput raja akibat penurunanketersediaan air tanah. Jurnal Biologi Sumatera. 3(1): 29-35.
Song Ai, N., and Y. Banyo. 2011. Leaf chlorophyll concentraton as an indicator of water shortage in plants. Jurnal Ilmiah Sains 2(2): 166-173.
Still, J. R., and W. G. Pill. 2003. Germination, Emergence, and Seedling Growth of Tomato and Impatiens in Response to Seed Treatment with Paclobutrazol. HortScience. 38(6): 1201-1204.
Subantoro, R. 2014. Pengaruh cekaman kekeringan terhadap respon fisiologis perkecambahan benih kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L). MEDIAGRO. 10(2): 32-44.
Tesfahun, W. 2018. A review on: Response of crops to paclobutrazol application. Cogent Food and Agriculture. 4: 1-9.
Tsegaw, T., S. Hammes, and J. Robbertse. 2005. Paclobutrazol-induced leaf, stem, and root anatomical modifications in potato. Horticultural Science. 40(5): 1343-1346.
Tuasamu, Y. 2009. Toleransi hotong (Setaria italica l. Beauv) pada berbagai cekaman kekeringan: pendekatan anatomi dan fisiologi. Tesis. Sekolah
Pascasarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Willmer, C. M. 1983. Stomata. New York: Longman Inc.
Wu, Y., and D. J. Cosgrove. 2000. Adaptation of root to low water potentials by changes in cell wall extensibility and cell wall proteins. Journal Experimental Botany. 51: 1543–1553.
Yusniwati, Sudarsono, H. Aswidinnoor, S. Hendrastuti, dan D. Santoso. 2008. Pengaruh Cekaman Kekeringan Terhadap Pertumbuhan, Hasil dan
Kandungan Prolina Daun Cabai. Jurnal Agrista. 12(1): 19-27.
Zlatev, Z., and F. C. Lidon. 2012. An overview on drought induced changes in plant growth, water relationsand photosynthesis. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 24(1): 57-72.
Anwar, S., J. Kuai, S. Khan, A. Kausar, M. Rehman, N. Shah, and G. Zhou. 2017. Soaking seeds with paclobutrazol enhances winter survival and yield
of rapeseed in a rice-rapeseed relay cropping system. International Journal of Plant Production. 11 (4): 491-504.
Armita, D., E. L. Arumyngtyas, and R. Mastuti. 2017. Tolerance level of three genotypes of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) toward drought stress of vegetative phase based on morphological and physiological responses. International Journal of ChemTech Research. 10(2): 183-192.
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2015.Produksi Cabai Besar 1,075 Juta Ton, Cabai Rawit 0,8 Juta Ton, dan Bawang Merah 1,234 Juta Ton. Berita Resmi Statistik. Tersedia online pada:https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2015/08/03/1168/produksi-cabai-besar-1-075-juta-ton--cabai-rawit-0-8-juta-ton--dan-bawang-merah-1-234-juta-ton.html. Diakses 13 November 2018.
Bates, I. S., R. P. Waldren, and I. D. Tare. 1973. Rapid Determination of Free Proline for Water Stress Studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Bayat, S. and A. Sepehri. 2012. Paclobutrazol and salicylic acid application ameliorates the negative e?ect of water stress on growth and yield
of maize plants. Journal of Research and Agricultural Science.8: 127–139.
Berova, M., and Zlatev, Z. 2000. Physiological response and yield of paclobutrazol treated tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Plant Growth Regulator. 30(2): 117–123.
Brigard, J. P., R. L. Harkess, and B. S. Baldwin. 2006. Tomato Early Seedling Height Control Using a Paclobutrazol Seed Soak. HortScience. 41(3):768-772.
Cahyono, B. 2003. Cabai Rawit: Teknik Budidaya dan Analisis Usaha Tani. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.
de Rezende, E. M., J. A. Oliveira, E. R. Carvalho, A. C. S. Clemente, and G. E. Oliveira. 2017. Physiological quality of tomato seeds treated with polymers in combination with paclobutrazol. Journal of Seed Science. 39(4): 338-343.
Dewi, K., R. Z. Agustina, and F. Nurmalika. 2016. Effects of Blue Light and Paclobutrazol on Seed Germination, Vegetative Growth and Yield
Of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L. 'Cempo Ireng'). Biotropia. 23 (2): 84-95.
Fletcher, R. A., A. Gilley, T. D. Davis, and N. Sankhla. 2000. Triazoles as plant growth regulators and stress protectants. Horticulture Reviews. 24: 55-138.
Fletcher, R. A., V. Kallidumbil, and P. Steele. 1982. An Improved bioassay for cytokinin using cucumber cotyledons. Plant Physiology. 69: 675-677.
Gopi, R., C. A. Jaleel, R. Sairam, G. M. A. Lakshmanan, M. Gomathinayagam, and R. Panneerselvam. 2007. Differential effects of hexaconazole and paclobutrazol on biomass, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant potential of Daucus carota L. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 60: 180–186.
Hendriyani, I. S. and N. Setari. 2009. Kandungan klorofil dan pertumbuhan kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis) pada tingkat penyediaan air yang berbeda. Jurnal Sains dan Matematika.17(3): 145-150.
Hidayati, N., R. L. Hendrati, A. Triani, dan Sudjino. 2017. Pengaruh kekeringan terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman nyamplung (Callophylum inophyllum L.) dan johar (Cassia florida Vahl.) dari provenan yang berbeda. Jurnal Pemuliaan Tanaman Hutan. 11(2): 99-111.
Irwan, A. W. dan F. Y. Wicaksono. 2017. Perbandingan pengukuran luas daun kedelai dengan metode gravimetri, regresi dan scanner. Jurnal Kultivasi. 16(3): 425-429.
Kasi, P. D., S. Cambaba, dan I. Illing. 2017. Pemanfaatan Mulsa Serbuk Gergaji Untuk Mengatasi Pengaruh Cekaman Kekeringan Pada Bibit Tanaman Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.). Jurnal Dinamika. 8(1): 30-40.
Khan, M. A. I., M. A. Hoque, A. M. Farooque, U. Habiba, and M. A. Rahim. 2012. Physio-morphological features of chilli accessions under moisture stress conditions. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural and Research. 37: 263-269.
Kumar S., S. Ghatty, J. Satyanarayana, A. Guha, B. S. K. Chaitanya, and A. R Reddy. 2012. Paclobutrazol treatment as a potential strategy for higher seed and oil yield in field-grown Camelina sativa L. Crantz. BMC Research Notes. 5(137): 1-13.
Kurniawan, M., M. Izzati and Y. Nurchayati, 2010. Chlorophyll, carotenoid and vitamin C in some species of aquatic plants. Buletin AnatomyPhysiology. 18: 28-40.
Kurniawati, S., N. Khumaida, S. W. Ardie, N. S. Hartati, dan E. Sudarmonowati. 2014. Pola Akumulasi Prolin dan Poliamin Beberapa Aksesi Tanaman Terung pada Cekaman Kekeringan. Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia. 42(2): 136-141.
Maestri, M., F. M. Da Matta, A. J. Regazzi, and R. S. Barros. 1995. Accumulation of proline and quaternary ammonium compounds in mature leaves of water stressed coffee plants (Coffea arabica and C. canephora). Journal of Horticultural Science.70(2): 229–233.
Magnitsky, S. V., C. C. Pasian, M. A. Bennett, and J. D. Metzger. 2006. Effects of soaking cucumber and tomato seeds in paclobutrazol solutions on fruit weight, fruit size, and paclobutrazol level in fruits. HortScience. 41(6): 1446-1448.
Matiu, M., D. P. Ankerst, and A. Menzel. 2017. Interactions between temperature and drought in global and regional crop yield variability during 1961-2014. PLoS ONE. 12(5): 1–23.
Mohamed, G. F., R. A. Agamy, and M. M. Rady. 2011. Ameliorative effects of some antioxidants on waterstressed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants. Journal Applications Sciences Researcher. 7: 24-70.
Navarro, A., M. J. Vicente, J. J. Martínez-Sánchez1, J. A. Franco, J. A. Fernández, and S. Bañón. 2008. Influence of Deficit Irrigation and Paclobutrazol on Plant Growth and Water Status in Lonicera implexa Seedlings. Acta Horticultural. 782: 299-304.
Nejad, T. S., A. Bakhshande, S. B. Nasab, andK. Payande. 2010. Effect of drought on corn root growth.Report and Opinion.2(2): 47-53.
Ningsih, R., and D. Rahmawati. 2017. Application of Paclobutrazol and Macro Inorganic Fertilizer on The Yield and Seed Quality of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Agriprima,Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences. 1(1): 22-34.
Nuraini, A., Sumadi, S. Mubarok, and J. S. Hamdani. 2018.Effects of Application Time and Concentration of Paclobutrazol on the Growth and Yield of Potato Seed of G2 Cultivar Medians at Medium Altitude.Journal of Agronomy. CC: CC-CC.
Othman, R., F. A. M. Zaifuddin and N. M. Hassan. 2014. Carotenoid biosynthesis regulatory mechanisms in plants. Journal ofOleoScience. 63: 753-760.
Oukarroum, A., S. E. Madidi., G. Schansker, and R. J. Strasser. 2007. Probing the response of barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) by chlorophyll a
fluorescence OLKJIP under drought stress and rewatering. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 60(3): 438-446.
Pasian, C. C., and M. Bennett. 2001. Paclobutrazol soaked marigold, geranium, and tomato seeds produce short seedlings. HortScience. 36: 721-731.
Ruzin, S. E. 1999. Plant microtechnique and microscopy.New York: Oxford University Press.
Saglam N., N. Gebologlu, E. Yilmaz, and A. Brohi. 2002. The effects of different plant growth regulators and foliar fertilizers on yield and quality of crisp lettuce, spinach and pole bean. Acta Horticulturae. 579: 619–623.
Sayyari, M., and F. Ghanbari, 2012. Effects of super absorbent polymer A200 on the growth, yield and some physiological responses in sweet pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) under various irrigation regimes. International JournalAgriculturalFoodandResearch. 1: 1-11.
Sinaga, R. 2008. Keterkaitan nisbah tajuk akar dan efisiensi penggunaanair pada rumput gajah dan rumput raja akibat penurunanketersediaan air tanah. Jurnal Biologi Sumatera. 3(1): 29-35.
Song Ai, N., and Y. Banyo. 2011. Leaf chlorophyll concentraton as an indicator of water shortage in plants. Jurnal Ilmiah Sains 2(2): 166-173.
Still, J. R., and W. G. Pill. 2003. Germination, Emergence, and Seedling Growth of Tomato and Impatiens in Response to Seed Treatment with Paclobutrazol. HortScience. 38(6): 1201-1204.
Subantoro, R. 2014. Pengaruh cekaman kekeringan terhadap respon fisiologis perkecambahan benih kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L). MEDIAGRO. 10(2): 32-44.
Tesfahun, W. 2018. A review on: Response of crops to paclobutrazol application. Cogent Food and Agriculture. 4: 1-9.
Tsegaw, T., S. Hammes, and J. Robbertse. 2005. Paclobutrazol-induced leaf, stem, and root anatomical modifications in potato. Horticultural Science. 40(5): 1343-1346.
Tuasamu, Y. 2009. Toleransi hotong (Setaria italica l. Beauv) pada berbagai cekaman kekeringan: pendekatan anatomi dan fisiologi. Tesis. Sekolah
Pascasarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Willmer, C. M. 1983. Stomata. New York: Longman Inc.
Wu, Y., and D. J. Cosgrove. 2000. Adaptation of root to low water potentials by changes in cell wall extensibility and cell wall proteins. Journal Experimental Botany. 51: 1543–1553.
Yusniwati, Sudarsono, H. Aswidinnoor, S. Hendrastuti, dan D. Santoso. 2008. Pengaruh Cekaman Kekeringan Terhadap Pertumbuhan, Hasil dan
Kandungan Prolina Daun Cabai. Jurnal Agrista. 12(1): 19-27.
Zlatev, Z., and F. C. Lidon. 2012. An overview on drought induced changes in plant growth, water relationsand photosynthesis. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 24(1): 57-72.