Phytochemical screening, antibacterial and antioxidant assessment of Leuconotis eugenifolia leaf extract
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Abstract. Praptiwi, Wulansari D, Fathoni A, Harnoto N, Novita R, Alfridsyah, Agusta A. 2020. Phytochemical screening, antibacterial and antioxidant assessment of Leuconotis eugenifolia leaf extract. Nusantara Bioscience 12: 79-85. Traditionally, sitahe (Leuconotis eugenifolia (Wall. Ex G. Don) A.DC) has been used to maintain stamina by Aceh peoples, Indonesia. The use of L. eugenifolia mainly as a spice on a traditional cuisine “ie bu peudah”. This research was conducted to determine the phytoconstituents of L. eugenifolia leaf extracts, and to investigate their antioxidant potential using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. L. eugenifolia leaves were extracted successively with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. Obtained extracts were tested qualitatively for antioxidant and antibacterial by the TLC-bioautography method, followed by quantitative analysis to determine the MIC and IC50 value using the microdilution method on 96-well microplate. The results showed that it contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, phenolics, and tannins. The highest levels of phenolic (259.0486 ± 0.1203 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoids (84.6575 ± 0.0237 mg QE/g extract) were found in ethyl acetate extract, and dichloromethane, respectively. The antibacterial activity of n-hexane and dichloromethane extracts is moderate against E. coli, and weak against S. aureus. Ethyl acetate extract, methanol, and water extracts have very strong antioxidant activity. L. eugenifolia leaf extracts may be promising new antioxidant sources.
2019-01-01
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References
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Shahverdi AR, Abdolpour F, Monsef-Esfahani HR, Farsam H. 2007. A TLC bioautographic assay for the detection of nitrofurantoin resistance reversal compound. J Chromat B 850:528–530.
Scherer R, Godoy HT. 2009. Antioxidant activity index (AAI) by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. Food Chem. 112(3):654-8. DOI: 10.1016/j. foodchem.2008.06.026
Siddhuraju, P.; Becker, K. 2003. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agroclimatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 2144–2155.
Soobrattee, M.A.; Neergheen, V.S.; Luximon-Ramma, A.; Aruoma, O.I.; Bahorun, T. 2005. Phenolics as potential antioxidant therapeutic agents: Mechanism and actions. Mutat. Res.-Fund. Mol. Mutagen. 579: 200–213.
Tang Y., Nugroho AE., Hirasawa Y • Tougan T., Horii T. Hadi AHA, Morita H. 2019. Leucophyllinines A and B, bisindole alkaloids from Leuconotis eugeniifolia. Journal of Natural Medicines https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-019-01297-5
Tungmunnithum D, Thongboonyou A., Pholboon A, Yangsabai A. 2018. Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: an overview. Medicines (Basel): 5(3): 93. DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030093
Xu DP, Li Y, Meng X, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Zhang JJ and Li HB. 2017. Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18, 96. DOI:10.3390/ijms18010096
Yogesh CT and Rathore M. 1998. Bioactivity and Drug Potential of Tannins. XIX Int. Conf. on Polyphenol. Polyphenol Communication 98 vol. 1. Lille, France.
Ahmed AS, McGaw LJ, Elgorashi EE, Naidoo V, Eloff JN. 2014. Polarity of extracts and fractions of four Combretum (Combretaceae) species used to treat infections and gastrointestinal disorders in southern African traditional medicine has a major effect on different relevant in vitro activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 154 (2): 339-350
Ali HM, Salem MZM, Al Sahli AA. 2013. Performance of antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from different parts of some tree species using DPPH Radical-scavenging Assay. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol. 7: 131–137.
Angiolella L., Sacchetti G, Efferth T. 2018. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of natural compounds. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2018, Article ID 1945179, 3 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1945179
Awaad AS., R. M. El-Meligy, S. A. Qenawy, A. H. Atta, and G.A.Soliman. 2011. Anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of some desert plants, Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 15(4):367–373
Batta A. 2016. A review on phytochemicals and their activities. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2(1): 20-28.
Begue WJ, Klein RM. The use of tetrazolium salts in bioautographic procedure. 1972. J Chromat. 88:182–184
Bendary, E.; Francis, R.R.; Ali, H.M.G.; Sarwat, M.I.; El Hady, S. 2013.Antioxidant and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of some phenolic and anilines compounds. Ann. Agric. Sci. 58: 173–181.
Deguchi J, Shoji T., Nugroho AE, Hirasawa Y., Hosoya T., Shirota O., Awang K., Hadi, HA., and Morita H. 2010. Eucophylline, a tetracyclic vinylquinoline alkaloid from Leuconotis eugenifolia. J. Nat. Prod. 73: 1727-1729.
Dudonné, S.; Vitrac, X.; Coutiere, P.; Woillez, M.; Mérillon, J.-M. 2009. Comparative study of antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of 30 plant extracts of industrial interest using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD, and ORAC assays. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57: 1768–1774.
Elisha IL, Botha FS, McGaw LJ, and Eloff JN. 2017. The antibacterial activity of extracts of nine plant species with good activity against Escherichia coli against five other bacteria and cytotoxicity of extracts. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17:133 DOI 10.1186/s12906-017-1645-z
Farias DF, Souza TM, Viana MP, Soares BM, Cunha AP, Vasconcelos IM, Ricardo NMPS, PFerreira PMP, Melo VMM, and Carvalho AVU. 2013. Antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase activities of plant seedextracts from Brazilian Semiarid Region
Gan CY, Low YY, Tadahiro Etoh, T., Hayashi M, Komiyama K, and Kam TS. 2009. Leuconicines A-G and (-)-Eburnamaline, biologically active strychnan, and eburnan alkaloids from Leuconotis. J. Nat. Prod. 72, 2098–2103
Gan CY, Robinson WT., Tadahiro Etoh T., Hayashi M, Komiyama K,‡ and Kam TS. 2009. Leucophyllidine, a cytotoxic bisindole alkaloid constituted from the Union of an Eburnan and a New Vinylquinoline Alkaloid. Organic Letters Vol. 11 (17: 3962-3965
Goh SH. Ali ARM, Wong WH. 1989. Alkaloids of Leuconotis griffithi and L.eugenifolia (Apocynaceae). Tetrahedron Vol. 45 (24): 7899-7920,
Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, and Pushpangadan P. Antioxidant approach to disease management and the role of “Rasayana” herbs of Ayurveda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99(2):.165–178,2005.
Li B and Webster TJ. 2018. Bacteria Antibiotic Resistance: New Challenges and Opportunities for Implant-Associated Orthopaedic Infections. J Orthop Res. 36(1): 22–32. DOI: 10.1002/jor.23656
Masoko P, Mokgotho MP, Mbazima VG, Mampuru LJ. 2008. Biological activity of Typha capensis (Typhaceae) from Limpopo Province (South Africa). Afr J Biotechnol. 20:3743-3748.
Manhas, N., and Dahiya, P. 2017. In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of leaf and stem extracts of Michelia champaca Linn. International Food Research Journal 24(6): 2672-2676
Mousavi L, Salleh RM, Murugaiyah V. 2018. Phytochemical and bioactive compounds identification of Ocimum tenuiflorum leaves of methanol extract and its fraction with anti-diabetic potential. International Journal of Food Properties, 21:1, 2390-2399, DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1508161
Navarro V, Rojas G, Delgado G, Lozoya X. 1998. Antimicrobial compounds detected in Bocconia arborea extracts by direct bioautographic method. Arch Med Res. 29:191–194.
Ostojic SM .2006. Yohimbine: The Effects on Body Composition and Exercise Performance in Soccer Players. Research in Sports Medicine: An International Journal, 14(4): 289-299
Peng, C.; Wang, X.; Chen, J.; Jiao, R.; Wang, L.; Li, Y.M.; Zuo, Y.; Liu, Y.; Lei, L.; Ma, K.Y.; et al. 2014. Biology of ageing and role of dietary antioxidants. BioMed Res. Int 2014, 831841.
Rees A., Dodd GF., and Spencer JPE. 2018. The Effects of Flavonoids on Cardiovascular Health: A Review of Human Intervention Trials and Implications for Cerebrovascular Function. Nutrients 10, 1852; DOI:10.3390/nu10121852
Shah MD, Hossain MA. 2014. Total flavonoids content and biochemical screening of the leaves of tropical endemic medicinal plant Merremia borneensis. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 7(6): 1034-1038
Shahverdi AR, Abdolpour F, Monsef-Esfahani HR, Farsam H. 2007. A TLC bioautographic assay for the detection of nitrofurantoin resistance reversal compound. J Chromat B 850:528–530.
Scherer R, Godoy HT. 2009. Antioxidant activity index (AAI) by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. Food Chem. 112(3):654-8. DOI: 10.1016/j. foodchem.2008.06.026
Siddhuraju, P.; Becker, K. 2003. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agroclimatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 2144–2155.
Soobrattee, M.A.; Neergheen, V.S.; Luximon-Ramma, A.; Aruoma, O.I.; Bahorun, T. 2005. Phenolics as potential antioxidant therapeutic agents: Mechanism and actions. Mutat. Res.-Fund. Mol. Mutagen. 579: 200–213.
Tang Y., Nugroho AE., Hirasawa Y • Tougan T., Horii T. Hadi AHA, Morita H. 2019. Leucophyllinines A and B, bisindole alkaloids from Leuconotis eugeniifolia. Journal of Natural Medicines https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-019-01297-5
Tungmunnithum D, Thongboonyou A., Pholboon A, Yangsabai A. 2018. Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: an overview. Medicines (Basel): 5(3): 93. DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030093
Xu DP, Li Y, Meng X, Zhou T, Zhou Y, Zheng J, Zhang JJ and Li HB. 2017. Natural Antioxidants in Foods and Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Assessment and Resources Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18, 96. DOI:10.3390/ijms18010096
Yogesh CT and Rathore M. 1998. Bioactivity and Drug Potential of Tannins. XIX Int. Conf. on Polyphenol. Polyphenol Communication 98 vol. 1. Lille, France.