Genetic diversity and morphological variation of Pinus gerardiana along the environmental gradient from Zhob, Balochistan, Pakistan
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Abstract. Gul J, Saeed S, Ahmed A, Leghari SK, Basit A, Rehman A, Khan MZ. 2021. Genetic diversity and morphological variation of Pinus gerardiana along the environmental gradient from Zhob, Balochistan, Pakistan. Nusantara Bioscience 13: 121-128. Pinus gerardiana, an evergreen gymnosperm, is an economically- and ecologically valuable tree found in the Takhte Suleman Mountain Range, Zhob northeastern edge of the Balochistan, Pakistan. The present study is based on the assessment of the impact of environmental gradients with special reference to altitudinal gradient and soil variables on morphological, phytochemicals and genetic variation of P. gerardiana. A total of 27 genotypes of P. gerardiana were collected from the three elevation zones ranging from 2000 - 3500 m above sea level. The genetic diversity was assessed by combined markers, the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and the Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR). Polymorphic bands analyzed the data to generate a dendrogram, based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Morphological characters assessed the morphological characters. Phytochemicals were investigated; the total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents were estimated and compared amongst all accessions. Our results revealed variations along altitudinal gradients and related to soil characteristics. The populations at the Middle altitude zone have greater diversity than populations at lower and higher altitudes. The resulting altitudinal variation can be attributed to various geographical and environmental conditions. These results can help in conservation and cultivation of this economically important tree.
2019-01-01
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References
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Ahmed M, Palmer J, Khan N, Wahab M, Fenwick P, Esper J, Cook E (2011) The dendroclimatic potential of conifers from northern Pakistan. Dendrochronologia 29: 77-88
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Hamrick JL, Godt MJW, Sherman-Broyles SL (1992) Factors influencing levels of genetic diversity in woody plant species. Population genetics of forest trees. Springer, 95-124
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Khan H, Akbar M, Zaman M, Hyder S, Khan M, Nafees M, Raza G, Begum F, Hussain S, Khan S (2015) Diameter size class distributions of Pinus gerardiana Wall. Ex D. Don from Gohar Abad Valley district Diamer, Gilgit-Baltistan. Pakistan J Biodivers Environ Sci 6: 50-56
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Peltier R, Dauffy V (2009) The Chilgoza of Kinnaur. Influence of the Pinus gerardiana edible seed market chain organization on forest regeneration in the Indian Himalayas. Fruits 64: 99-110
Saeed S, Ahmed A, Laghari S, Ali G, Begum S (2020) GENETIC AND CHEMICAL VARIATION OF SERIPHIDIUM QUETTENSE AN ENDEMIC TAXA OF TWO MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS OF QUETTA, PAKISTAN. APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 18: 2413-2423
Saeed S, Ahmed A, Shah SH, Begum S, Zeeshan M, Khan W (2018) PHYTOTOXIC POTENTIAL OF WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM DIFFERENT ALTITUDINAL GRADIENTS OF QUETTA BALOCHISTAN PAKISTAN ON Convolvulus arvensis L. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 24:
Saeed S, Barozai MYK, Ahmed A, Tareen RB, Ali S (2017) Impact of ecological diversity on genetic and phytochemical variation injuniperus excelsa from high elevation zones of quetta valley, pakistan. Pak J Bot 49: 201-206
Sáenz-Romero C, Beaulieu J, Rehfeldt GE (2011) Altitudinal genetic variation among Pinus patula populations from Oaxaca, Mexico, in growth chambers simulating global warming temperatures. Agrociencia 45: 399-411
Sani SGAS, Chang PL, Zubair A, Carrasquilla?Garcia N, Cordeiro M, Penmetsa RV, Munis MFH, Nuzhdin SV, Cook DR, von Wettberg EJ (2018) Genetic diversity, population structure, and genetic correlation with climatic variation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) landraces from Pakistan. The plant genome 11: 1-11
Shalizi MN, Khurram S (2016) Socio-economic importance of chilgoza pine forest of Afghanistan: A survey based assessment. Asian Journal of Science and Technology 7: 3556-3559
Sharma V (2005) Effect of artificial stratification of Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) seeds on its germination. Short Rotation Forestry for Industrial and Rural Development, ISTA, Nauni, Solan, India: 266-270
Sinha D, Singh J, Tandon P, Kakkar P (2013) Genetic diversity of Pinus roxburghii sarg. collected from different Himalayan regions of India assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Toxicology international 20: 208
Slinkard K, Singleton VL (1977) Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American journal of enology and viticulture 28: 49-55
Thomas B, Macdonald S, Hicks M, Adams D, Hodgetts R (1999) Effects of reforestation methods on genetic diversity of lodgepole pine: an assessment using microsatellite and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 793-801
Ahmed M, Khan N, Wahab M, Hamza S, Siddiqui MF, Nazim K, Khan MU (2009) Vegetation structure of Olea ferruginea Royle forests of lower Dir district of Pakistan. Pak J Bot 41: 2683-2695
Ahmed M, Palmer J, Khan N, Wahab M, Fenwick P, Esper J, Cook E (2011) The dendroclimatic potential of conifers from northern Pakistan. Dendrochronologia 29: 77-88
Akbar M, Ahmed M, Shaukat SS, Hussain A, Zafar MU, Sarangzai AM, Hussain F (2013) Size class structure of some forests from Himalayan range of Gilgit-Baltistan. Sci, Tech and Dev 32: 56-73
Akbar M, Khan H, Hussain A, Hyder S, Begum F, Khan M, Ali A, Hussian SA, Khan G, Abbas Q (2014) Present status and future trend of chilghoza forest in Goharabad, District Diamer, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 5: 253-261
Aziz MA, Adnan M, Hussain SK, Hashem A, Alqarawi AA, ABD_ALLAH EF (2017) Comparative regeneration status of Pinus gerardiana in two forest-use types of Sulaiman mountain range near Pak-Afghan border region: historical, current and future perspectives. Pak J Bot 49: 227-236
Bakshi M, Konnert M (2011) Genetic diversity and differentiation through isozymes in natural populations of Pinus wallichiana AB Jacks (Blue Pine) in India. Annals of forest Research 54: 23-37
Beg A, Mirza HK (1984) Some more plant communities and the future of dry oak forest zone in Swat valley. Pakistan Journal of Forestry 34: 25-35
Berli FJ, Moreno D, Piccoli P, HESPANHOL?VIANA L, Silva MF, BRESSAN?SMITH R, Cavagnaro JB, Bottini R (2010) Abscisic acid is involved in the response of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Malbec leaf tissues to ultraviolet?B radiation by enhancing ultraviolet?absorbing compounds, antioxidant enzymes and membrane sterols. Plant, Cell & Environment 33: 1-10
Hahn T, Kettle CJ, Ghazoul J, Frei ER, Matter P, Pluess AR (2012) Patterns of genetic variation across altitude in three plant species of semi-dry grasslands. PloS one 7: e41608
Hamrick J, Godt M (1990) Allozyme diversity in the grasses. Population biology of grasses, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 11-29
Hamrick JL, Godt MJW, Sherman-Broyles SL (1992) Factors influencing levels of genetic diversity in woody plant species. Population genetics of forest trees. Springer, 95-124
Hussain A (2013) Phytosociology and Dendrochronological Study of Central Karakoram National Park, Northern Areas (Gilgit-Baltistan), Pakistan. FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, ISLAMABAD.
Kernodle S, Cannon R, Scandalios J (1993) Concentration of primer and template qualitatively affects product in RAPD-PCR. Biotechniques 1: 362-364
Khan H, Akbar M, Zaman M, Hyder S, Khan M, Nafees M, Raza G, Begum F, Hussain S, Khan S (2015) Diameter size class distributions of Pinus gerardiana Wall. Ex D. Don from Gohar Abad Valley district Diamer, Gilgit-Baltistan. Pakistan J Biodivers Environ Sci 6: 50-56
Kumar R, Shamet G, Avasthe R, Singh C (2013) Ecology of chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana Wall) in dry temperate forests of North West Himalaya. Ecol Environm Conserv 19: 1063-1066
Kumar R, Shamet G, Mehta H, Alam N, Kaushal R, Chaturvedi O, Sharma N, Khaki B, Gupta D (2016) Regeneration complexities of Pinus gerardiana in dry temperate forests of Indian Himalaya. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23: 7732-7743
Kumar R, Shamet G, Mehta H, Alam N, Tomar J, Chaturvedi O, Khajuria N (2014) Influence of gibberellic acid and temperature on seed germination in Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana Wall.). Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 19: 363-367
Loya-Rebollar E, Sáenz-Romero C, Lindig-Cisneros R, Lobit P, Villegas-Moreno J, Sánchez-Vargas N (2013) Clinal variation in Pinus hartwegii populations and its application for adaptation to climate change. Silvae genetica 62: 86-95
Malik A, Shamet G, Ali M (2008) Seed Stratification of Pinus gerardiana Wall.: Effect of Stratification Duration and Temperature. Indian Forester 134: 1072-1078
Meloni M, Perini D, Filigheddu R, Binelli G (2006) Genetic variation in five Mediterranean populations of Juniperus phoenicea as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Annals of Botany 97: 299-304
Ordonez A, Gomez J, Vattuone M (2006) Antioxidant activities of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz extracts. Food Chemistry 97: 452-458
Peltier R, Dauffy V (2009) The Chilgoza of Kinnaur. Influence of the Pinus gerardiana edible seed market chain organization on forest regeneration in the Indian Himalayas. Fruits 64: 99-110
Saeed S, Ahmed A, Laghari S, Ali G, Begum S (2020) GENETIC AND CHEMICAL VARIATION OF SERIPHIDIUM QUETTENSE AN ENDEMIC TAXA OF TWO MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS OF QUETTA, PAKISTAN. APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 18: 2413-2423
Saeed S, Ahmed A, Shah SH, Begum S, Zeeshan M, Khan W (2018) PHYTOTOXIC POTENTIAL OF WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM DIFFERENT ALTITUDINAL GRADIENTS OF QUETTA BALOCHISTAN PAKISTAN ON Convolvulus arvensis L. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research 24:
Saeed S, Barozai MYK, Ahmed A, Tareen RB, Ali S (2017) Impact of ecological diversity on genetic and phytochemical variation injuniperus excelsa from high elevation zones of quetta valley, pakistan. Pak J Bot 49: 201-206
Sáenz-Romero C, Beaulieu J, Rehfeldt GE (2011) Altitudinal genetic variation among Pinus patula populations from Oaxaca, Mexico, in growth chambers simulating global warming temperatures. Agrociencia 45: 399-411
Sani SGAS, Chang PL, Zubair A, Carrasquilla?Garcia N, Cordeiro M, Penmetsa RV, Munis MFH, Nuzhdin SV, Cook DR, von Wettberg EJ (2018) Genetic diversity, population structure, and genetic correlation with climatic variation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) landraces from Pakistan. The plant genome 11: 1-11
Shalizi MN, Khurram S (2016) Socio-economic importance of chilgoza pine forest of Afghanistan: A survey based assessment. Asian Journal of Science and Technology 7: 3556-3559
Sharma V (2005) Effect of artificial stratification of Chilgoza pine (Pinus gerardiana) seeds on its germination. Short Rotation Forestry for Industrial and Rural Development, ISTA, Nauni, Solan, India: 266-270
Sinha D, Singh J, Tandon P, Kakkar P (2013) Genetic diversity of Pinus roxburghii sarg. collected from different Himalayan regions of India assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Toxicology international 20: 208
Slinkard K, Singleton VL (1977) Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American journal of enology and viticulture 28: 49-55
Thomas B, Macdonald S, Hicks M, Adams D, Hodgetts R (1999) Effects of reforestation methods on genetic diversity of lodgepole pine: an assessment using microsatellite and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 793-801