Mangrove dynamics on the Madura Island coast, Indonesia, analyzed through NDVI: Balancing degradation and restoration efforts
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 228
File Views: 106
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Ramadhani G, Wahyuningtyas J, Arifiandita DM, Ayuningtyas HR, Deristani A, Ulumuddin YI, Setyawan AD. 2024. Mangrove dynamics on the Madura Island coast, Indonesia, analyzed through NDVI: Balancing degradation and restoration efforts. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 8: 101-111. Mangrove ecosystems are plant communities that thrive at the interface between land and sea, but they face significant threats, particularly from land conversion. The mangrove forests along the coast of Madura have experienced a decline in coverage due to such conversion. This study offers valuable insights into changes in mangrove areas and uses NDVI analysis to assess these changes from 2019 to 2024. The study focuses on monitoring mangrove forest distribution and changes in the Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, and Sumenep coastal areas. Primary data were obtained from Sentinel-2A - 2A satellite imagery of Madura. Data analysis used the Kappa Analysis method to validate mangrove density classification. Results showed an increase in mangrove coverage in Bangkalan between 2019 and 2024, with the moderately dense category rising from 348.9 to 355.3 hectares and the dense category increasing from 114.7 to 150.1 hectares. Similarly, in Pamekasan, the moderately dense classification grew from 305.4 to 409.3 hectares. However, overall, the reduction in mangrove forest area was more significant than the increase. The Kappa accuracy of 70% indicated moderate reliability, with data discrepancies in 14 out of 40 points. In Madura's mangrove forests, conservation efforts include education, conservation initiatives, and community empowerment through sustainable environmental communication strategies.
Article Details
Issue
Section
References
Abimanyu B. Safe'i R. Hidayat W. 2019. Application of Forest Health Monitoring Method in Assessing Tree Damage in Metro Urban Forests. Jurnal Sylva Lestari 7 (3) : 289-298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23960/jsl37289-298.
Adinegoro Z. Samosir A. Damar A. 2022. Ecobiology of Mangrove Ecosystems and Their Management: A Case Study of the Conservation Areas of Pulau Pramuka, Pulau Karya, and Pulau Panggang, Thousand Islands National Park. Tropical Fisheries Management Journal 6 (2): 75-86. https://doi.org/10.29244/jppt.v6i2.42908.
Adrian A. 2023. Pola Spasial Perubahan Tutupan Lahan/Penggunaan Lahan Menggunakan Google Earth Engine Di Kabupaten Majalengka. Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah Dan Kota 19 (4): 447-463. https://doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v19i4.46254.
Agustin NS, Syah AF. 2020. Analisis Perubahan Garis Pantai Di Pulau Madura Menggunakan Citra Satelit Landsat 8. Juvenil: Jurnal Ilmiah Kelautan dan Perikanan 1 (3): 427-436. https://doi.org/10.21107/juvenil.v1i3.8843.
Akbar AA Sartohadi J.Djohan TS. Ritohardoyo S. 2017. The Role Of Breakwaters On The Rehabilitation Of Coastal And Mangrove Forests In West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ocean & Coastal Management 138: 50-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.01.004.
Arfan A. Sanusi W. Rakib M. 2023. Analysis of Mangrove Density and Macrozoobenthos Diversity in the Lantebung Mangrove Ecotourism Area, Makassar City. Journal of Marine Research 12 (3): 493-500. DOI : 10.14710/jmr.v12i3.38060.
Arifanti V. 2024. Greenhouse Gas Fluxes Of Different Land Uses In Mangrove Ecosystem Of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Carbon Balance and Management 19 (1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-024-00263-3.
Arkham M. 2023. The Value of Mangrove Ecosystem Services Availability in the Coastal Area of Dumai City. Tropical Fisheries Management Journal 7 (1): 10-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/jppt.v7i1.43827.
Armitage A. 2018. Nutrient Enrichment Shifts Mangrove Height Distribution: Implications For Coastal Woody Encroachment. Plos One Journal 13 (3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193617.
As’adi M. Soendjoto MA. Itta D. 2023. Nilai Ekonomi Manfaat Langsung Hutan Mangrove Pagatan Besar Kabupaten Tanah Laut Kalimantan Selatan. Jurnal Hutan Tropis 11 (1): 10-18. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jht.v11i1.15987.
Azzahra P. Sumarga E. Sholihah A. 2023. Analisis Kesehatan Mangrove di Taman Wisata Alam Angke Kapuk, Jakarta Utara. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis, 20 (1): 40-51. https://doi.org/10.51850/jitkt.v20i1.571
Badan Informasi Geospasial. 2014. Peraturan Ketua Badan Informasi Geospasial (BIG) No. 15 Tahun 2014 tentang Pedoman Teknis Ketelitian Peta Dasar. BIG, Jakarta.
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jawa Timur. 2023. Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2023 Provinsi Jawa Timur. BPS Provinsi Jawa Timur, Surabaya. https://jatim.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table?subject=519
Dutta S. Hossain M. 2020. Bringing Back The Chakaria Sundarbans Mangrove Forest Of South-East Bangladesh Through Sustainable Management Approach. Asian Journal of Forestry 4 (2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjfor/r040204.
Febrianto S. Syafina H. Latifah N. Puroso P. 2022. Dinamika Perubahan Luasan Dan Kerapatan Ekosistem Mangrove Di Kawasan Taman Nasional Sembilang Menggunakan Citra Satelit Landsat 8. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis, 25 (3): 369-377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v25i3.14909.
Giri C. 2021. Recent Advancement in Mangrove Forests Mapping and Monitoring of the World Using Earth Observation Satellite Data. Remote Sensing 13 (4): 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040563.
Gumma MK. Thenkabai PS. Teluguntla P. Whitbread AM. 2019. Indo-Ganges River Basin Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) And Irrigated Area Mapping. Indus River Basin 1: 203-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812782-7.00010-2
Hamzah A. Anggoro S. Puryono S. 2021. Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Mangrove Menggunakan Citra Landsat 5 Tm Dan 7 Etm Di Pesisir Kabupaten Langkat. Seminar Nasional Geomatika, 771. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24895/sng.2020.0-0.1192.
Hardi EH. Susmiyati HR. Diana R. Palupi NP. Agriandini M. Saptiani G. Asikin AN. Safitri MA. Sihite D. Agustina. 2023. A Comparison of the Silvofishery Models for Mangrove Restoration in East Kalimantan. In Brawijaya International Conference: 614-626. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-140-1_61.
Hardianto A. Dewi PU. Feriansyah T. Sari NFS. Rifiana NS. 2021. Pemanfaatan Citra Landsat 8 Dalam Mengidentifikasi Nilai Indeks Kerapatan Vegetasi (NDVI) Tahun 2013 dan 2019 (Area Studi: Kota Bandar Lampung). Jurnal Geosains Dan Remote Sensing 2 (1): 8-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23960/jgrs.2021.v2i1.38.
Hasidu LOBF. Ibrahim AF. Prasetya A. Maharani. Asni. Agustiyadin. Mubarak AA. Kamur S. Kharisma GN. 2021. Vegetation Analysis, Biomass Estimation, and Carbon Stock of Mangrove Ecosystems in the Coastal Area of Latambaga District, Kolaka Regency. Journal of Fishery Science and Innovation 5 (2): 60-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33772/jsipi.v5i2.9371.
Hidayah Z. 2015. Gis Application To Determine Critical Condition And Rehabilitation Model Of Mangrove Ecosystem In Southern Coast Of Pamekasan Region Madura. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan Vol, 7(1) DOI: 10.20473/jipk.v7i1.11238
Hidayah Z. As-syakur AR. Rachman HA. 2024. Sustainability assessment of mangrove management in Madura Strait, Indonesia: A combined use of the rapid appraisal for mangroves (RAPMangroves) and the remote sensing approach. Marine Policy, 163, 106128.
Hidayah Z. Rachman HA. 2023. Pemetaan Kondisi Hutan Mangrove Di Kawasan Pesisir Selat Madura Dengan Pendekatan Mangrove Health Index Memanfaatkan Citra Satelit Sentinel-2. Majalah Geografi Indonesia 37 (1): 84-91. DOI: 10.22146/mgi.78136.
Hidayah Z. Suharyo OS. 2018. Analisa Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan Wilayah Pesisir Selat Madura. Rekayasa 11 (1): 19-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21107/rekayasa.v11i1.4120.
Hur RR. Ruchimat T. Nuraini Y. 2020. Analisis Potensi dan Permasalahan Pengembangan Wilayah Pesisir di Kecamatan Arosbaya Kabupaten Bangkalan Madura Provinsi Jawa Timur. Jurnal Penyuluhan Perikanan dan Kelautan 14 (2): 137-157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33378/jppik.v14i2.202.
Indarto I. Nadzirah R. Belagama HR. 2020. Pemetaan Lahan Sub-Optimal Berbasis Nilai NDVI Sentinel 2a: Studi Pendahuluan. Jurnal Presipitasi: Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 17 (3): 194-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v17i3.194-204.
Iswahyudi I. Kusmana C. Hidayat A. Noorachmat B. 2019. eval_uasi Kesesuaian Lahan Untuk Rehabilitasi Hutan Mangrove Kota Langsa Aceh. Jurnal Matematika Sains Dan Teknologi 20 (1): 45-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33830/jmst.v20i1.89.2019.
Jabbar A. Nusantara R. Akbar A. 2021. Valuasi Ekonomi Ekosistem Mangrove Berbasis Ekowisata Pada Hutan Desa Di Kecamatan Batu Ampar Kalimantan Barat. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 19 (1): 140-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.19.1.140-152.
Kawamuna A. Suprayogi A. Wijaya AP. 2017. Analisis Kesehatan Hutan Mangrove Berdasarkan Metode Klasifikasi NDVI pada Citra Sentinel 2. Jurnal Geodesi 6 (2): 277–284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jgundip.2017.15439.
Kurniawan F. Adrianto L. Yonvitner. Darus RF. Yulianto G. Tarman K. Tarigan HRC. Audriana M. Qisthi SZ. Retna DK. Pratiwi JD. Cahyo AMD. 2024. Implementasi Social-Ecological Rehabilitation dalam Mensukseskan Program Konservasi Mangrove di Desa Tanjung, Kabupaten Sumenep, Madura. Abdimas Agro-Maritime Journal 2 (1): 1-14.
Kurniawan M. Ramadhan A. 2024. Spatial and Temporal Variations in Land Surface Temperature as an Indicator of Learning Comfort Level in Banten Province. Journal of Geographical Sciences and Education 2 (2): 42-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.69606/geography.v2i2.98.
LAPAN. 2015. Pedoman Pengolahan Data Satelit Multispektral Secara Digital Supervised Untuk Klasifikasi. Jakarta: Pusat Pemanfaatan Penginderaan Jauh Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional.
Lathifah MN. Muazulfa TI. Nisa WK. Raharjo YAA. Arta YPA. Setyawan AD. 2024. Species Diversity Of Mangrove At Tree And Pole Level In Sampang And Pamekasan Districts, Madura Island, Indonesia. Indo Pacific Journal of Ocean Life 8 (2) DOI: 10.13057/oceanlife/o080203
Mappiasse MF. Djafar M. Asra R. 2022. Distribution Of Mangrove Health In The Coastal Area Of Maros Regency In 2021 Based On Sentinel 2 Satellite Imagery. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 11 (2): 165-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2022.vol11iss2pp165-179.
Mardliyah R. Ario R. Pribadi R. 2019. Carbon Storage Estimation in Mangrove Ecosystems in Pasar Banggi and Tireman Villages, Rembang District, Rembang Regency. Journal of Marine Research 8 (1): 62-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v8i1.24330.
Martínez?Díaz MG. Reef R. 2023. A Biogeographical Approach to Characterizing the Climatic, Physical and Geomorphic Niche of the Most Widely Distributed Mangrove Species, Avicennia marina. Diversity and Distributions 29 (1): 89-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13643.
Matatula J. 2019. Keragaman Kondisi Salinitas pada Lingkungan Tempat Tumbuh Mangrove di Teluk Kupang, NTT. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 17 (3): 425-431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.17.3.425-434.
Muhsoni FF. Kelautan I. Trunojoyo U. 2019. Pemetaan kerusakan mangrove di Madura dengan memanfaatkan citra dari Google Earth dan Citra LDCM. Persembahan Program Studi Ilmu Kelauatan untuk Maritim Madura, 131-140.
Naharuddin N. 2021. The Critical Level of Mangrove Ecosystem in Lariang Watershed Downstream, West Sulawesi-Indonesia. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 16 (5): 841-851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160505.
Natarajan P. Murugesan AK. Govindan G. Gopalakrishnan A. Kumar R. Duraisamy P. Balaji R. Tanuja. Shyamli PS. Ajay K. Parida AK. Parani M. 2021. A Reference-Grade Genome Identifies Salt-Tolerance Genes from The Salt-Secreting Mangrove Species Avicennia marina. Communications Biology 4 (851): 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02384-8.
Naufal N. Asriadi A. Absar S. 2022. Avoiding Mistakes In Drone Usage In Participatory Mapping: Methodological Considerations During The Pandemic. Forest and Society 6 (1): 226-242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.14117.
Noktasatria AY. Farid A. 2021. eval_uasi Berkelanjutan Ekosistem Mangrove Menggunakan Rapfish di Desa Ujung Piring Kecamatan Bangkalan Kabuaten Bangkalan. Juvenil: Jurnal Ilmiah Kelautan dan Perikanan 2 (2): 146-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21107/juvenil.v2i2.10779.
Nurainie I. Wiyanto DB. 2021. Karakteristik Sebaran Sedimen Dasar di Perairan Kalianget Kabupaten Sumenep. Juvenil: Jurnal Ilmiah Kelautan Dan Perikanan 2 (3): 243-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21107/juvenil.v2i3.11713.
Nurdiansah D. Dharmawan IWE. 2021. Spatial and Temporal Analysis for Mangrove Community Healthiness in Liki Island, Papua-Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 944 (1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/944/1/012017.
Pratama LWR. 2017. Pemetaan Kerapatan Hutan Mangrove Di Segara Anakan, Cilacap, Jawa Tengah Mengunakan Citra Landsat 8 Di Lembaga Penerbangan Dan Antariksa Nasional (Lapan), Jakarta. Jurnal Floratek 12 (1): 57-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17969/floratek.v12i1.7638.
Pratama RP. 2024. Strategi Komunikasi Lingkungan Ekowisata Taman Mangrove Jung Koneng Bangkalan untuk Rehabilitasi. Calathu: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi 6 (2): 84-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37715/calathu.v6i2.4817.
Putri DA. Widayani P. 2018. Aplikasi Penginderaan Jauh Sistem Informasi Geografi Untuk Mengkaji Perubahan Penutup Lahan Dan Arah Perkembangan Lahan Terbangun Di Kota Batu, Provinsi Jawa. Jurnal Bumi Indonesia 7 (3): 1-9.
Rachman H. 2024. Spatio-Temporal Ndvi Changes Of Mangrove Forest In West Bangkalan Using High Resolution Imagery. E3s Web of Conferences, 499, 01032. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449901032
Rahadian A. Prasetyo B. Setiawan Y. Wikantika K. 2019. Tinjauan Historis Data dan Informasi Luas Mangrove Indonesia. Media Konservasi 24 (2): 163–178. DOI:
Randa G. Lestari F. Kurniawan D. 2020. Production And Decomposition Of Mangrove Litter In Jang River Estuary, Bukit Bestari District, Tanjungpinang City. Samakia Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan 11 (11): 34-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35316/jsapi.v11i1.631.
Rawson A. Sabeur Z. Brito M. 2022. Intelligent Geospatial Maritime Risk Analytics Using The Discrete Global Grid System. Big Earth Data 6 (3): 294-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20964471.2021.1965370.
Razali SM. Nuruddin AA. Lion M. 2019. Mangrove Vegetation Health Assessment Based on Remote Sensing Indices for Tanjung Piai Malay Peninsular. Journal of Landscape Ecology(Czech Republic) 12 (2): 26–40. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2019-0008.
Rizqi AAA. Ningtias AW. Nadhifah R. Aquarista DE. Nurpratiwi H. 2023. Penanaman Mangrove Guna Mengurangi Resiko Banjir Di Sine Kecamatan Kalidawir Tulungagung. Journal of Creative Student Research, 1(3), 21-35.
Rosadi A. Ario R. Pribadi R. 2018. Struktur dan Komposisi Vegetasi Mangrove Di Kabupaten Sampang, Pulau Madura, Provinsi Jawa Timur. Journal of Marine Research 7 (3): 212-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v7i3.25911.
Rosyid DM. Sujantoko S. Armono HD. Djatmiko EB. Wardhana W. Mulyadi Y. Kurniati N. Wardhani MK. 2021. Kajian Pengelolaan Kawasan Mangrove Pesisir Selatan Kabupaten Bangkalan Berdasarkan UU No 1 Tahun 2014. SEWAGATI : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 5 (3): . DOI: 10.12962/j26139960.v5i3.26.
Ruan L. Yan M. Zhang L. Fan X. Yang H. 2022. Spatial-Temporal NDVI Pattern Of Global Mangroves: A Growing Trend During 2000–2018. Science of The Total Environment 844 (2): 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157075
Sakai Y. 2023. Recovery Of Mangrove Ecosystem Carbon Stocks Through Reforestation At Abandoned Shrimp Pond In Southeast Thailand. Ecosystem Health And Sustainability, 9. Https://Doi.Org/10.34133/Ehs.0018
Saputra BAS. Pratomoatmojo NA. Jatayu A. Firmansyah F. Kusuma SH. 2022. Prediksi Spasial Perkembangan Lahan Terbangun berbasis Trend dengan Skenario Perlindungan LP2B di Kecamatan Kota Sumenep. Jurnal Teknik ITS, 11(3): 150-156. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j23373539.v11i3.100062.
Sarastika T. 2021. Valuasi Ekonomi Jasa Ekosistem Mangrove di Wilayah Pesisir Kota Pekalongan. Geomedia Majalah Ilmiah Dan Informasi Kegeografian, 19 (1): 26-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/gm.v19i1.40161.
Sari DP. Idris MH. Aji IML. 2022. Tingkat Kerusakan Kawasan Mangrove di Kecamatan Lembar Kabupaten Lombok Barat. Journal of Forest Science Avicennia 5 (1): 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22219/avicennia.v5i1.19552 .
Sasmito S. Taillardat P. Clendenning J. Cameron C. Friess D. Murdiyarso D. Hutley L. 2019. Effect Of Land?Use And Land?Cover Change On Mangrove Blue Carbon: A Systematic Review. Global Change Biology 25 (12): 4291-4302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14774.
Schaduw JNW. 2019. Struktur Komunitas dan Persentase Penutupan Kanopi Mangrove Pulau Salawati Kabupaten Kepulauan Raja Ampat Provinsi Papua Barat. Majalah Geografi Indonesia 33 (1): 26–34. DOI: https://doi. org/10.22146/mgi.34745.
Shiau YJ. Chiu CY. 2020. Biogeochemical Processes of C and N in The Soil of Mangrove Forest Ecosystems. Forests 11 (5): 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/F11050492
Sidik F. Supriyanto B. Krisnawati H. Muttaqin MZ. 2018. Mangrove Conservation For Climate Change Mitigation In Indonesia. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 9 (5): 529-537. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.529.
Suryono S. Taufiq N. Pratikto I. Ario R. 2020. Sebaran Mangrove Di Desa Bumiharjo Kecamatan Keling Kabupaten Jepara. Buletin Oseanografi Marina 9 (2) 117-124. https://doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v9i2.29067.
Syakatera J. Purnomo ASD. 2022. Peran LKM Sebagai Sarana Input Produksi Garam dan Tenaga Kerja Dalam Usaha Tambak Garam Madura. Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Manajemen (JKIM), 2(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21107/jkim.v2i4.18413.
Tanjung CF. Yulianda F. Kurniawan F. 2023. Mangrove Health Assessment In Jago Jago Village, Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra. Jurnal Teknologi Perikanan dan Kelautan 14 (2) DOI:10.24319/jtpk.14.157-167
Tufliha A. Putra D. Amara D. Santika R. Oktavian S. Kelana P. 2019. Kondisi Ekosistem Mangrove di Kawasan Ekowisata Karangsong Kabupaten Indramayu. Akuatika Indonesia 4 (1): 11-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/jaki.v4i1.23494.
Verma P. Raghubanshi A. Srivastava PK. Raghubanshi AS. 2020. Appraisal Of Kappa-Based Metrics And Disagreement Indices Of Accuracy Assessment For Parametric And Nonparametric Techniques Used In LULC Classification And Change Detection. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 6 (2): 1045-1059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00740-x.
Vu TTP. Pham TD. Saintilan N. Skidmore A. Luu HV. Vu QH. Le NN. Nguyen HQ. Matsushita B. 2022. Mapping Multi-Decadal Mangrove Extent in the Northern Coast of Vietnam Using Landsat Time-Series Data on Google Earth Engine Platform. Remote Sensing 14 (18): 1-20. DOI: 4664. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184664.
Wang D. Wan B. Qiu P. Su Y. Guo Q. Wang R. Sun F. Wu X. 2018. eval_uating the Performance Of Sentinel-2, Landsat 8 And Pléiades-1 In Mapping Mangrove Extent and Species. Remote Sensing 10 (9): 2-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091468.
Wang L. Yu D. Liu Z. Yang Y. Zhang J. Han J. Mao Z. 2018. Study On NDVI Changes In Weihe Watershed Based On CA–Markov Model. Geological Journal 5 (3): 435-441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3259.
Wardhani MK. 2014. Analisis Kesesuaian Lahan Konservasi Hutan Mangrove Di Pesisir Selatan Kabupaten Bangkalan. Jurnal Kelautan: Indonesian Journal of Marine Science and Technology 7 (2): 69-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21107/jk.v7i2.799.
Wasonowati C. Sulistyaningsih E. Indradewa D. Kurniasih B. 2019. Physiological Characters Of Moringa Oleifera Lamk In Madura. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2120, No. 1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115628.
Wicaksono A. Wicaksono P. 2019. Geometric Accuracy Assessment For Shoreline Derived From NDWI, MNDWI, and AWEI Transformation On Various Coastal Physical Typology In Jepara Regency Using Landsat 8 OLI Imagery In 2018. Geoplanning J. Geomat. Plan 6 (1): 55-72. DOI: 10.14710/geoplanning.6.1.55-72
Wilujeung AD. Firdaus HG. Arianti I. Armelita A. Arifin WA. 2022. Analisis Perubahan Luasan Vegetasi Mangrove Berdasarkan Penginderaan Jauh Dan Bisnis Intelijen Di Kawasan Muara Angke. Pena Akuatika: Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 21 (1): 53-64. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31941/penaakuatika.v21i1.1572.
Zainuri AM. Takwanto A. Syarifuddin A. 2017. Konservasi Ekologi Hutan Mangrove Di Kecamatan Mayangan Kota Probolinggo. Jurnal Dedikasi, 14, 01-07. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22219/dedikasi.v14i0.4292.
Zhen J. Jiang X. Xu Y. Miao J. Zhao D. Wang J. Wang J. Wu G. 2021. Mapping Leaf Chlorophyll Content Of Mangrove Forests With Sentinel-2 Images Of Four Periods. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 102, 102387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102387