Potential of terrestrial orchid as a medicine and in vitro multiplication
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Abstract. Garvita RV, Wawangningrum H. 2020. Potential of terrestrial orchid as a medicine and in vitro multiplication. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 6: 512-519. Orchid belongs to the Orchidaceae family, which is the second largest family of flowering plants with more than 850 genera. Terrestrial orchids have been widely used as traditional medicine. In general, medicinal orchids have not subjected to detailed pharmacological studies but are based on usage by local community. Particularly used as traditional medicine has been given to diuretic, anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, hypoglycaemic activities, anti-microbial, anti-convulsive, relaxation, neuroprotective, and anti-virus. A large number of orchids have been used in treatment of various diseases, therefore, there are several studies have been undertaken to provide the medicinal uses of orchids. The aim of this study is to introduce a collection of terrestrial orchids in Bogor Botanic Gardens (BBG), LIPI, which has potential for medicine and is expected to be a basis for consideration in more effective conservation and propagation actions. An inventory of orchid collection in BBG carried out exploratively and sought literature on its conservation aspects by in vitro and phytochemical content that has potential for medicine. Some of the genus in the BBG that have potential as medicine are Anoetochilus, Goodyera, Eulophia, Habenaria, Malaxis, and Nervilia.
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References
Bose B, H Choudhury, P Tandon, S Kumaria. 2017. Studies on secondary metabolite profiling, anti-inflammatory ptential, in vitro photoprotective and skin-aging related enzyme inhibitory activities of Malaxis acuminata, a threatened orchid of nutraceutical importance. Journal of Photochemistry & photobiology, B: Biology 173: 686-695
Bulpitt C., Y Li, PF Bulpitt, J Wang. 2007. The use of orchids in Chinese medicine. Journal of the royal society of medicine 100: 558-563.
CITES. 2010. Appendics I and II. www.cites.org/eng/app/index.shtml. Accessed 10 Januari 2016
Deb C dan T arenmongla. 2014. Development of cost effective in vitro regeneration protocol for Malaxis acuminate D. Don a Therapeutically import orchid using pseudobulbs as explants source. Journal of Plant Studies 3(2): 13-22
Decruse SW, N Reny, S Shylajakumari, PN Krishnan. 2013. In vitro propagation and field establishment of Eulophia cullenii (Wight) BI., a critically endangered orchid of Western Ghats, India through culture of seeds and axenic seedling-derived rhizomes. In vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant. DOI 10.1007/s11627-013-9521-0
Du X-M, N-Y Sun and Y Shoyama. 2000. Flavonoids from Goodyera schlechtendaliana. Phytochemistry 53: 997-1000.
Fernandes FM, SS Pais dan MC Neves. 1999. The preservation of Goodyera macrophylla Lowe by in vitro germination. Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal 51 (295): 43-52. http://publications.cm-funchal.pt/jspui/bitstream/100/878/1/Bolmmf-1999-art295.pdf
Garg P, P Aggarwal, P Sharma dan S Sharma. 2012. Antioxidant activity of the butanol extract of Malaxis acuminata (Jeevak). Journal of Pharmacy Research 5(5): 2888-2889
Gale SW, J Yamazaki, MJ Hutchings, T Yukawa dan K Miyoshi. 2010. Constraints on establishment in an endangered terrestrial orchid: a comparative study of in vitro and in situ seed germinability and seedling development in Nervilia nipponica. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 163: 166-180.
Giri L, P Dhyani, S Rawat, ID Bhatt, SK Nandi, RS Rawal dan V Pande. 2012. In vitro production of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in callus suspension cultures of Habenaria edgeworthii: a rare Himalayan medicinal orchid. Industrial crops and products 39: 1-6
Gogoi K. 2018. Eulophia andamanensisi Rchb.f. [Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Cymbidieae: Eulophiinae] : an addition to the orchid flora of mainland India. Pleione 12(1): 110-113. Doi: 10.26679/Pleione.12.1.2018.110-113
Gutiérrez RMP. 2010. Orchids: A review of uses in traditional medicine, its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of medicinal plants research 4(8): 592-638.
Haridas R, V Thangapandian dan B Thomas. 2014. Phytochemical evaluation of a medicinal orchid: Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Development & Technology 4(4): 204-209
Hartini S dan DM. Puspitaningtyas. 2005. Flora Sumatera Utara Eksotik dan Berpotensi. Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan-Kebun Raya Bogor
Hossain MM. 2015. Ex vitro seedling development from in vitro rhizome-like bodies in Eulophia promensis Lindl.: a new technique for orchid propagation. Journal of Botany vol 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/207694
Hsieh S-I, SW Gale, C-T Lee, C-R Yeh, C-S Leou and C-L Yeh.2013. Nervilia brevilobata sp. Nov. (Orchidaceae) from Taiwan and Hainan. Nordic Journal of Botany 31: 403-407. Doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01695.x
IUCN/SSC Orchid Specialist Group. 1996. Orchids - Status survey and conservation action plan. Hagsater E and V. Dumont (eds).IUCN, Gland Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. [1996-024]
Jagtap SS, RA Satpute, AM Rahatgaonkar and KR Lanjewar. 2014. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, antimicrobial and quantitative multi-element analysis of Habenari longicorniculata J. Graham. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR) 3(3): 108-117
Kant R. 2015. Survival threats and conservation of Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze, a threatened medicinal orchid at Fagu, Himachal Pradesh. IJBASA ISSN: 2395-3373
Kaur S dan KK Bhutani. 2010. Micropropagation of Malaxis acuminate D. Don: a rare orchid of high therapeutic value. Open Access Journal od Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 1(2): 29-33
Keerthiga M and SP Anand. 2015. Study on preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial activity against human pathogens of an endangered orchid Habenaria plantaginea Lindl. IJPSR 6(3): 1101-1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(3).1100-06
Kong J.-M., N._K Goh, L.-S. Chia and T.-F. Chia. 2003. Recent advances in traditional plant drugs and orchids. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 24(1): 7-21.
Kumar SD. 2018. In vitro propagation of orchids for their conservation: a crtitical review. International journal of scientific research and reviews 7(3): 1990-2036.
Kurzweil H. 2009. The genus Habenari (Orchidaceae) in Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 7(105): 7-105
Li Y, CL Wang, SX Guo, YJ Wang, JS Yang, XM Chen, PG Xiao. 2009. Three new bibenzyl derivatives from Dendrobium candidum. Chem Pharm Bull 57:218-219.
Liu YW, XX Zhou, A Schuiteman, P Kumar, J Hermans, SW Chung and HZ Tian. 2019. Taxonomic notes on Goodyera (Goodyerinae, Cranichideae, Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) in China and an addition to orchid flora of Vietnam. Phytotaxa 395(1): 027-034. http://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.1.3
Maridass M, MIZ Hussain, G Raju. 2008. Phytochemical survey of orchids in the Tirunelveli Hills of South India. Ethnobotanical leaflets 12: 705-712.
Mien PTC, PL Hang, NV Ket, TTL Anh, PV Phe, NT. Thanh. 2013. In vitro culture of Jewel orchids (Anoectochilus setaceus Blume). http://www.icb.osaka-u.ac.jp/AnnuRep/AnnuRep33/436-444.pdf. 22 November 2013.
Mitsukuri K, T Arita, M Johkan, S Yamasaki, K-i Mishiba dan M Oda. 2009. Effects of Type of explants and dark preconditioning on bud formation in Habenaria radiate (Thunb.) in vitro. Hortscience 44(2): 523-525
Mukaromah L, T. Nurhidayati dan S. Nurfadilah. 2013. Pengaruh sumber dan konsentrasi nitrogen terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan biji Dendrobium laxiflorum J.J. Smith secara in vitro. Jurnal sains dan seni pomits 2(1): 26-29. [2580-7673-1-PB]
Nadarajan J, S. Wood, TR Marks, PT Seaton and HW Pritchard. 2011. Nutritional requirements for in vitro seed germination of 12 terrestrial, lithophytic and epiphytic orchids. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 23 (2): 204-212. (204-212.pdf)
Nawalade SM., AP. Sagare, C-Y. Lee, C-L. Kao, and H-S. Tsay. 2002. Studies on tissue culture of Chinese medicinal plant resources in Taiwan and their sustainable utilization. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 44(2): 79-98.
Panda A, s Rath, D. Pradhan, A Mahanty, BK Gupta and NN Bala. 2014. Hepatoprotective activity and sub acute toxicity study of whole part of the plant Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata (Orchidaceae). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(2): 617-621
Panwar D, K Ram, Harish, and NS Shekhawat. 2012. In vitro propagation of Eulophia nuda Lindl., an endangered orchid. Scientia Horticulturae 139: 46-52
Patil MC dan RT Mahajan. 2013. Ethnobotanical potential of eulophia species for their possible biological activity. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res 21(2):297-307.
Patel H and R Krishnamurthy. 2013. Elicitors in plant tissue culture. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry 2(2): 60-65. www.phytojournal.com
Pindel A dan Z Pindel. 2004. Initiation of in vitro cultures of chosen endangered European species of orchids. Folia Horticulture 16(2):111-117. http://www.ptno.ogr.ar.krakow.pl/Wydawn/FoliaHorticulturae/Spisy/FH2004/PDF16022004/fh1602p15.pdf
Purwantoro A., E. Ambarwati dan F. Setyaningsih. 2005. Kekerabatan antar anggrek spesies berdasarkan sifat morfologi tanaman dan bunga. Ilmu Pertanian 12(1): 1-11.
Pushpa S., M Nipun, G Pankaj, S Gurkipal, D. Sumit, S. Sakshi. 2011. Malaxis acuminate: A review. IJRAP 2(2): 422-425.
Radins JA, GA Salazar, LI Cabrera, RJ Machorro and JAN Batista. 2014. A new paludicolous species of Malaxis (Orchidaceae) from Argentina and Uruguay. Phytotaxa 175(3): 121-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.175.3.1
Raskoti BB and R Ale. 2009. Nervilia makinnoni Duthie. And Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. (Orchidaceae): new records for flora of Nepal. Botanica Orientalis-Journal of Plant Science 6:109-110. www.cdbtu.edu.np/botanica-orientalis
Ruthisha PK, CS Krishna, KM Khaleel. 2018. Phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial activities of Nervilia crociformis (Zoll. & Moritzi) Seidenf. And Nervilia infundibulifolia Blatt. & MC cann (Orchidaceae) collected from Kasargod district, Kerala, India. IJPRS 9(12): 5177-5185
Sherif NA, JHF Benjamin, S Munthukrishnan, TS Kumar and MV Rao. 2012. Regeneration of plantlets from nodal and shoot tip explants of Anoectochilus elatus Lindley, an endangered terrestrial orchid. African journal on biotechnology 11(29): 7549-7553. DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.3684
Singh S, AK Singh, S Kumar, M Kumar, PK Pandey, and MCK Singh. 2012. Medicinal properties and uses of orchids: a concise review. Elixir Appl. Botany 52: 11627-11634. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8e27/499c014b9e1890b30d61f8e546edc306d3f2.pdf
Stewart SL and ME Kane. 2010. Effect of carbohydrate source on the in vitro asymbiotic seed germination of the terrestrial orchid Habenaria macroceratitis. Journal of Plant Nutrition 33: 1155-1165
Sumanthi R, J Jayanthi, K Karthigeyan and PV Sreekumar. 2003. Anoectochilus narasimhani (Orchidaceae), a new ‘jewel orchid’ from the Andaman Islands, India. Blumea 48: 285-287. Doi: 10.3767/000651903X674982
Suradinata Y.R., A. Nuraini dan A. Setiadi. 2012. Pengaruh kombinasi media tanam dan konsentrasi pupuk daun terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman anggrek Dendrobium sp. pada tahap aklimatisasi. J. Agrivigor 11(2): 104-116.
Szlachetko DL and M Kolanowska. 2014. New Malaxis species (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae) from Colombia. Plant Syst Evol 300: 239-244. DOI 10.1007/s00606-013-0876-9
Tatiya AU, PM Puranik, SJ Surana, YS Patil and RE Mutha. 2013. Evaluation of hypolipidemic, antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Eulophia herbacea tubers. A journal of the Bangladesh Pharmacological Society (BDPS) 8: 269-275.
Thomas E, TP Aneesh, DG Thomas, dan R Anandan. 2013. GC-MS analysis of phytochemical compounds present in the rhizomes of Nervilia aragoana Gaud. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 6(3): 68-74
Tseng C-C., H-F. Shang, L-F Wang, B. Su, C-C Hsu , H-Y Kao, and K-T Cheng. 2006. Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoetochilus formosanus Hayata. Phytomedicine 13: 366-370.
Wang SY, YH Kuo, HN Chang, PL Kang, HS Tsay, KF Lin, NS Yang and LF Shyur. 2002. Profiling and characterization antioxidant activities in Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50: 1859-1865.
White I. 2011. Ethnopharmacognosy Series III: Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Values of Honohono Orchid-Bioproducts and Recipes. Hawaii, Windward Community College.
Wong KC dan M Sun. 1999. Reproductive biology and conservation genetics of Goodyera procera (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 86 (10): 1406-1413
Zhang F-S, B Han, P Li, Z lin, D Yin, Y Li, J Zhong and H Huang. 2013. Design, synthesis and hepatoprotective activity of analogs of the natural products Goodyeroside A. Molecules 18: 1933-1948.
Zhang F-S, Y-L LV, Y Zhao, and S-x Guo. 2013. Promoting role of an endophyte on the growth and contents of kinsenosides and flavonoids of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata, a rare and threatened medicinal orchidaceae plant. Journal of Zheijiang University-Science B (Biomedicine & Biotechnology) 14(9): 785-792. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773549/pdf/JZUSB14-0785.pdf
Bulpitt C., Y Li, PF Bulpitt, J Wang. 2007. The use of orchids in Chinese medicine. Journal of the royal society of medicine 100: 558-563.
CITES. 2010. Appendics I and II. www.cites.org/eng/app/index.shtml. Accessed 10 Januari 2016
Deb C dan T arenmongla. 2014. Development of cost effective in vitro regeneration protocol for Malaxis acuminate D. Don a Therapeutically import orchid using pseudobulbs as explants source. Journal of Plant Studies 3(2): 13-22
Decruse SW, N Reny, S Shylajakumari, PN Krishnan. 2013. In vitro propagation and field establishment of Eulophia cullenii (Wight) BI., a critically endangered orchid of Western Ghats, India through culture of seeds and axenic seedling-derived rhizomes. In vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant. DOI 10.1007/s11627-013-9521-0
Du X-M, N-Y Sun and Y Shoyama. 2000. Flavonoids from Goodyera schlechtendaliana. Phytochemistry 53: 997-1000.
Fernandes FM, SS Pais dan MC Neves. 1999. The preservation of Goodyera macrophylla Lowe by in vitro germination. Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal 51 (295): 43-52. http://publications.cm-funchal.pt/jspui/bitstream/100/878/1/Bolmmf-1999-art295.pdf
Garg P, P Aggarwal, P Sharma dan S Sharma. 2012. Antioxidant activity of the butanol extract of Malaxis acuminata (Jeevak). Journal of Pharmacy Research 5(5): 2888-2889
Gale SW, J Yamazaki, MJ Hutchings, T Yukawa dan K Miyoshi. 2010. Constraints on establishment in an endangered terrestrial orchid: a comparative study of in vitro and in situ seed germinability and seedling development in Nervilia nipponica. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 163: 166-180.
Giri L, P Dhyani, S Rawat, ID Bhatt, SK Nandi, RS Rawal dan V Pande. 2012. In vitro production of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in callus suspension cultures of Habenaria edgeworthii: a rare Himalayan medicinal orchid. Industrial crops and products 39: 1-6
Gogoi K. 2018. Eulophia andamanensisi Rchb.f. [Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Cymbidieae: Eulophiinae] : an addition to the orchid flora of mainland India. Pleione 12(1): 110-113. Doi: 10.26679/Pleione.12.1.2018.110-113
Gutiérrez RMP. 2010. Orchids: A review of uses in traditional medicine, its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of medicinal plants research 4(8): 592-638.
Haridas R, V Thangapandian dan B Thomas. 2014. Phytochemical evaluation of a medicinal orchid: Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Development & Technology 4(4): 204-209
Hartini S dan DM. Puspitaningtyas. 2005. Flora Sumatera Utara Eksotik dan Berpotensi. Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan-Kebun Raya Bogor
Hossain MM. 2015. Ex vitro seedling development from in vitro rhizome-like bodies in Eulophia promensis Lindl.: a new technique for orchid propagation. Journal of Botany vol 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/207694
Hsieh S-I, SW Gale, C-T Lee, C-R Yeh, C-S Leou and C-L Yeh.2013. Nervilia brevilobata sp. Nov. (Orchidaceae) from Taiwan and Hainan. Nordic Journal of Botany 31: 403-407. Doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01695.x
IUCN/SSC Orchid Specialist Group. 1996. Orchids - Status survey and conservation action plan. Hagsater E and V. Dumont (eds).IUCN, Gland Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. [1996-024]
Jagtap SS, RA Satpute, AM Rahatgaonkar and KR Lanjewar. 2014. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, antimicrobial and quantitative multi-element analysis of Habenari longicorniculata J. Graham. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR) 3(3): 108-117
Kant R. 2015. Survival threats and conservation of Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze, a threatened medicinal orchid at Fagu, Himachal Pradesh. IJBASA ISSN: 2395-3373
Kaur S dan KK Bhutani. 2010. Micropropagation of Malaxis acuminate D. Don: a rare orchid of high therapeutic value. Open Access Journal od Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 1(2): 29-33
Keerthiga M and SP Anand. 2015. Study on preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial activity against human pathogens of an endangered orchid Habenaria plantaginea Lindl. IJPSR 6(3): 1101-1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(3).1100-06
Kong J.-M., N._K Goh, L.-S. Chia and T.-F. Chia. 2003. Recent advances in traditional plant drugs and orchids. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 24(1): 7-21.
Kumar SD. 2018. In vitro propagation of orchids for their conservation: a crtitical review. International journal of scientific research and reviews 7(3): 1990-2036.
Kurzweil H. 2009. The genus Habenari (Orchidaceae) in Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 7(105): 7-105
Li Y, CL Wang, SX Guo, YJ Wang, JS Yang, XM Chen, PG Xiao. 2009. Three new bibenzyl derivatives from Dendrobium candidum. Chem Pharm Bull 57:218-219.
Liu YW, XX Zhou, A Schuiteman, P Kumar, J Hermans, SW Chung and HZ Tian. 2019. Taxonomic notes on Goodyera (Goodyerinae, Cranichideae, Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) in China and an addition to orchid flora of Vietnam. Phytotaxa 395(1): 027-034. http://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.395.1.3
Maridass M, MIZ Hussain, G Raju. 2008. Phytochemical survey of orchids in the Tirunelveli Hills of South India. Ethnobotanical leaflets 12: 705-712.
Mien PTC, PL Hang, NV Ket, TTL Anh, PV Phe, NT. Thanh. 2013. In vitro culture of Jewel orchids (Anoectochilus setaceus Blume). http://www.icb.osaka-u.ac.jp/AnnuRep/AnnuRep33/436-444.pdf. 22 November 2013.
Mitsukuri K, T Arita, M Johkan, S Yamasaki, K-i Mishiba dan M Oda. 2009. Effects of Type of explants and dark preconditioning on bud formation in Habenaria radiate (Thunb.) in vitro. Hortscience 44(2): 523-525
Mukaromah L, T. Nurhidayati dan S. Nurfadilah. 2013. Pengaruh sumber dan konsentrasi nitrogen terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan biji Dendrobium laxiflorum J.J. Smith secara in vitro. Jurnal sains dan seni pomits 2(1): 26-29. [2580-7673-1-PB]
Nadarajan J, S. Wood, TR Marks, PT Seaton and HW Pritchard. 2011. Nutritional requirements for in vitro seed germination of 12 terrestrial, lithophytic and epiphytic orchids. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 23 (2): 204-212. (204-212.pdf)
Nawalade SM., AP. Sagare, C-Y. Lee, C-L. Kao, and H-S. Tsay. 2002. Studies on tissue culture of Chinese medicinal plant resources in Taiwan and their sustainable utilization. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 44(2): 79-98.
Panda A, s Rath, D. Pradhan, A Mahanty, BK Gupta and NN Bala. 2014. Hepatoprotective activity and sub acute toxicity study of whole part of the plant Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata (Orchidaceae). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(2): 617-621
Panwar D, K Ram, Harish, and NS Shekhawat. 2012. In vitro propagation of Eulophia nuda Lindl., an endangered orchid. Scientia Horticulturae 139: 46-52
Patil MC dan RT Mahajan. 2013. Ethnobotanical potential of eulophia species for their possible biological activity. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res 21(2):297-307.
Patel H and R Krishnamurthy. 2013. Elicitors in plant tissue culture. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry 2(2): 60-65. www.phytojournal.com
Pindel A dan Z Pindel. 2004. Initiation of in vitro cultures of chosen endangered European species of orchids. Folia Horticulture 16(2):111-117. http://www.ptno.ogr.ar.krakow.pl/Wydawn/FoliaHorticulturae/Spisy/FH2004/PDF16022004/fh1602p15.pdf
Purwantoro A., E. Ambarwati dan F. Setyaningsih. 2005. Kekerabatan antar anggrek spesies berdasarkan sifat morfologi tanaman dan bunga. Ilmu Pertanian 12(1): 1-11.
Pushpa S., M Nipun, G Pankaj, S Gurkipal, D. Sumit, S. Sakshi. 2011. Malaxis acuminate: A review. IJRAP 2(2): 422-425.
Radins JA, GA Salazar, LI Cabrera, RJ Machorro and JAN Batista. 2014. A new paludicolous species of Malaxis (Orchidaceae) from Argentina and Uruguay. Phytotaxa 175(3): 121-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.175.3.1
Raskoti BB and R Ale. 2009. Nervilia makinnoni Duthie. And Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr. (Orchidaceae): new records for flora of Nepal. Botanica Orientalis-Journal of Plant Science 6:109-110. www.cdbtu.edu.np/botanica-orientalis
Ruthisha PK, CS Krishna, KM Khaleel. 2018. Phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial activities of Nervilia crociformis (Zoll. & Moritzi) Seidenf. And Nervilia infundibulifolia Blatt. & MC cann (Orchidaceae) collected from Kasargod district, Kerala, India. IJPRS 9(12): 5177-5185
Sherif NA, JHF Benjamin, S Munthukrishnan, TS Kumar and MV Rao. 2012. Regeneration of plantlets from nodal and shoot tip explants of Anoectochilus elatus Lindley, an endangered terrestrial orchid. African journal on biotechnology 11(29): 7549-7553. DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.3684
Singh S, AK Singh, S Kumar, M Kumar, PK Pandey, and MCK Singh. 2012. Medicinal properties and uses of orchids: a concise review. Elixir Appl. Botany 52: 11627-11634. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8e27/499c014b9e1890b30d61f8e546edc306d3f2.pdf
Stewart SL and ME Kane. 2010. Effect of carbohydrate source on the in vitro asymbiotic seed germination of the terrestrial orchid Habenaria macroceratitis. Journal of Plant Nutrition 33: 1155-1165
Sumanthi R, J Jayanthi, K Karthigeyan and PV Sreekumar. 2003. Anoectochilus narasimhani (Orchidaceae), a new ‘jewel orchid’ from the Andaman Islands, India. Blumea 48: 285-287. Doi: 10.3767/000651903X674982
Suradinata Y.R., A. Nuraini dan A. Setiadi. 2012. Pengaruh kombinasi media tanam dan konsentrasi pupuk daun terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman anggrek Dendrobium sp. pada tahap aklimatisasi. J. Agrivigor 11(2): 104-116.
Szlachetko DL and M Kolanowska. 2014. New Malaxis species (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae) from Colombia. Plant Syst Evol 300: 239-244. DOI 10.1007/s00606-013-0876-9
Tatiya AU, PM Puranik, SJ Surana, YS Patil and RE Mutha. 2013. Evaluation of hypolipidemic, antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Eulophia herbacea tubers. A journal of the Bangladesh Pharmacological Society (BDPS) 8: 269-275.
Thomas E, TP Aneesh, DG Thomas, dan R Anandan. 2013. GC-MS analysis of phytochemical compounds present in the rhizomes of Nervilia aragoana Gaud. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 6(3): 68-74
Tseng C-C., H-F. Shang, L-F Wang, B. Su, C-C Hsu , H-Y Kao, and K-T Cheng. 2006. Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoetochilus formosanus Hayata. Phytomedicine 13: 366-370.
Wang SY, YH Kuo, HN Chang, PL Kang, HS Tsay, KF Lin, NS Yang and LF Shyur. 2002. Profiling and characterization antioxidant activities in Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50: 1859-1865.
White I. 2011. Ethnopharmacognosy Series III: Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Values of Honohono Orchid-Bioproducts and Recipes. Hawaii, Windward Community College.
Wong KC dan M Sun. 1999. Reproductive biology and conservation genetics of Goodyera procera (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 86 (10): 1406-1413
Zhang F-S, B Han, P Li, Z lin, D Yin, Y Li, J Zhong and H Huang. 2013. Design, synthesis and hepatoprotective activity of analogs of the natural products Goodyeroside A. Molecules 18: 1933-1948.
Zhang F-S, Y-L LV, Y Zhao, and S-x Guo. 2013. Promoting role of an endophyte on the growth and contents of kinsenosides and flavonoids of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata, a rare and threatened medicinal orchidaceae plant. Journal of Zheijiang University-Science B (Biomedicine & Biotechnology) 14(9): 785-792. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773549/pdf/JZUSB14-0785.pdf