Antimicrobial activity, qualitative phytochemical composition of crude extracts from medicinal plants against selected enteric bacterial pathogens, Candida albicans
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract Opinde HR, Nyamache AK, Gatheri GW. 2018. Antimicrobial activity and qualitative phytochemical composition of crude extracts from medicinal plants against selected enteric bacterial pathogens and Candida albicans. Bioteknologi 14: 1-12. Determining the antimicrobial activity and combined effects of the selected plant leaf extracts of Tagetes minuta, Aloe secundiflora, Vernonia lasiopus and Bulbine frutescens against selected clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexineri, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans were the aims of this study. Moreover, the determination of qualitative analysis of the phytochemicals present in the extracts was also carried out. Kenyatta University arboretum and voucher specimens deposited in the University herbarium, were the source of plant materials. SAS version 9.1 with ANOVA was used to analyze the collected data. Furthermore, the data was subjected to a post hoc test, with P<0.05 being considered significant. In the single use or combination of microorganism test, in tested microorganisms the average inhibition zones were found to be significant at P<0.05. In the low concentrations on the tested microorganisms, V. lasiopus was more active against S. flexineri (MIC 3.3 µg/mL, MBC 7.1 µg/mL), B. frutescens against S. flexineri (MIC 3.2 µg/mL, MBC 6.2 µg/mL), A. secundiflora against S. flexineri (MIC 3.7 µg/mL, MBC 8.0 µg/mL) and T. minuta against E. faecalis (MIC 5.1 µg/mL, MBC 6.3 µg/mL)*. The extract combination also showed a significant increased and decreased antimicrobial activity i.e., P<0.05. The average inhibition zone formed by the combination of A. secundiflora and T. minuta plant leaf extracts (8.67±1.86mm) showed a decrease in antimicrobial activity as compared to T. minuta (15.17±2.71 mm) and A. secundiflora (17.00±2.10mm) respectively in the usage against C. albicans. The presence of four phytochemicals; saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids is shown in the qualitative phytochemical analysis. An insight into the antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts and their use in the treatment of bacterial or fungal infections is provided by this study. This information might be used in herbal medicine in making concoctions to maximize their effectiveness. To elucidate the actual compounds in the plant leaf extracts responsible for the antimicrobial activity is needed and this elucidation can be used in drug development.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Africa 57: 100-146.
Adwan G, Mhanna M. 2008. Synergistic effects of plant extracts and
antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical
specimens. Middle-East J Sci Res 3 (3): 134-139.
Adwan G, Salameh Y, Adwan K. 2011. Effect of ethanolic extract of
Ecballium elaterium against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida
albicans. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 1 (6): 456-460.
Agarry OO, Olaleye MT. 2005. Comparative antimicrobial activities of
Aloe vera gel and leaf. African J Biotechnol 4 (12): 1410-1413.
Alzoreky NS, Nakahara K. 2003. Antibacterial activity of extracts from
some edible plants commonly consumed in Asia. Intl J Food
Microbiol 80 (3): 223-230.
Anjeza C Mandal S. 2012. Synergistic or additive antimicrobial activities
of Indian spice and herbal extracts against pathogenic, probiotic and
food-sp. Intl Food Res J 19 (3): 1185-1191.
Arunkumar S, Muthuselvam M. 2009. Analysis of phytochemical
constituents and antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera L. against
clinical pathogens. World J Agric Sci 5 (5): 572-576.
Ayoola GA, Coker HA, Adesegun SA, Adepoju-Bello AA, Obaweya K,
Ezennia EC, Atangbayila TO. 2008. Phytochemical screening and
antioxidant activities of some selected medicinal plants used for
malaria therapy in Southwestern Nigeria. Tropical J Pharmaceut Res
7 (3): 1019-1024.
Bakarnga Via I, Yande H K, Kouipou RM T, Kanko MM, Kammalac TN,
Boyom FF. 2015. Effect of combined extracts from different plant
parts of Annona senegalensis on antibacterial and antifungal
activities. Intl J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 8 (1); 162-166.
Broussalis AM, Ferraro GE, Martino VS, Pinzón R, Coussio JD, Alvarez
JC. 1999. Argentine plants as a potential source of insecticidal
compounds. J Ethnopharmacol 67 (2): 219-223.
Chanda S, Rakholiya K. 2011. Combination Therapy: Synergism between
natural plant extracts and antibiotics against infectious diseases. In:
Mendez-Vilas A. (ed.). Science Against Microbial Pathogens:
Communicating Current Research and Technological Advances,
Volume 1. Formatex Research, Spain
Congesta WTC. 2005. Preliminary screening of some folklore medicinal
plants from a Preliminary screening of some folklore medicinal plants
from Western India for potential antimicrobial activity eastern India
for potential antimicrobial activity. Indian J Pharmacol 37 (6): 408-
409.
Coopoosamy RM. 2011. Traditional information and antibacterial activity
of four Bulbine species (Wolf). African J Biotechnol 10 (2): 118-220.
Coopoosamy RM, Magwa ML. 2007. Traditional use, antibacterial
activity and antifungal activity of crude extract of Aloe excelsa.
African J Biotechnol 6 (20): 8-10.
Coopoosamy RM, Magwa ML, Mayekiso B. 2000. Proceedings: Science
and Society University of Fort Hare, Bhisho, Eastern Cape, South
Africa.
Cushnie TT, Lamb AJ. 2005. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids.
Cutter CN. 2000. Antimicrobial effect of herb extracts against Escherichia
coli O157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium
associated with beef. J Food Protection 63 (5): 601-607.
Eloff JN. 1998. A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the
minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta
Medica, 64 (8): 711-713.
Everett TH. 1982. The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated
Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Vol. 10. Taylor & Francis, New York.
Fennell CW, Lindsey KL, McGaw LJ, Sparg SG, Stafford GI, Elgorashi
EE, Van Staden J. 2004. Assessing African medicinal plants for
efficacy and safety: pharmacological screening and toxicology. J
Ethnopharmacol 94 (2): 205-217.
Holzmuller P, Sereno D, Cavaleyra M, Mangot I, Daulouede S,
Vincendeau P, Lemesre JL. 2002. Nitric oxide-mediated proteasomedependent oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in Leishmania
amazonensis amastigotes. J Infection Immun 70 (7): 3727-3735.
Ibrahim HA, Imam IA, Bello AM, Umar U, Muhammad S, Abdullahi SA.
2012. The potential of Nigerian medicinal plants as antimalarial
agent: A review. Intl J Sci Technol 2 (8): 600-605.
Ijeh II, Ejike CE. 2011. Current perspectives on the medicinal potential of
Vernonia amygdalina Del. J Med Plants Res 5 (7): 1051-1061.
Kaingu F, Kibor A, Waihenya R, Shivairo R, Mungai L. 2013. Efficacy of
Aloe secundiflora crude extracts on Ascaridia galli in vitro. J Sustain
Agric Res 2 (2): 45-49.
Kareru PG, Gachanja AN, Keriko JM, Kenji GM. 2008. Antimicrobial
activity of some medicinal plants used by herbalists in the eastern
province, Kenya. African J Trad Compl Altern Med 5 (1): 51-55.
Keeley SC, Forsman ZH, Chan R. 2007. A phylogeny of the “evil tribe”
(Vernonieae: Compositae) reveals Old/New World long distance
dispersal: Support from separate and combined congruent data sets
(trnL-F, ndhF, ITS). Mol Phylogenet Evol 44 (1): 89-103.
Koul JL, Koul S, Singh C, Taneja SC, Shanmugavel M, Kampasi H, Qazi
GN. 2003. In vitro cytotoxic elemanolides from Vernonia lasiopus.
Planta Medica 69 (2): 164-166.
Mangoma N, Saidi B, Mbanga J. 2010. An evaluation of the antimicrobial
activities of Aloe barbadensis: A. chabaudii and A. arborescens leaf
extracts used in folklore veterinary medicine in Zimbabwe. J Anim
Vet Adv 9 (23): 2918-2923.
Mariita RM, Orodho JA, Okemo PO, Kirimuhuzya C, Otieno JN,
Magadula JJ. 2011. Methanolic extracts of Aloe secundiflora Engl.
inhibits in vitro growth of tuberculosis and diarrhea-causing bacteria.
J Pharmacog Res 3 (2): 90-95.
Mohanta B, Chakraborty A, Sudarshan M, Dutta R, Baruah M. 2003.
Elemental profile in some common medicinal plants of India. Its
correlation with traditional therapeutic usage. J Radioanalyt Nucl
Chem 258 (1): 175-179.
Msoffe P, Mbilu Z. 2009. The efficacy of a crude extract of Aloe
secundiflora on Candida albicans. African J Trad Compl Altern Med
6 (4): 592-595.
Mwale M, Bhebhe E, Chimonyo M, Halimani TE. 2005. Use of herbal
plants in poultry health management in the Mushagashe small-scale
commercial farming area in Zimbabwe. Intl J Appl Res Vet Med 3 (2):
163-170.
Nascimento GG, Locatelli J, Freitas PC, Silva GL. 2000. Antibacterial
activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant
bacteria. Brazilian J Microbiol 31 (4): 247-256.
Newall CA, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. 1996. Herbal medicines. The
Pharmaceutical Press, London.
Olajuyigbe OO, Afolayan AJ. 2012. Synergistic interactions of methanolic
extract of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. with antibiotics against bacteria
of clinical relevance. Intl J Mol Sci 13 (7): 8915-8932.
Panwar D, Bhatt RP. 2014. Antibacterial activity of Tagetes minuta l.
against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyrogenes. J
Pharmaceut Biol 4 (2): 109-118.
Rabe T, Mullholland D, Van Staden J. 2002. Isolation and identification
of antibacterial compounds from Vernonia colorata leave. J
Ethnopharmacol 80 (1): 91-94.
Robson MC, Heggers JP, Hagstrom Jr WJ. 1982. Myth, magic, witchcraft,
or fact? Aloe vera revisited. J Burn Care Res 3 (3): 154-163.
Shahzadi I, Hassan A, Khan UW, Shah MM. 2010. Evaluating biological
activities of the seed extracts from Tagetes minuta L. found in
Northern Pakistan. J Med Plants Res 4 (20): 2108-2112.
Soule JA. 1993. Tagetes minuta: A potential new herb from South
America. In: Janick J, Simon JE (eds.). New Crops. Wiley, New
York.
Srivastava J, Lambert J, Vietmeyer N. 2005. Medicinal plants: An
expanding role in from Western India for potential antimicrobial
activity. Indian J Pharmacol 37: 406-409.
Stafford GI, Jager AK, Van Staden J. 2005. Effect of storage on the
chemical composition and biological activity of several popular South
African medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 97 (1): 107-115.
Tahir L, Khan N. 2012. Antibacterial potential of crude leaf, fruit and
flower extracts of Tagetes minuta L. J Public Health Biol Sci 1: 70-
74.
Tereschuk ML, Riera MV, Castro GR, Abdala LR. 1997. Antimicrobial
activity of flavonoids from leaves of Tagetes minuta. J
Ethnopharmacol 56 (3): 227-232.
Van Staden LF, Drewes SE. 1994. Knipholone from Bulbine latifolia and
Bulbine frutescens. Phytochemistry 35 (3): 685-686.
Van Wyk BE. 2008. A broad review of commercially important southern
African medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 119 (3): 342-355.