Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from surgical patients and normal dogs
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Abstract. Njoroge C, Mande JD, Mitema SE, Kitaa JMA. 2018. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from surgical patients and normal dogs. Bioteknologi 15: 13-25. The objectives of this study were to determine bacterial ecology and their antimicrobial susceptibilities from a wound and ear swabs with emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus and to determine the prevalence of MRSA/MRSP in normal dogs and surgical patients using phenotypic and genotypic assays. The findings revealed that the most prevalent microbial isolates recovered from dogs diagnosed with wounds, surgical site infections, and otitis externa, were S. aureus 50% (133/267) and Proteus spp. 14% (38/267). Other frequently recovered isolates included Pseudomonas spp. 10% (28/267), other Staphylococcus spp. 8.2% (22/267), Streptococcus spp. 6.7% (18/267), and E. coli 5.6% (15/267). Resistance to antimicrobial drugs was observed in the majority of the isolates in the retrospective study, with 97% (262/267) of the isolates demonstrating antimicrobial resistance to at least one drug. Resistance to sulphonamides (96%), potentiated sulphonamides (89%), ampicillin (68%), amoxicillin (62%) and tetracycline (56%) was relatively high for all bacterial species examined. S. aureus isolates showed 95% resistance to sulfamethoxazole, 55% to ampicillin, 52% to tetracycline and 52% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Pseudomonas spp. showed the highest multidrug resistance with all (100%) isolates showing resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and sulfamethoxazole, the isolates also showed high resistance to cotrimoxazole (93%), ampicillin (93%) and tetracyclines (80%). Low resistance to gentamicin (9%), norfloxacin (24%) and chloramphenicol (33%) was observed in all bacterial isolates. Data from the prospective study revealed that presumptive Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from 34% (65/191) of the samples. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. (COPS) accounted for 43% (28/65) of the Staphylococcus spp. isolated. Phenotypic resistance to oxacillin was detected in 53.6% (15/28) of COPS. Further analysis of the resistant determinants by BLAST revealed that all the resistant Staphylococcus strains were S. aureus strains. This study confirms S. aureus as the most prevalent bacterial isolate from wounds, surgical site infections, and otitis externa. Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., other Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli, in descending order, were also frequently isolated. Gentamicin, norfloxacin, and chloramphenicol, in that order, were the most effective antimicrobial agents in the management of wounds, surgical site infections and otitis externa in the retrospective study. The study reports the first case of MRSA strains in dogs in Kenya, which were associated with mobile genetic elements (SCCmec) and had the potential to be transferred from dogs to humans. The MRSA resistant determinants observed are like some human-like isolates reported in several countries.
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colonization with multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates
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Diaz-Campos DV. 2012. Molecular epidemiology and genetic analysis of
Staphylococcus species in companion animal medicine [Dissertation].
Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
Duquette RA, Nuttall TJ. 2004. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus in dogs and cats: an emerging problem? J Small Anim Pract
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Elhassan MM, Hani AO, Hassan AH, Miskelyemen AE, Leila MA. 2015.
Absence of the mec A Gene in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus
aureus Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens in Shendi City,
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EMA [European Medicines Agency]. 2010. Reflection paper on
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. European
Medicines Agency, London, UK.
Faires MC, Traverse M, Tater KC, Pearl DL, Weese JS. 2010. Methicillinresistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infections in dogs. Emerg Infect Dis 16: 69-75.
Frank LA, Loeffler A. 2012. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus
pseudointermedius; Clinical challenge and treatment options. Vet
Dermatol 23: 283-291.
Gallagher AD, Mertens WD. 2012. Implant removal rate from infection
after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs. Vet Surg 41: 705-711.
Garbacz K, Piechowicz L, ?arnowska S, Haras K, D?browska-Szponar M.
2011. Heterogeneity of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus
pseudintermedius strains isolated from diseased dogs. Polish J Vet
Scis 14 (2): 283-284.
Gingrich EN, Kurt T, Hyatt DR, Lappin MR, Ruch-Gallie R. 2011.
Prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in northern Colorado
shelter animals. J Vet Diagnostic Invest 23: 947-950.
Greene CE. 2006. Otitis Externa. In: Greene CE (ed) Infectious Diseases
of the Dog and Cat, 3rd ed. Saunders, Missouri, USA.
Griffeth GC, Morris DO, Abraham JL, Shofer FS, Rankin SC. 2008.
Screening for skin carriage of methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive
staphylococci and Staphylococcus schleiferi in dogs with healthy and
inflamed skin. Vet Dermatol 19: 142-149.
Guardabassi L, Loeber ME, Jacobson A. 2004. Transmission of multiple
antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus intermedius between dogs
affected by deep pyoderma and their owners. Vet Microbiol 98: 23-
27.
Hanselman BA, Kruth SA, Rousseau J, Weese JS. 2009. Coagulase
positive staphylococcal colonization of humans and their household
pets. Canadian Vet J 50: 954-958.
Hariharan H, Coles M, Poole D, Lund L, Page R. 2006. Update on
antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial isolates from canine and
feline otitis externa. Canadian Vet J 47: 253-255.
Hawkey PM. 2008. The growing burden of antimicrobial resistance. J
Antimicrob Chemother 62 (Suppl. 1): i1-i9.
Junco TM T, Barrasa Martin JL. 2002. Identification and antimicrobial
susceptibility of coagulase positive Staphylococci isolated from
healthy dogs and dogs suffering from otitis externa. J Vet Med B 49:
419-423.
Kateete DP, Kimani CN, Katabazi FA, Okeng A, Okee MS, Nanteza A,
Joloba ML, Najjuka FL. 2010. Identification of Staphylococcus
aureus: Dnase and Mannitol salt agar improve the efficiency of the
tube coagulase test. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 9: 23-30.
Kondo Y, Ito T, Ma XX, Watanabe S, Kreiswirth BN, Etienne J,
Hiramatsu K. 2007. Combination of Multiplex PCRs for
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Type Assignment: Rapid
Identification System for mec, ccr, and major differences in junkyard
regions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51 (1): 264-274.
Lilenbaum W, Veras M, Blum E, Souza GN. 2000. Antimicrobial
susceptibility of Staphylococci isolated from otitis externa in dogs.
Lett Appl Microbiol 31: 42-45.
Loeffler A, Boag AK, Sung J, Lindsay JA, Guardabassi L, Dalsgaard A,
Smith H, Stevens K B, Lloyd D H. 2005. Prevalence of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus among staff and pets in a small
animal referral hospital in the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother 56 (4):
692-697.
Lyskova P, Vydrzalova M, Mazurova J. 2007. Identification and
antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria and yeasts isolated from
healthy dogs and dogs with otitis externa. J Vet Med A 54: 559-563.
Magalhaes SRJ, Loeffler A, Lindsay J, Rich M, Roberts L, Smith H,
Lloyd DH, Pfeiffer DU. 2010. Risk factors for methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in dogs and cats: a casecontrol study. Vet Res 41: 55.
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