Review: Risks and benefits of introducing double-muscled Belgian Blue cattle to Indonesia’s tropical climate
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 557
File Views: 57
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Residiwati G, Tuska HSA, Parlindungan O, Siswanti SW, Leemans B, Goossens K, Rochmi SE, Budiono, Budiyanto A, Purwantara B, Lonameo BK, Pascottini OB, Opsomer G, Van Soom A. 2025. Review: Risks and benefits of introducing double-muscled Belgian Blue cattle to Indonesia’s tropical climate. Biodiversitas 26: 2429-2447. To meet the growing national demand for beef, the Indonesian government has introduced the Belgian Blue (BB), a double-muscled cattle breed originating from Belgium, renowned for its exceptional carcass yield. This initiative represents the first large-scale effort to integrate a temperate taurine genotype into Indonesia’s tropical environment through the use of Embryo Transfer (ET) and Artificial Insemination (AI) technologies. The BB’s pronounced muscle hypertrophy offers considerable potential to enhance national beef productivity, with projected increases in carcass yield. This potentially underscores the benefits of introducing the BB breed in Indonesia. However, its application in tropical systems presents notable challenges. As a pure taurine breed, the BB demonstrates limited adaptability to high temperature and humidity, rendering it highly susceptible to heat stress. In addition, its muscular conformation is associated with an elevated incidence of dystocia, requiring advanced obstetric care, while its intensive nutritional requirements may pose environmental sustainability concerns. This review synthesizes empirical findings from the past decade of field implementation across six (6) Indonesian provinces and benchmarks the performance of BB cattle against local breeds. By critically examining both the opportunities and limitations of BB integration, this paper offers novel insights beyond prior literature centered on European contexts. It concludes by highlighting strategic considerations for policymakers, veterinarians, and farmers to foster a more sustainable and efficient beef production system tailored to Indonesia’s unique agro-climatic conditions.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Abbass, K., Qasim, M.Z., Song, H., Murshed, M., Mahmood, H., Younis, I., 2022. A review of the global climate change impacts, adaptation, and sustainable mitigation measures. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29, 42539–42559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19718-6.
Accu Weather, 2024. Accu Weather Ciney, Namur. https://www.accuweather.com/en/be/ciney/30023/may-weather/30023?year=2023 (accesses May, 9th 2024)
Angela, M.L., Sejian, V., Wallage, A.L., Steel, C.C., Mader, T.L., Lees, J.C., Gaughan, J.B., 2019. The Impact of Heat Load on Cattle. Animals 9(6), 322. doi: 10.3390/ani9060322.
Angela, F., Rechkoska, G., 2012. Global and Regional Food Consumption Patterns and Trends. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sci. 44, 363-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.040.
Agnieszka, L., Strassburg, B., Valentim, J., Ramos, F., Alves-Pinto, H.N., 2014. Intensification of Cattle Ranching Production Systems: Socioeconomic and Environmental Synergies and Risks in Brazil. Animal 8, 8. doi:10.1017/S1751731114001566.
Agus, A., Widi, T.S.M., 2018. Current situation and future prospects for beef cattle production in Indonesia - A review. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 31, 976–83. doi:10.5713/ajas.18.0233.
Agung, P.P., Said, S., Sudiro, A., 2016. Myostatin Gene Analysis in the First Generation of the Belgian Blue Cattle in Indonesia. J. Indones. Trop. Anim. Agric. 41, 13–20. doi:10.14710/jitaa.41.1.13-20.
Al-Kanaan, A., König, S., Brügemann, K., 2015. Effects of heat stress on semen characteristics of Holstein bulls estimated on a continuous phenotypic and genetic scale. Livest. Sci. 177, 15–24. doi:10.1016/J.LIVSCI.2015.04.003.
Antara, M., Sumarniash, M.S., 2019. Behind the Volatility of Beef Price in Indonesia. Economy 6, 1–6. doi:10.20448/journal.502.2019.61.1.6.
Artificial Insemination Centre of Lembang. 2023. Perkembangan Inseminasi Buatan di Indonesia. Balai Inseminasi Buatan Lembang. https://biblembang.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/read/256/perkembangan-inseminasi-buatan-di-indonesia (accessed on 19 May 2023).
Ashrafzadeh, A., Nathan, S., Karsani, S.A., 2013. Comparative Analysis of Mafriwal (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) and Kedah Kelantan (Bos indicus) Sperm Proteome Identifies Sperm Proteins Potentially Responsible for Higher Fertility in a Tropical Climate. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14, 15860–77. doi:10.3390/ijms140815860.
Bagath, M., Krishnan, G., Devaraj, C., Rashamol, V.P., Pragna, P., Lees, A.M., Sejian, V., 2019. The impact of heat stress on the immune system in dairy cattle: A review. Res. Vet. Sci. 126, 94–102. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.011.
Baker, D., Morley, P., Al-Moahden, H., Downey, R., Yusuf, E., Longin, N., Baseleng, L.B., Makgekgenene, A., Coleman, M., Moss, J., 2017. Improving Methods for Estimating Livestock Production and Productivity. University of New England. https://hdl.handle.net/1959.11/30472.
Bakrie, B., Hogan, J., Liang, J.B., Tareque, A.M.M., Upadhyay, R.C., 1996. Ruminant Nutrition and Production in the Tropics and Subtropics. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.
Behboodi, E., Anderson, G.B., BonDurant, R.H., Cargill, S.L., Kreuscher, B.R., Medrano, J.F., Murray, J.D. 1995. Birth of large calves that developed from in vitro-derived bovine embryos. Theriogenology, 44, 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(95)00172-5.
Belgian Blue Group. 2021. Carbon footprint 2021. https://bbgforcrossing.com/leading-breed/carbon-footprint/?lang=en (accessed on May, 19th 2023).
Bertolini, M., Moyer, A.L., Mason, J.B., Batchelder, C.A., Hoffert, K.A., Bertolini, L.R., Carneiro, G.F., Cargill, S.L., Famula, T.R., Calvert, C.C., Sainz, R.D., Anderson, G.B. 2004. Evidence of increased substrate availability to in vitro-derived bovine foetuses and association with accelerated conceptus growth. Reproduction, 128, 341-354. doi: 10.1530/rep.1.00188.
Block, J., Bonilla, L., Hansen, P.J. 2010. Efficacy of in vitro embryo transfer in lactating dairy cows using fresh or vitrified embryos produced in a novel embryo culture medium. J. Dairy Sci., 93, 5234-5242. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3443.
BMKG (Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency). 2024. Indonesia. https://www.bmkg.go.id/cuaca/prakiraan-cuaca-indonesia.bmkg?lang=EN (accessed May, 3rd 2024)
Bonilla, L., Block, J., Denicol, A.C., Hansen, P.J. Consequences of transfer of an in vitro-produced embryo for the dam and resultant calf. 2014. J Dairy Sci. 97(1), 229-39. doi: 10.3168/jds.2013-6943.
Brito, L.F., Silva, A.E.D., Barbosa, R.T., Kastelic, J.P., 2004. Testicular Thermoregulation in Bos indicus, Crossbred and Bos taurus Bulls: Relationship with Scrotal, Testicular Vascular Cone and Testicular Morphology, and Effects on Semen Quality and Sperm Production. Theriogenology 61, 511–28. doi:10.1016/S0093-691X(03)00231-0.
Bunning, H., Wall, E., Chagunda, M.G.G., Banos, G., Simm, G., 2019. Heterosis in Cattle Crossbreeding Schemes in Tropical Regions: Meta-Analysis of Effects of Breed Combination, Trait Type, and Climate on Level Of Heterosis. J. Anim. Sci. 97, 29–34. doi:10.1093/jas/sky406.
Climate Watch. 2023. Global Historical Emissions. https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions?breakBy=regions&chartType=line&end_year=2019®ions=WORLD§ors=agriculture&start_year=1990 (accessed on 19 May 2023).
Coopman F., Peelman L., Van Zeveren A. 2000a. Overerving van spastische parese, normale en afwijkende spronghoeken en hun onderlinge verband in het Belgisch witblauw ras: een kritische benadering. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 69, 249-257. doi:10.21825/vdt.90086.
Coopman F., Peelman L., Van Zeveren A. 2000b. Genetische achtergrond van afwijkingen in het Belgisch Witblauw (BWB) vleesveeras. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 69, 323-333. doi:10.21825/vdt.90094.
Coopman, F. 2008. Thesis: Morphometric assessments in the double-muscled Belgian Blue beef breed. Belgium: Veterinary Faculty, Ghent University. https://libstore.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/001/273/498/RUG01-001273498_2010_0001_AC.pdf.
Danlois F., Zaltasch S., Johansson J., Robertson B., Haagsmans, H.P., van Eijk M., Beers M.F., Rollin F., Ruysschaert J.M., Vandenbussche G. 2000. Very low surfactant protein C contents in newborn Belgian White and Blue calves with respiratory distress syndrome. Biochemical Journal 351, 779-787.
Danlois F., Zaltasch S., Johansson J., Robertson B., Haagsmans H.P., Rollin F., Ruysschaert J.M., Vandenbussche G. 2003. Pulmonary surfactant from healthy Belgian White and Blue and Holstein Friesian calves: biochemical and biophysical comparison. Veterinary Journal 165, 65-72. doi: 10.1016/s1090-0233(02)0092-8
Dash, S., Chakravarty, A.K., Singh, A., Upadhyay, A., Singh, M., Yousuf, S., 2016. Effect of Heat Stress on Reproductive Performances of Dairy Cattle and Buffaloes: A Review. Vet World 9, 235–244. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2016.235-244.
Da Silva, R.G., La Scala Jr. N., Tonhati, H. 2003. Radiative properties of the skin and haircoat of cattle and other animals. Trans. ASAE 46. doi:10.13031/2013.13567.
Demetrio, D. G. B., Santos, R. M., Demetrio, C. G. B. and Vasconcelos, J. L. W. 2007. Factors affecting conception rates following artificial insemination or embryo transfer in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 5073–5082. doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0223.
Devendra, C., Leng, R.A., 2011. Feed Resources for Animals in Asia: Issues, Strategies for Use, Intensification and Integration for Increased Productivity. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 24, 303–21. doi:10.5713/ajas.2011.r.05.
Drost, M., Ambrose, J.D., Thatcher, M-J., Cantrell, C.K., Wolfsdorf, K.E., Hasler, J.F., Thatcher, W.W. 1999. Conception rates after artificial insemination or embryo transfer in lactating dairy cows during summer in Florida. Theriogenology 52 (7), 1161-1167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00208-3.
Dunne, D., Prater, T., Goodman, J., 2020. Interactive: What is the climate impact of eating meat and dairy? | Carbon Brief 2020. https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/what-is-the-climate-impact-of-eating-meat-and-dairy/ (accessed on May, 19th 2023).
Eirich, R., 2023. Nebraska BQA: Handling Cattle Through High Heat Humidity Indexes . University of Nebraska-Lincoln. https://newsroom.unl.edu/announce/beef/6710/38398 (accessed on May, 19th 2023).
Facts and Details. 2015. Weather and Climate of Indonesia. https://factsanddetails.com/indonesia/Nature_Science_Animals/sub6_8a/entry-4079.html (accessed on May, 19th 2023).
Fiems, L.O., 2012. Double muscling in cattle: Genes, husbandry, carcasses and meat. Animals 2, 472–506. doi:10.3390/ani2030472.
Fiems, L.O., Ampe, B., 2015. Importance of Dam BW Change and Calf Birth Weight in Double-Muscled Belgian Blue Cattle and Its Relationship with Parity and Calving Interval. Animal (9)1, 94–103. doi:10.1017/S1751731114001864.
Fiems, L.O., De Campeneere, S., Van Caelenbergh, W., De Boever, J.L., Vanacker, J.M., 2023. Carcass and Meat Quality in Double-muscled Belgian Blue Bulls and Cows. Meat. Sci. 63, 345–52. doi:10.1016/S0309-1740(02)00092-X.
Friedrich, J., Ge, M., Pickens, A., Vigna, L., 2023. This Interactive Chart Shows Changes in the World’s Top 10 Emitters. World Resourches Institutes. https://www.wri.org/insights/interactive-chart-shows-changes-worlds-top-10-emitters (accessed on May, 19th 2023).
Gaughan, J.B., Mader, T.L., Holt, S.M., Sullivan, M.L., Hahn, G.L., 2010. Assessing the heat tolerance of 17 beef cattle genotypes. Int. J. Biometeorol. 54, 617–27. doi:10.1007/s00484-009-0233-4.
Gholami, H., Chamani, M., Towhidi, A., Fazeli, M.H., 2011. Improvement of Semen Quality in Holstein Bulls during Heat Stress by Dietary Supplementation of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Int. J. Fertil. Steril. 4, 160–7.
Grobet, L., Poncelet, D., Royo, L.J., Brouwers, B., Pirottin, D., Michaux, C., Ménissier, F., Zanotti, M., Dunner, S., Georges, M., 1998. Myostatin function and causing double-muscling in cattle. Mamm Genome 9, 210–213.
Habeeb, A., Gad, A.E., Atta, M.A., 2018. Temperature-Humidity Indices as Indicators to Heat Stress of Climatic Conditions with Relation to Production and Reproduction of Farm Animals. Int. J. of Biotechnol. and Recent. Adv. 1(1), 35-50. doi:10.18689/ijbr-1000107.
Halipré A. 1973. Etude du caractère culard. X.- Sensibilité des bovins culards au stress thermique. Ann Genet Sel Anim 5, 441-449. doi: 10.1186/1297-9686-5-4-441.
Hammami, H., Bormann, J., M’hamdi, N., Montaldo, H.H., Gengler, N., 2013. eval_uation of heat stress effects on production traits and somatic cell score of Holsteins in a temperate environment. J. Dairy Sci. 96, 1844–55. doi:10.3168/jds.2012-5947.
Hanset, R., 2004. Emergence and Selection of the Belgian Blue Breed. Belgian Blue Herd-Book.
Hansen, P.J. 2004. Physiological and cellular adaptations of zebu cattle to thermal stress. Anim. Reprod. Sci. (82–83), 349-360, doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.04.011.
Hanset R., Serteyn D., Grobet L., Michaux C. 1993. La parésie spastique des gastrocnémiens et son hérédité. Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire 137, 237-247.
Holmes, J.H.G., Ashmore, G.R., Robinson, D.W., 1973. Effects of Stress on Cattle with Hereditary Muscular Hypertrophy. J Anim Sci. 36, 684–94. doi:10.2527/jas1973.364684x.
Hoffmann, G., Herbut, P., Pinto, S., Heinicke, J., Kuhla, B., Amon, T., 2020. Animal-Related, Non-Invasive Indicators for Determining Heat Stress in Dairy Cows. Biosystems Engineering 199, 83-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2019.10.017.
Jakaria, J., Zulkipli, F., Edwar, E., Ulum, M.F., Priyanto, R., 2020. Keragaman Sifat Kualitatif pada Sapi Silangan PO dan Belgian Blue Menggunakan Analisis Komponen Utama. J. Ilmu dan Teknol. Peternak Trop. 7, 15. doi:10.33772/jitro.v7i1.8675.
Janine, C.F.M., Harrison, M.T., Brown, J.N., Rawnsley, R., 2021. Negative relationship between dry matter intake and the temperature-humidity index with increasing heat stress in cattle: a global meta-analysis. International Journal of Biometeorology 65, 12. doi:10.1007/s00484-021-02167-0.
Keady, S.M., Waters, S.M., Hamill, R.M., Dunne, P.G., Keane, M.G., Richardson, R.I., Kenny, D.A., Moloney, A.P., 2017. Compensatory Growth in Crossbred Aberdeen Angus and Belgian Blue Steers: Effects on the Colour, Shear Force and Sensory Characteristics of Longissimus Muscle. Meat Sci, 125:128–36. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.11.020.
Kolkman, I., Hoflack, G., Aerts, S., Laevens, H., Lips, D., Opsomer, G. 2011. Pelvic Dimensions in Phenotypically Double-muscled Belgian Blue cows. Rep in Domestic Animals 47 (3), 365-371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01881.x.
Kusriatmi, R.O., Syaukat, Y., Said, A., 2014. Analysis of the effects of beef import restrictions policy on beef self-sufficiency in Indonesia. J. Int. Soc. Southeast Asian Agric. Sci. 20, 115–30.
Lallo, C.H.O., Cohen, J., Rankine, D., Taylor, M., Cambell, J., Stephenson, T,. 2018. Characterizing Heat Stress on Livestock Using the Temperature Humidity Index (THI)—prospects for a warmer Caribbean. Reg. Environ. Chang. 18, 2329–40. doi:10.1007/s10113-018-1359-x.
Lees, A.M., Sejian, V., Wallage, A.L., Steel, C.C., Mader, T.L., Lees, J.C., Gaughan, J.B., 2019. The Impact of Heat Load on Cattle. Animals 9, 322. doi:10.3390/ani9060322.
Leroy, J.L.M.R., Opsomer, G., De Vliegher, S., Vanholder, T., Goossens, L., Geldhof, A., Bols, P.E.J., De Kruif, A., Van Soom, A., 2005. Comparison of embryo quality in high-yielding dairy cows, in dairy heifers and in beef cows. Theriogenology 64, 2022–2036. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.05.003.
Losson B.J., Lonneux J.F., Lekimme M. 1999. The pathology of Psoroptes ovis infestation in cattle with a special emphasis on breed difference. Veterinary Pathology (83), 219-229. doi: 10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00059-x.
Miles, J.R., Farin, C.E., Rodriguez, K.F., Alexander, J.E., Farin, P.W. 2004. Angiogenesis and morphometry of bovine placentas in late gestation from embryos produced in vivo or in vitro. Biol. Reprod., 71, 1919-1926. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.031427.
Miles, J.R., Farin, C.E., Rodriguez, K.F., Alexander, J.E., Farin, P.W. 2005. Effects of embryo culture on angiogenesis and morphometry of bovine placentas during early gestation. Biol. Reprod., 73, 663-671. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.040808.
Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Indonesia. 2021. Pengembangan Sapi Belgian Blue. Embryo Transfer Centre Cipelang. https://betcipelang.ditjenpkh.pertanian.go.id/page-detail/90 (accessed on April 1st 2024)
Mohamad, K., Olsson, M., Van Tol, H.T.A., Mikko, S., Vlamings, B.H., Andersson, G., Rodriguez-Martinez, H., Purwantara, B., Paling, R.W., Colendrander, B., Lenstra, J.A., 2009. On the Origin of Indonesian Cattle. PLoS One 2009, 4:e5490. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005490.
Moll, H.A.J., Staal, S.J., Ibrahim, M.N.M., 2007. Smallholder dairy production and markets: A comparison of production systems in Zambia, Kenya and Sri Lanka. Agric. Syst. 94, 593–603. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2007.02.005.
Morton, J. M., Tranter, W. P., Mayer, D. G. and Johnson, N. N. 2007. Effects of environmental heat on conception rates in lactating dairy cows: Critical periods of exposure. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 2271–2278. doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-574.
Moura, G.A.B., Costa, C.C.D., Fonsêca, V.F.C., Wijffels, G., Castro, P.A., Neto, M.C., Maia, A.S.C. 2021. Are crossbred cattle (F1, Bos indicus x Bos taurus) thermally different to the purebred Bos indicus cattle under moderate conditions?. Livestock Science (246), 104457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104457.
Numabe, T., Oikawa, T., Kikuchi, T., Horiuchi, T. 2000. Birth weight and birth rate of heavy calves conceived by transfer of in vitro or in vivo produced bovine embryos. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 64, 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00190-1.
Putney, D.J., Drost, M., Thatcher, W.W. 1989. Influence of summer heat stress on pregnancy rates of lactating dairy cattle following embryo transfer or artificial insemination. Theriogenology 31 (4), 765-778. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(89)90022-8
Rahman, M.B., Schellander, K., Luceño, N.L., Van Soom, A., 2018. Heat Stress Responses in Spermatozoa: Mechanisms and Consequences for Cattle Fertility. Theriogenology 113, 102–12. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.02.012.
Rahman, M.B., Vandaele, L., Rijsselaere, T., Maes, D., Hoogewijs, M., Frijters, A., Noordman, J., Granados, A., Dernelle, E., Shamsuddin, M., Parrish, J.J., Van Soom, A., 2011. Scrotal insulation and its relationship to abnormal morphology, chromatin protamination and nuclear shape of spermatozoa in Holstein-Friesian and Belgian Blue bulls. Theriogenology 76, 1246–57. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.031.
Residiwati, G., Tuska, H.S.A., Budiono, Kawai, G.K.W., Seifi-Jamadi, A., Santoro, D., Leemans, B., Boccart, C., Pascottini, O.B., Opsomer, G., Van Soom, A., 2020. Practical Methods to Assess the Effects of Heat Stress on the Quality of Frozen-Thawed Belgian Blue Semen in Field Conditions. Animal Reproduction Science 221, 106572. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106572.
Rollin F., Armory H., Desmecht D., Linden A., Art T., Lomba F., Lekeux P. 1997. Pulmonary function values in Friesian and double-muscled calves during acute poikilocapnic hypoxia. Zentralblad Veterinarmedicin 44, 79-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1997.tb01089.x.
Salter, A.M., 2018. The effects of meat consumption on global health. Rev. Sci. Tech. 37, 47–55. doi: 10.20506/rst.37.1.2739.
Sarre, C., De Bleecker, K., Deprez, P., Levecke, B., Charlier, J., Vercruysse, J., Claerebout, E., 2012. Risk Factors for Psoroptes ovis Mange on Belgian Blue Farms in Northern Belgium. Veterinary Parasitology 190 (1–2), 216-221. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.026.
Sartori, R., Bastos, M.R., P.S. Baruselli, Gimenes, L.U., Ereno, R.L., Barros, C.M., 2010. Physiological Differences and Implications to Reproductive Management of Bos taurus and Bos indicus Cattle in a Tropical Environment. Soc. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 67, 357-75. doi: 10.7313/upo9781907284991.028.
Silanikove, N., Koluman, D.N., 2015. Impact of Climate Change on the Dairy Industry in Temperate Zones: Predications on the Overall Negative Impact and on the Positive Role of Dairy Goats in Adaptation to Earth Warming. Small Rumin. Res. 123, 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.11.005.
Stewart, B.M., Block, J., Morelli, P., Navarette, A.E., Amstalden, M., Bonilla, L., Hansen, P.J., Bilby, T.R. 2011. Efficacy of embryo transfer in lactating dairy cows during summer using fresh or vitrified embryos produced in vitro with sex-sorted semen. J. Dairy Sci. 94, 3437-3445. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-4008.
Sutarno, Setyawan, A.D., 2015. Review?: Genetic Diversity of Local and Exotic Cattle and Their Crossbreeding Impact on the Quality of Indonesian Cattle. Biodiversitas 16, 327–54. doi:10.13057/biodiv/d160230.
Tahuk, P.K., Budhi, S.P.S., Panjono, P., Baliarti, E., 2018. Carcass and Meat Characteristics of Male Bali Cattle in Indonesian Smallholder Farms Fed Ration with Different Protein Levels. Trop. Anim. Sci. J. 41, 215–23. doi:10.5398/tasj.2018.41.3.215.
Thornton, P.K., Herrero, M., 2010. Potential for Reduced Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Livestock and Pasture Management in the Tropics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 107, 19667–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0912890107.
Tuska, H.S.A., Residiwati, G., Van Eetvelde, M., Verdru, K., Meesters, M., Budiono, Pascottini, O.B., Van Soom, A., Opsomer, G., 2022. The Effect of Season of Birth on the Morphometrics of Newborn Belgian Blue Calves. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 54(1), 76. doi: 10.1007/s11250-022-03090-1.
Udo, H.M.J., Aklilu, H.A., Phong, L.T., Bosma, R.H., Budisatria, I.G.S., Patil, B.R., Samdup, T., Bebe, B.O., 2011. Impact of Intensification of Different Types of Livestock Production in Smallholder Crop-Livestock Systems. Livest. Sci. 139 (1-2), 22–29. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.020.
Van Laer, E., Moons, C.P.H., Ampe, B., Sonck, B., Vandaele, L., De Campeneere, S., Tuyttens, F.A.M., 2015. Effect of Summer Conditions and Shade on Behavioural Indicators of Thermal Discomfort in Holstein Dairy and Belgian Blue Beef Cattle on Pasture. Animal 9, 1536–46. doi:10.1017/S1751731115000804.
van Wagtendonk-de Leeuw, A.M., Aerts, B.J., den Daas, J.H. 1998. Abnormal offspring following in vitro production of bovine preimplantation embryos: A field study. Theriogenology 49, 883-894. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00038-7
Van Winden S.C., Kuiper R. 2002. Congenital white muscle disease in a Belgian blue calf. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 127, 74-77.
Vasconcelos, J.L., Jardina, D.T., Sá Filho, O.G., Aragon, F.L., Veras, M.B. 2011. Comparison of progesterone-based protocols with gonadotropin-releasing hormone or estradiol benzoate for timed artificial insemination or embryo transfer in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology 75, 1153-1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.11.027
Weather Spark., 2023. Climate and Average Weather Year Round in Ciney Belgium. Weather Spark. https://weatherspark.com/y/52447/Average-Weather-in-Ciney-Belgium-Year-Round (accessed on May, 19th 2023).
Weather Underground, 2024. Grâce-Hollogne, Liege, Belgium Weather Histor. https://www.wunderground.com/history/monthly/be/gr%C3%A2cehollogne/EBLG/date/2023-12 (accesed on May, 9th 2024).
Wheeler, T.L., Shackelford, S.D., Casas, E., Cundiff, L.V., Koohmaraie, M., 2001. The Effects of Piedmontese Inheritance and Myostatin Genotype on the Palatability of Longissimus Thoracis, Gluteus Medius, Semimembranosus, and Biceps Femoris. J. Anim. Sci. 79:3069. doi:10.2527/2001.79123069x.
Widi, T.S.M., Udo, H.M., Steenstra, F., Budisatria, I.G.S., Baliarti, E., 2004. Livestock sharing arrangements: an alternative opportunity for farmers to rear cattle (a case study in the province of Yogyakarta Special Region).
Wirsenius, S., Azar, C., Berndes, G., 2010. How Much Land is Needed for Global Food Production Under Scenarios of Dietary Changes and Livestock Productivity Increases in 2030?? Agric. Syst. 103 (9), 621-638. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2010.07.005.
WorldData. 2022. Country comparison Belgium vs Indonesia. worlddata.info (accessed on March, 15th 2024).