Group structure and arboreal activity of Javan surili in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 0
File Views: 0
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Dharma AP, Mardiastuti A, Iskandar E, Rianti P. 2026. Group structure and arboreal activity of Javan surili in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270436. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270436. The Javan surili is an endemic arboreal primate of Java whose population dynamics and behavioral ecology are strongly influenced by habitat quality and anthropogenic disturbance. This study aimed to analyze group structure, population density, and arboreal activity patterns of Javan surili in two contrasting sites, Tegallega and Sarongge Resorts, within Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, Indonesia. Field data were collected over a 13-month period (March 2023-June 2024) using line transect surveys and scan sampling methods. A total of 10 groups comprising 40 individuals were recorded, with 25 individuals in Tegallega (6 groups) and 15 individuals in Sarongge (4 groups). Group structure showed a typical unimale polygynous system, with female-biased sex ratios of 1:1.25 in Tegallega and 1:1.13 in Sarongge, indicating stable reproductive potential. Population density was higher in Sarongge (5.99 ind/km², 2.14 groups/km², estimated 66 individuals) compared to Tegallega (3.03 ind/km², 1.33 groups/km², estimated 53 individuals), suggesting more concentrated space use and better habitat conditions. Behavioral observations revealed that feeding was the dominant activity (52.00% in Tegallega, 42.86% in Sarongge), followed by resting (21.33%, 27.14%), locomotion (14.67%, 15.71%), and social interactions (12.00%, 14.29%). All activities occurred exclusively in arboreal strata, with a strong preference for the mid-canopy layer (stratum C), which supported the highest number of plant species used for feeding and other activities. Key tree species such as Castanopsis argentea, Liquidambar excelsa, and Schima wallichii played essential roles in sustaining daily activities. These findings highlight the importance of habitat structure, particularly canopy connectivity and key food resources, in shaping Javan surili population and behavior. Differences between sites emphasize the influence of anthropogenic pressure and habitat heterogeneity, underscoring the need for targeted conservation strategies to maintain viable populations.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Abimanyu TL. 2024. Javan surili, monyet beruban yang terancam punah. In: Atmoko T (eds). Membingkai Satwa Primata Indonesia dalam Tiga Pilar: Biologi, Konservasi, Biomedis. BRIN, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Ario A, Mercusiana S, Rustiadi A, Gumilang R, Wirawan IGGDP, Slamet TA. 2022. The Javan leopard Panthera pardus melas (Cuvier, 1809) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in West Java, Indonesia: Estimating population density and occupancy. J Threat Taxa 14: 21331-21346. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7483.14.7.21331-21346.
Ario A, Supian, Hidayat E, Hidayatullah R, Rustiadi A, Gunawan A, Triprajawan T, Sopian I, Zatnika RR, Yusup DM, Hindrayani W, Pramesti TR, Mulyanto A, Iskandar D. 2018. Population dynamics and ecology of Javan leopard Panthera pardus melas in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java. J Indones Nat Hist 6: 6-13. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7483.14.7.21331-21346.
Arroyo-Rodriguez V, Moral EC, Mandujano S, Chapman CA, Reyna-Hurtado R, Fahriq L. 2017. Assessing habitat fragmentation effects on primates: The importance of evaluating questions at the correct scale. In: Marsh LK, Chapman CA (eds). Primates in Fragments: Complexity and Resilience, Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York.
Atmoko T, Sudiono E, Rifqi MA, Dharma AP. 2021. Praktik Terbaik Pengelolaan Habitat Satwa Terancam Punah dalam Skala Bentang Alam: Sebuah Pembelajaran dari Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial Wehea-Kelay. IPB Press, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Avenzora R, Rachmatullah A, Munajat M, Winarno GD, Oktovianus, Suprajanti DS, Putra ND, Putra LA, Kholil R, Al-Ghifari M. 2024. Dynamic patterns of primate responses to human actions on ecotourism activities in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, Indonesia. Intl J Des Nat Ecodyn 19: 1425-1437. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.190435.
Bateson M, Martin P. 2021. Measuring Behaviour: An Introductory Guide. 4th Eds. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
Borgeaud C, Jankowiak B, Aellen M, Dunbar RM, Bshary R. 2021. Vervet monkeys socialize more when time budget constraints are experimentally reduced. Ethology 127: 682-696. https://doi.org/10.1111/eth.13205.
Danielsen F, Pirhofer-Walzl K, Adrian TP, Kapijimpanga DR, Burgess ND, Jensen PM, Bonney R, Funder M, Landa A, Levermann N, Madsen J. 2014. Linking public participation in scientific research to the indicators and needs of international environmental agreements. Conserv Lett 7: 12-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12024.
Decemson H, Parida A, Solanki GS. 2018. Feeding behavior of Phayre’s leaf monkey (Trachypithecus phayrei) and capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) in Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram. Sci Technol J 6: 31-38. https://doi.org/10.22232/stj.2018.06.01.04.
Dharma AP, Mardiastuti A, Iskandar E, Rianti P. 2024. Javan surili (Presbytis comata) feed plant selection: An exploration in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park. E3S Web Conf 593: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202459305003.
Dharma AP, Meitiyani, Sulpia W, Rosalina W, Mudzakir R. 2022. Jenis burung pemangsa di Resort Tegallega Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango. Biosilampari 5 (1): 17-24. https://doi.org/10.31540/biosilampari.v5i1.1790. [Indonesian]
Estrada A, Garber PA, Mittermeier RA, Wich S, Gouveia S, Dobrovolski R, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Rylands AB, Maisels F, Williamson EA, Bicca-Marques J, Fuentes A, Jerusalinsky L, Johnson S, de Melo FR, Oliveira L, Schwitzer C, Roos C, Cheyne SM, Kierulff MCM, Raharivololona B, Talebi M, Ratsimbazafy J, Supriatna J, Boonratana R, Wedana M, Setiawan. 2018. Primates in peril: The significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation. PeerJ 6: e4869. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4869.
Estrada A, Garber PA, Rylands AB, Roos C, Fernandez-Duque E, Di Fiore A, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Heymann EW, Lambert JE, Rovero F, Barelli C, Setchell JM, Gillespie TR, Mittermeier RA, Arregoitia LV, de Guinea M, Gouveia S, Dobrovolski R, Shanee S, Shanee N, Boyle SA, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Amato KR, Meyer ALS, Wich S, Sussman RW, Pan R, Kone I, Li B. 2017. Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates: Why primates matter. Sci Adv 3 (1): e1600946. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600946.
Ewens WJ. 2016. Effective population size. Encycl Evol Biol 1: 494-497. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800049-6.00025-1.
Ganzhorn JU, Arrigo-Nelson SJ, Carrai V, Chalise MK, Donati G, Droescher I, Eppley TM, Irwin MT, Koch F, Koenig A, Kowalewski MM, Mowry CB, Patel ER, Pichon C, Ralison J, Residorff C, Simmen B, Stalenberg E, Starrs D, Terboyen J, Wright PC, Foley WJ. 2017. The importance of protein in leaf selection of folivorous primates. Am J Primatol 79: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22550.
Hanya G, Bernard H. 2015. Different roles of seeds and young leaves in the diet of red leaf monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda): Comparisons of availability, nutritional properties, and associated feeding behavior. Intl J Primatol 36: 177-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-015-9819-3.
Harley D. 1985. Birth spacing in langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus). Intl J Primatol 6: 227-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02745498.
Hidayat MS. 2021. Studi Populasi dan Karakteristik Habitat Javan Surili (P. comata) di Resort Cibodas Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango. [Thesis]. Sekolah Vokasi Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Khair NKM, Lee KE, Mokhtar M. 2021. Community-based monitoring for environmental sustainability: A review of characteristics and the synthesis of criteria. J Environ Manag 289: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112491.
Kirkpatrick RC, Grueter CC. 2010. Snub-nosed monkeys: Multilevel societies across varied environments. Evol Anthropol 19: 98-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.20259.
Korstjens AH, Lehmann J, Dunbar RIM. 2010. Resting time as an ecological constraint on primate biogeography. Anim Behav 79: 361-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.012.
Kusmana C, Istomo, Winata B, Hilwan I. 2022. Ekologi Hutan Indonesia. IPB Press, Bogor. [Indonesian].
Kusumanegara A, Kartono AP, Prasetyo LB. 2017. Preferensi habitat Javan surili di Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai. Media Konservasi 22: 26-34. https://doi.org/10.29244/medkon.22.1.26-34.
Lande R, Barrowclough GF. 1987. Effective population size, genetic variation, and their use in population management. In: Soulé ME (eds). Viable Populations for Conservation. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
Lauer P, Chapman CA, Omeja P, Rothman JM, Kalbitzer U. 2025. A long-term study on food choices and nutritional goals of a leaf-eating primate. Ecosphere 16: e70162. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70162.
Lehmann J, Korstjens AH, Dunbar RIM. 2007. Group size, grooming and social cohesion in primates. Anim Behav 74: 1617-1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.10.025.
Majolo B, Vizioli ADB, Schino G. 2008. Cost and benefits of group living in primates: Group size effect on behaviour and demography. Anim Behav 76: 1235-1247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.06.008.
Manansang J, Sinaga W. 2024. Population of the Javan surili (Presbytis comata) in the Taman Safari Indonesia Bogor Forest Area. Media Konservasi 29: 82-90. https://doi.org/10.29244/medkon.29.2.82.
Mardiastuti A. 2018. Ekologi Satwa pada Lanskap yang Didominasi Manusia. IPB Press, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Matsuda I, Chapman CA, Claus M. 2019. Colobine forestomach anatomy and diet. J Morphol 280: 1608-1616. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21052.
McKay AJ, Johnson CJ. 2017. Identifying effective and sustainable measures for community-based environmental monitoring. Environ Manag 60: 484-495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0887-3.
McLean KA, Trainor AM, Asner GP, Crofoot MC, Hopkins ME, Campbell CJ, Martin RE, Knapp DE, Jansen PA. 2016. Movement patterns of three arboreal primates in a Neotropical moist forest explained by LIDAR-estimated canopy structure. Landsc Ecol 31: 1849-1862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-016-0367-9.
Musyaffa MEF, Santoso N. 2020. Karakteristik habitat dan pola aktivitas langur Borneo (Presbytis chrysomelas cruciger) di Taman Nasional Danau Sentarum. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan Konservasi Alam 17: 155-172. https://doi.org/10.20886/jphka.2020.17.2.155-172. [Indonesian]
Napier JR, Napier PH. 1967. A Handbook of Living Primates. Academic Press, New York.
Nijman V. 2017. Group composition and monandry in grizzled langurs, P. comata. Folia Primatol 88: 237-254. https://doi.org/10.1159/000478695.
Nijman V, Nekaris KAI. 2012. Loud calls, startle behaviour, social organization and predator avoidance in arboreal langurs (Cercopithecidae: Presbytis). Folia Primatol 83: 274-287. https://doi.org/10.1159/000339647.
Nijman V, Setiawan A. 2020. Presbytis comata. IUCN Red List Threat Species 2020: e.T18125A17955175. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18125A17955175.en.
Nijman V, Setiawan A, Ang A. 2022. Presbytis comata. IUCN Red List Threat Species 2022: e.T210369485A210370097. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T210369485A2103700-97.en.
Noer MI, Lestari AD, Ramadhini K, Prasetya PY, Sedayu A, Komala R. 2025. The invasive plant Maesopsis eminii: A key dietary resource for primates in the tropical rainforests of West Java, Indonesia. Hayati 32 (2): 528-536. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.32.2.528-536.
Nur-Aizatul T, Mohd-Ridwan AR, Noor-Faezah M, Tingga RCT, Bukhori MFM, Mohd-Azlan J, Denel A, Abdul-Latiff MAB, Md-Zain BM. 2025. Seasonal variation in activity budgets of critically endangered Bornean banded langur, Presbytis chrysomelas chrysomelas in Malaysian Borneo. Biodivers Data J 13: e141783. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.13.e141783.
Prasetyo LB, Supartono T, Kartono AP, Hikmat A, Ramdhoni S. 2017. Habitat suitability index (HSI) of Javan surili (P. comata Desmarest, 1822) in mixed forest of Kuningan District, West Java, Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 54: 012061. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/54/1/012061.
Ramsay MS, Malabet FM, Klass K, Ahmed T, Muzaffar S. 2023. Consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation for primate behavioral ecology. In: McKinney T, Waters S, Rodrigues MA (eds). Primates in Anthropogenic Landscapes. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Cham.
Roos C, Boonratana R, Fellowes JR, Supriatna J, Groves CP, Nash SD, Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA. 2014. An updated taxonomy and conservation status review of Asian primates. Asian Primates J 4 (1): 2-38.
Ruskhanidar. 2021. Kajian Prospek Keberlanjutan Kedih (Presbytis thomasi) di Cagar Alam Pinus Jantho Kabupaten Aceh Besar Provinsi Aceh. [Disertasi]. Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Saha SK, Pathak NN. 2021. Digestion, absorption and metabolism of nutrients. In: Saha SK, Pathak NN (eds). Fundamentals of Animal Nutrition. Springer, Singapore.
Santosa Y, Rahmawati C, Utami CY. 2020. Estimation of demographic parameters, spatial distribution of activity and its habitat types used of Javan surili (P. comata) in Sigedong Forest Block, Ciremai Mount National Park. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 528: 012022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/528/1/012022.
Sayers K. 2013. On folivory, competition, and intelligence: Generalism, overgeneralizations, and models of primate evolution. Primates 54: 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-012-0335-1.
Septiani I, Muttaqin Z, Sasongko DA. 2024. Study population and characteristic habitat of grizzled leaf monkey (P. comata Desmarest 1822) in Gunung Botol Resort, Gunung Halimun Salak National Park. J Sylva Indones 7 (2): 129-139. https://doi.org/10.32734/jsi.v7i02.14416.
Sha J, Matsuda I, Zhou Q, Ang A, Nadler T. 2022. State of Asian colobines and their conservation needs. In: Matsuda I, Grueter CC, Teichroeb JA (eds). The Colobines: Natural History, Behaviour and Ecological Diversity. Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology 89. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
Sha JCM, Du H, Deng J, Chen Z, Wu Q, Chen W. 2020. Differential responses of non-human primates to seasonal temperature fluctuations. Primates 61: 455-464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-020-00801-w.
Supartono T. 2016. Distribusi dan Habitat Javan Surili (P. comata) di Hutan Campuran di Luar Kawasan Konservasi. [Disertasi]. Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Supartono T, Prasetyo LB, Hikmat A, Kartono AP. 2020. Controlling factors of grizzled leaf monkey (P. comata) population density in a production forest in Kuningan District, West Java, Indonesia. Primate Conserv 34: 153-165.
Supriatna J. 2019. Field Guide to the Indonesia Primates. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Supriatna J, Ramadhan R. 2016. Pariwisata Primata Indonesia. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Thiel S, Tschapka M, Heymann EW, Heer K. 2021. Vertical stratification of seed-dispersing vertebrate communities and their interactions with plants in tropical forests. Biol Rev 96: 454-469. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12664.
Wich SA, Steenbeek R, Sterck EHM, Korstjens AH, Willems EP, Schaik CPV. 2007. Demography and life history of Thomas langurs (Presbytis thomasi). Am J Primatol 69: 641-651. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20386.