Dung beetle assemblages in lowland forests of Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Issue
Section
Articles
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Abstract. Priawandiputra W, Tsuji Y, Widayati KA, Suryobroto B. 2020. Dung beetle assemblages in lowland forests of Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 497-504. Dung beetles play crucial role in forest ecosystem, but no information on the dung beetle fauna has been reported in lowland forest of Java Island, Indonesia. Pangandaran Nature Reserve (PNR) area, which is recognized as lowland habitat of wildlife, can also support diversity of dung beetles. This study was conducted to examine the dung beetle diversity in lowland forests of PNR. The dung beetles were collected using pitfall traps baited with five species of mammal’s feces and hand collection of beetles found on dung along the road, between 2016 and 2018. During the study, 853 individuals of dung beetles from 17 species were collected. The dominant species were Onthophagus babirussa with 434 individuals (50.8%). The species were not dominant in the mountainous forests of West Java and in lowland forests of Southeast Sulawesi and East Kalimantan. The highest dung beetle abundances were found during the dry season (August): 335 individuals in 2017 and 286 in 2018. However, the diversity index value of dung beetles in this study was lower in the dry season than in the wet season (t-test of diversity index, P<0.05). The dung beetle assemblages in PNR were barely similar to most dung beetle studies of other regions.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
Andresen E. 2003. Effect of forest fragmentation on dung beetle communities and functional consequences for plant regeneration. Ecography 26(1): 87-97.
Andresen E. 2005. Effect of season and vegetation type on community organization of dung beetles in tropical dry forest. Biotropica 37(2): 291-300.
Azrai EP, Hernayanti E. 2015. Biodiversity of shrubs on tropical lowland forest Pangandaran preservation, West Java; Prosiding semirata bidang MIPA BKS-PTN barat. Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, 5-7 May 2015. [Indonesian]
Boonrotpong S, Sotthibandhu S, Pholpunthin C. 2004. Species composition of dung beetles in the primary and secondary forests at Ton Nga Chang wildlife sanctuary. ScienceAsia 30: 59-65
Balthasar V. 1963. Monographie der Scarabaeidae und Aphodiidae der palaearktischen und orientalischen Region. Band 1, 2 und 3, Verlag der Tschechoslawakischen Akademie der Wissennschaften, Prague.
Begon M, Townsend C, Harper J. 2006. Ecology: from individuals to ecosystems 4th edition. Blackwell Publishing, Maiden.
Bertone MA, Watson W, Stringham M, Green JT, Steve W, Poore MH, Hucks M. 2004. Dung beetles of Central and Eastern North Carolina cattle pastures. NC State University, North Carolina, United States.
Creedy TJ, Mann DJ. 2011. Identification guide to the Scarabaeinae dung beetles of Cusuco National Park, Honduras. Operation of Wallacea, United Kingdom.
Cox CB, Moore PD, Ladle RJ. 2016. Biogeography: An ecological and evolutionary approach 9th edition. John Willey and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom.
Davis AJ, Holloway JD, Huijbregts H, Krikken J, Krik-Spriggs AH, Sutton SL. 2001. Dung beetles as indicators of change in the forests of Northern Borneo. Journal of Applied Ecology 38(3): 593-616.
Doll HM, Butod E, Harrison RD, Fletcher C, Kassim AR, Ibrahim S, Potts MD. 2014. Environmental and geographic factors driving dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) diversity in the dipterocarp forests of Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62: 549–560.
Emlen DJ, Philips TK. 2006. Phylogenetic Evidence for an Association Between Tunneling Behavior and the Evolution of Horns in Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Coleopterists Society Monograph 5: 47–56.
Filgueiras BKC, Iannuzzi L, Leal IR. 2011. Habitat fragmentation alters the structure of dung beetle communities in the Atlantic Forest. Biological Conservation 144(1): 362–369.
Goh TG, Hashim R. 2018. A Comparison of the Dung Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) Collecting Performance of Pitfall Traps and Burrowing Interception Traps. The Coleopterists Bulletin 72(1):195-202.
Greenwood? SR. 1987. The Role of Insects in Tropical Forest Food Webs. Ambio 16(5): 267-271.?
Gunawan, Kartono AP, Maryanto I. 2008. Mammalian Diversity Based on Altitudinal Range at Gunung Ciremai National Park. Jurnal Biologi 4(5): 321-334. [Indonesian]?
Hammer Ø, Harper, DAT, Ryan PD. 2001. PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4(1): 9pp. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm.
Hanski I, Cambefort Y. 1991. Dung beetles ecology. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Hendrawan R, Sumiati D, Nasrudin A, Nasution SG, Millah R. 2019. Characteristics of habitat Langurs (Trachypithecus auratus E Geoffroy, 1812) on lowland forest vegetation block of Cipalawah, Leuweuhng Sancang Nature Reserves, Garut District, West Java. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyrakat Biodiversitas 5 (2): 399-405 [Indonesian]
Hutcheson K. 1970. A test for comparing diversities based on the Shannon formula. Journal of Theoretical Biology 29(1):151-154.
Kabakov ON, Napolov A. 1999. Fauna and ecology of Lamellicornia of subfamily Scarabaeinae (Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera) of Vietnam and some parts of adjacent countries: South China, Laos and Thailand. Latvijas Entomolog 37: 58-96.
Kahono S, Kundarsetiadi L. 2007. Vertical distributions of Scarabaeids dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in tropical mountainous rainforest of Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java. Berita Biologi 8(5): 325-330. [Indonesian]
Latha T. 2019. Seasonal activity of dung beetles (Scarabaeinae) in a forest in South Western Ghats. International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research 3(2): 58-64
Latifa H. 2014. Biodiversity of Copropaghous beetles organic and non-organic farms. [undergraduated thesis] Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Magurran A. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Malina VC, Junardi, Kustiati. 2018. Species of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan. Protobiont 7(2): 47 –54. [Indonesian]
Mitani M, Watanabe K, Gurmaya KJ, Megantara EN, Purnama AR, Syarief YS. 2009. Plant species list from the Pananjung Pangandaran Nature Reserve, west Java, Indonesia, sampled in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation year of 1997. Human and Nature 20: 113?120.
Moy MS, Mardiastuti A, Kahono S. 2016. Response of dung beetle communities (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) across gradient of disturbance in the tropical lowland forest of Buton, Sulawesi. Zoo Indonesia 25(1): 58-70
Noerdjito WA. 2003. Diversity of Beetles (Coleoptera). In: Amir, M. dan S. Kahono. (Ed.). Insects of Gunung Halimun National Park West Java Part. JICA Biodiversity Conservation Project, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Noerdjito WA. 2009. The influence of altitude and habitat to Coprophagous beetles diversity (Coleoptera: Scara- baeidae) at two site (Apuy and Linggarjati) of Gunung Ciremai National Park. Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 5(3): 295-304. [Indonesian]
Putri R, Dahelmi, Herwina H. 2014. Dung beetle species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) at Lembah Harau Nature Reserve, West Sumatra. Jurnal Biologi Universitas Andalas 3(2): 135-140. [Indonesian]
Primack R. 1998. Essentials of Conservation Biology. 2ndEdition. Sinauer Associates Inc, USA.
Polosakan R. 2010. Species composition and structure of forest vegetation in Cikepuh wildlife reserves, Sukabumi, West Java. Jurnal Teknik lingkungan 11(2): 147-155. [Indonesian]
Rahbek C. 1995. The elevational gradient of species richness – a uniform pattern. Ecography 18: 200–205.
Rosleine D, Suzuki E. 2012. Secondary succession at abandoned grazing sites, Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. Tropics 21(3): 91-103.
Rushayati SB, Arief H. 1997. Physical condition of forest ecosystem in Ujung Kulon national Park. Media Konservasi Edisi Khusus: 67-74 [Indonesian]
Safanah NG, Nugraha CS, Partasasmita R, Husodo T. 2017. Comparison of bird species diversity in the Natural Park and Nature Reserve Pananjung Pangandaran, West Java; Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia 3(2): 266-272, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 2 Mei 2017. [Indonesian]
Shofiana E. 2015. Survey of Order Coleoptera in Baluran National Park, Situbondo, Jawa Timur..[undergraduated thesis] Universitas Jember, Jember. [Indonesian]
Shahabuddin. 2010. Diversity and community structure of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) across a habitat disturbance gradient in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. Biodiversitas 11(1): 29-33.
Sumardja EA, Kartawinata K. 1977. Vegetation analysis of the habitat of banteng (Bos javanicus) at Pananjung Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java. Biotrop Bulletin 13: 3-49.
Priawandiputra W, Barsulo CY, Permana AD, Nakamura K. 2015. Comparison of abundance and diversity of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) collected by window traps among four types of forest on Noto Peninsula, Japan. Far Eastern Entomologist 287: 1-23
Tarasov S. 2014. Onthophagus tricolor. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T137890A532913. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T137890A532913.en. Downloaded on 08 May 2019.
Tsuji Y, Prayitno B, Nila S, Widayati KA, Suryobroto B. 2015. Diurnal resting site selection and daytime feeding behaviour of wild Malayan flying lemur Galeopterus variegatus in Western Java, Indonesia. Mammal Study 40(1): 35-45.
Tsuji Y, Prayitno B, Norwana O, Nishi E, Widayati KA, Mikami A, Suryobroto B. 2016. The notes on mammal carcasses collected in Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. Hayati Journal of Biosciences 23(1): 35-38.
Ueda A, Dwibadra D, Noerjito WA, Sugiarto, Kon M, Ochi T, Takahashi M, Fukuyama K. 2017. List of dung beetles (Coleoptera : Coprophagous group of Scarabaeoidea) collected in lowland near Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bulletin of Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute 16(2): 109-119.
Venugopal KS, Thomas SK, Flemming AT. 2012. Diversity and community structure of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) associated with semi-urban fragmented agricultural land in Malabar coast in Southern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa Communication 4(7): 2685-2692.
Whitten T, Soeriaatmadja RE, Affif SA. 1997. The ecology of Java and Bali. Oxford University Press, UK.
Widhiono I, Darsono, Fashihah N. 2017. Short Communication: Endemics species of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on the southern slope of Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18(1): 283-287.
William SE, Shoo LP, Henriod R, Pearson RG. 2010. Elevational gradients in species abundance, assemblage structure and energy use of rainforest birds in the Australian Wet Tropics bioregion. Austral Ecology 35: 650–664.
Andresen E. 2005. Effect of season and vegetation type on community organization of dung beetles in tropical dry forest. Biotropica 37(2): 291-300.
Azrai EP, Hernayanti E. 2015. Biodiversity of shrubs on tropical lowland forest Pangandaran preservation, West Java; Prosiding semirata bidang MIPA BKS-PTN barat. Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, 5-7 May 2015. [Indonesian]
Boonrotpong S, Sotthibandhu S, Pholpunthin C. 2004. Species composition of dung beetles in the primary and secondary forests at Ton Nga Chang wildlife sanctuary. ScienceAsia 30: 59-65
Balthasar V. 1963. Monographie der Scarabaeidae und Aphodiidae der palaearktischen und orientalischen Region. Band 1, 2 und 3, Verlag der Tschechoslawakischen Akademie der Wissennschaften, Prague.
Begon M, Townsend C, Harper J. 2006. Ecology: from individuals to ecosystems 4th edition. Blackwell Publishing, Maiden.
Bertone MA, Watson W, Stringham M, Green JT, Steve W, Poore MH, Hucks M. 2004. Dung beetles of Central and Eastern North Carolina cattle pastures. NC State University, North Carolina, United States.
Creedy TJ, Mann DJ. 2011. Identification guide to the Scarabaeinae dung beetles of Cusuco National Park, Honduras. Operation of Wallacea, United Kingdom.
Cox CB, Moore PD, Ladle RJ. 2016. Biogeography: An ecological and evolutionary approach 9th edition. John Willey and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom.
Davis AJ, Holloway JD, Huijbregts H, Krikken J, Krik-Spriggs AH, Sutton SL. 2001. Dung beetles as indicators of change in the forests of Northern Borneo. Journal of Applied Ecology 38(3): 593-616.
Doll HM, Butod E, Harrison RD, Fletcher C, Kassim AR, Ibrahim S, Potts MD. 2014. Environmental and geographic factors driving dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) diversity in the dipterocarp forests of Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 62: 549–560.
Emlen DJ, Philips TK. 2006. Phylogenetic Evidence for an Association Between Tunneling Behavior and the Evolution of Horns in Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Coleopterists Society Monograph 5: 47–56.
Filgueiras BKC, Iannuzzi L, Leal IR. 2011. Habitat fragmentation alters the structure of dung beetle communities in the Atlantic Forest. Biological Conservation 144(1): 362–369.
Goh TG, Hashim R. 2018. A Comparison of the Dung Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) Collecting Performance of Pitfall Traps and Burrowing Interception Traps. The Coleopterists Bulletin 72(1):195-202.
Greenwood? SR. 1987. The Role of Insects in Tropical Forest Food Webs. Ambio 16(5): 267-271.?
Gunawan, Kartono AP, Maryanto I. 2008. Mammalian Diversity Based on Altitudinal Range at Gunung Ciremai National Park. Jurnal Biologi 4(5): 321-334. [Indonesian]?
Hammer Ø, Harper, DAT, Ryan PD. 2001. PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4(1): 9pp. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm.
Hanski I, Cambefort Y. 1991. Dung beetles ecology. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Hendrawan R, Sumiati D, Nasrudin A, Nasution SG, Millah R. 2019. Characteristics of habitat Langurs (Trachypithecus auratus E Geoffroy, 1812) on lowland forest vegetation block of Cipalawah, Leuweuhng Sancang Nature Reserves, Garut District, West Java. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyrakat Biodiversitas 5 (2): 399-405 [Indonesian]
Hutcheson K. 1970. A test for comparing diversities based on the Shannon formula. Journal of Theoretical Biology 29(1):151-154.
Kabakov ON, Napolov A. 1999. Fauna and ecology of Lamellicornia of subfamily Scarabaeinae (Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera) of Vietnam and some parts of adjacent countries: South China, Laos and Thailand. Latvijas Entomolog 37: 58-96.
Kahono S, Kundarsetiadi L. 2007. Vertical distributions of Scarabaeids dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in tropical mountainous rainforest of Gede-Pangrango National Park, West Java. Berita Biologi 8(5): 325-330. [Indonesian]
Latha T. 2019. Seasonal activity of dung beetles (Scarabaeinae) in a forest in South Western Ghats. International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research 3(2): 58-64
Latifa H. 2014. Biodiversity of Copropaghous beetles organic and non-organic farms. [undergraduated thesis] Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Magurran A. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Malina VC, Junardi, Kustiati. 2018. Species of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan. Protobiont 7(2): 47 –54. [Indonesian]
Mitani M, Watanabe K, Gurmaya KJ, Megantara EN, Purnama AR, Syarief YS. 2009. Plant species list from the Pananjung Pangandaran Nature Reserve, west Java, Indonesia, sampled in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation year of 1997. Human and Nature 20: 113?120.
Moy MS, Mardiastuti A, Kahono S. 2016. Response of dung beetle communities (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) across gradient of disturbance in the tropical lowland forest of Buton, Sulawesi. Zoo Indonesia 25(1): 58-70
Noerdjito WA. 2003. Diversity of Beetles (Coleoptera). In: Amir, M. dan S. Kahono. (Ed.). Insects of Gunung Halimun National Park West Java Part. JICA Biodiversity Conservation Project, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Noerdjito WA. 2009. The influence of altitude and habitat to Coprophagous beetles diversity (Coleoptera: Scara- baeidae) at two site (Apuy and Linggarjati) of Gunung Ciremai National Park. Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 5(3): 295-304. [Indonesian]
Putri R, Dahelmi, Herwina H. 2014. Dung beetle species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) at Lembah Harau Nature Reserve, West Sumatra. Jurnal Biologi Universitas Andalas 3(2): 135-140. [Indonesian]
Primack R. 1998. Essentials of Conservation Biology. 2ndEdition. Sinauer Associates Inc, USA.
Polosakan R. 2010. Species composition and structure of forest vegetation in Cikepuh wildlife reserves, Sukabumi, West Java. Jurnal Teknik lingkungan 11(2): 147-155. [Indonesian]
Rahbek C. 1995. The elevational gradient of species richness – a uniform pattern. Ecography 18: 200–205.
Rosleine D, Suzuki E. 2012. Secondary succession at abandoned grazing sites, Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. Tropics 21(3): 91-103.
Rushayati SB, Arief H. 1997. Physical condition of forest ecosystem in Ujung Kulon national Park. Media Konservasi Edisi Khusus: 67-74 [Indonesian]
Safanah NG, Nugraha CS, Partasasmita R, Husodo T. 2017. Comparison of bird species diversity in the Natural Park and Nature Reserve Pananjung Pangandaran, West Java; Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia 3(2): 266-272, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 2 Mei 2017. [Indonesian]
Shofiana E. 2015. Survey of Order Coleoptera in Baluran National Park, Situbondo, Jawa Timur..[undergraduated thesis] Universitas Jember, Jember. [Indonesian]
Shahabuddin. 2010. Diversity and community structure of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) across a habitat disturbance gradient in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. Biodiversitas 11(1): 29-33.
Sumardja EA, Kartawinata K. 1977. Vegetation analysis of the habitat of banteng (Bos javanicus) at Pananjung Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java. Biotrop Bulletin 13: 3-49.
Priawandiputra W, Barsulo CY, Permana AD, Nakamura K. 2015. Comparison of abundance and diversity of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) collected by window traps among four types of forest on Noto Peninsula, Japan. Far Eastern Entomologist 287: 1-23
Tarasov S. 2014. Onthophagus tricolor. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T137890A532913. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T137890A532913.en. Downloaded on 08 May 2019.
Tsuji Y, Prayitno B, Nila S, Widayati KA, Suryobroto B. 2015. Diurnal resting site selection and daytime feeding behaviour of wild Malayan flying lemur Galeopterus variegatus in Western Java, Indonesia. Mammal Study 40(1): 35-45.
Tsuji Y, Prayitno B, Norwana O, Nishi E, Widayati KA, Mikami A, Suryobroto B. 2016. The notes on mammal carcasses collected in Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. Hayati Journal of Biosciences 23(1): 35-38.
Ueda A, Dwibadra D, Noerjito WA, Sugiarto, Kon M, Ochi T, Takahashi M, Fukuyama K. 2017. List of dung beetles (Coleoptera : Coprophagous group of Scarabaeoidea) collected in lowland near Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bulletin of Forestry and Forest Product Research Institute 16(2): 109-119.
Venugopal KS, Thomas SK, Flemming AT. 2012. Diversity and community structure of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) associated with semi-urban fragmented agricultural land in Malabar coast in Southern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa Communication 4(7): 2685-2692.
Whitten T, Soeriaatmadja RE, Affif SA. 1997. The ecology of Java and Bali. Oxford University Press, UK.
Widhiono I, Darsono, Fashihah N. 2017. Short Communication: Endemics species of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on the southern slope of Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18(1): 283-287.
William SE, Shoo LP, Henriod R, Pearson RG. 2010. Elevational gradients in species abundance, assemblage structure and energy use of rainforest birds in the Australian Wet Tropics bioregion. Austral Ecology 35: 650–664.
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- MUHAMMAD AZHARI AKBAR, RIZALDI RIZALDI, WILSON NOVARINO, DYAH PERWITASARI-FARAJALLAH, YAMATO TSUJI, Short Communication: Activity budget and diet in silvery lutung Trachypithecus cristatus at Gunung Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 20 No. 3 (2019)
- YULIADI ZAMRONI, KADARWAN SOEWARDI, BAMBANG SURYOBROTO, ZEEHAN JAAFAR, Short Communication: Conservation of mangrove gobies in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 17 No. 2 (2016)
- YAMATO TSUJI, BAMBANG PRAYITNO, TAKAFUMI TATEWAKI, KANTHI ARUM WIDAYATI, Short Communication: A report on ranging behavior of Malayan flying lemurs, Galeopterus variegatus, in West Indonesia: Relationships with habitat characteristics , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 20 No. 2 (2019)
- DESI NATALIA PASARIBU, AKHMAD RIZALI, HAGUS TARNO, WINDRA PRIAWANDIPUTRA, MIDZON JOHANNIS, DAMAYANTI BUCHORI, Agricultural landscape composition alters ant communities in maize fields more than plant diversity enrichment , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 25 No. 1 (2024)
- MUHAMMAD FARHAN PUTRA EMIL, WINDRA PRIAWANDIPUTRA, SIH KAHONO, TRI ATMOWIDI, Diversity and nesting ecology of Indo-Malayan stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Aceh Province, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 25 No. 10 (2024)