Relationship between the biomass of reef shark and fish in South Morotai Waters, North Maluku, Indonesia
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Issue
Section
Articles
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
JIBRIEL FIRMAN SOFYAN
AMBARIYANTO AMBARIYANTO
KEN SUWARTIMAH
ABDUL HAMID A. TOHA
♥
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4522-6842
Abstract
Abstract. Sofyan JF, Ambariyanto A, Suwartimah K, Toha AHA. 2020. Relationship between the biomass of reef shark and fish in South Morotai Waters, North Maluku, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5605-5613. This study aims to determine the biomass of reef shark and fish in South Morotai Waters in North Maluku, Indonesia. The Audible Stationary Count and Underwater Visual Census method were used to collect the data of reef sharks and fish. Seven and one site locations of coral reef and shark ecosystems were surveyed and, the data were analyzed using regression analysis to obtain a correlation between the variables. The three reef sharks found were Carcharhinus melanopterus, Triaenodon obesus, and Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos. Biomass estimation of reef sharks and fish ranged from 0.59 to 19.97 kg/ha and 30.95 kg/ha to 49.92 kg/ha, consisting of 8 families. In the area of aggregations, both species were found in 7 sites, and the population of reef shark amounted to 86.96 kg/ha and fish was around 55.705 kg/ha, consisting of 9 families. There was a positive relationship between the biomass of reef shark and fish in South Morotai waters, and the index of determination was 0.8043, showing that the biomass of reef shark was influenced by that of fish. These results indicated the importance of biomass in determining the functional composition and diversity of reef shark and fish.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
References
Agrra (Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment) 2020. Fish Indicators. https://www.agrra.org/coral-reef-monitoring/fish-indicator/
Anderson WDJr, Allen GR. 2001. Lutjanidae. Jobfishes. p. 2840-2918. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae). FAO, Rome. 2840 - 2853.
Ayotte L. 2005. Sharks-Educator’s Guide. 3D Entertainment ltd. And United Nations Environment Program.
Barley S, Meekan MG, Meeuwig JJ. 2017. Species diversity, abundance, biomass, size and trophic structure of fish on coral reefs in relation to shark abundance. Marine Ecology Progress Series 565:163-179. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11981.
Bascompte J, Melián CJ, Sala E. 2005. Interaction strength combinations and the overfishing of a marine food web. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.102 (15):5443–5447. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0501562102.
Begg CM, Begg KS, Du Toit JT. 2003. Sexual and seasonal variation in the diet and foraging behaviour of a sexually dimorphic carnivore, the honey badger (Mellivora capensis). J. Zool. 260, 301–316. DOI:10.1017/S0952836903003789
Bester C. 2009. Biological Profiles: Grey Reef Shark. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on April 29, 2009.
Bonaldo RM, Bellwood D. 2009. Dynamics of parrotfish grazing scars. Marine Biology 156:771-777.
Bornatowski H, Navia AF, Braga RR, Abilhoa V, Corrêa MFM. 2014. Ecological importance of sharks and rays in a structural foodweb analysis in southern Brazil. ICES Journal of Marine Science 71 (7): 1586–1592, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu025
Brown JH, Gillooly JF, Allen AP, Savage VM, West GB. 2004. Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology 85: 1771–1789.
Burkepile DE, Hay ME. 2008. Herbivore species richness and feeding complementarity affect community structure and function on a coral reef. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:16201–16206.
Carpenter KE. 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 8. Fusilier fishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of caesionid species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(8):iv+75p.
Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR. 2010. Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives II. CRC Press. USA. 679pp.
Carrier JC, Pratt JHL, Martin LK. 1994. Group reproductive behaviors in free-living Nurse Sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum. Copeia: 646–656.
Ceccarelli D, Ayling T. 2010. Role, importance and vulnerability of top predators on the Great Barrier Reef-a review. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville. Research Publication 105.
Choat JH, Pears R. 2003. A Rapid Quantitative Survey Method for Large, Vulnerable Reef Fishes. In: Wilkinson C, Green A, Almany J, Dionne S. Monitoring Coral Reef Marine Protected Areas. A Practical Guide on How Monitoring can Support Effective Management MPAs. AIMS and the IUCN Marine Program Publication. 68pp.
Choat JH, Robbins WD, Clements KD. 2004. The trophic status of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs II: Food processing modes and trophodynamics. Marine Biology 145, 445-454.
Choat JH, Russell BC. 2008. The fish assemblages of the Great Barrier Reef: Their Diversity and Origin. in The Great Barrier Reef: Biologi, Environment and Management by Pat Hutchings, Mike Kingsford, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg. CSIRO publishing. Collingwood, Australia. p 327-342.
Chong-Seng KM, Nash KL, Bellwood DR, Graham NAJ. 2014. Macroalgal herbivory on recovering versus degrading coral reefs. Coral Reefs 33:409–419. doi:10.1007/s00338-014-1134-5.
Compagno L. 1984. Sharks of the World. Rome: United Nations Development Programme.
Conversi A, Dakos V, Gårdmark A, Ling S, Folke C, Mumby PJ, Greene C, Edwards M, Blenckner T, Casini M, Pershing A, Möllmann C. 2015. A holistic view of marine regime shifts. Phylosophical Transaction of the Royal Society B 370,8. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0279
Cooper AM, MacDonald C, Roberts TE, Bridge TCL. 2019. Variability in the functional composition of coral reef fish communities on submerged and emergent reefs in the central Great Barrier Reef, Australia. PLoS ONE 14(5): e0216785. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216785
Coral Triangle Center. 2017. Activity Report: Scoping Study at Morotai Islands, North Maluku, Feb 19-26, 2017. USAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced (USAID SEA) Project. 19p.
Corrigan S, Naylor G. 2018. Discover Fishes. Carcharhinus melanopterus. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on May 8, 2020.
Dobashi T, Iida M, Takemoto K. 2018. Decomposing the effects of ocean environments on predator–prey body-size relationships in food webs. Royal Society open Science 5:180707. 1-10p. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180707
Duffy JE, Lefcheck JS, Stuart-Smith RD, Navarrete SA, Edgar GJ. 2016. Biodiversity Enhances Reef Fish Biomass and Resistance to Climate Change. Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences of the United State of America 113(22):6230-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1524465113.
English S, Baker V, Wilkinson C. 1997. Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resource 2nd edition. Australian Institute of Marine Science. Townsville.
Espinoza M, Cappo M, Heupel MR, Tobin AJ, Simpfendorfer CA. 2014. Quantifying shark distribution patterns and species-habitat associations: implications of marine park zoning. PLoS One 9: e106885. pmid:25207545
Frisch AJ. 2013. The Dr Dorothea Sandars and Irene Lee Churchill Fellowship to Develop robust methods for measuring and monitoring reef shark populations. Report.
Frisch AJ, Ireland M, Rizzari JR, Lo¨nnstedt OM, Magnenat KA, Mirbach CE, Hobbs, J-PA. 2016. Reassessing the trophic role of reef sharks as apex predatorson coral reefs. Coral Reefs. p 1-14. Doi:10.1007/s00338-016-1415-2.
Froese R, Pauly D. (eds). 2019.FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, ( 12/2019 )
Froese R, Pauly D. (eds). 2020. FishBase (version Feb 2018). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2020-02-24 (Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., Nieukerken E. van, Penev L.). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-8858.
Goetze JS, Langlois TJ, McCarter J, Simpfendorfer CA, Hughes A, Leve JT, Jupiter SD. 2018. Drivers of reef shark abundance and biomass in the Solomon Islands. PLoS ONE 13(7): e0200960. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200960
Gove JM, Williams GJ, McManus MA, Heron SF, Sandin SA, Vetter OJ, Foley DG. 2013. Quantifying Climatological Ranges and Anomalies for Pacific Coral Reef Ecosystems. PLoS ONE 8(4): e61974. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061974.
Graham NAJ, McClanahan TR. 2013. The last call for marine wilderness? BioScience 63(5):397–402.
Gratwicke B, Speight MR. 2005. Effects of habitat complexity on caribbean marine fish assemblages. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 292:301-310.
Green AL, Bellwood DR. 2009. Monitoring Functional Groups of Herbivorous Reef Fishes as Indicators of Coral Reef Resilience – A Practical Guide for Coral Reef Managers in the Asia Pacific Region. IUCN Working Group on Climate Change and Coral Reefs. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 70p.
Hallacher LE. 2003. The Ecology of Coral Reef Fishes. www.kmec.uhh.hawaii.edu
Heupel MR, Knip DM, Simpfendorfer CA, Dulvy NK. 2014. Sizing up the ecological role of sharks as predators. Marine Ecology Progress Series 495:291-298. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10597
Heupel MR, Papastamatiou YP, Espinoza M, Green ME, Simpfendorfer CA. 2019. Reef Shark Science – Key Questions and Future Directions. Front. Mar. Sci., https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00012
Hughes TP, Rodrigues MJ, Bellwood DR, Ceccarelli D, Hoegh-Guldberg O, McCook L, Moltschaniwskyj N, Pratchett MS, Steneck RS, Willis B. 2007. Phase Shifts, Herbivory, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs to Climate Change. Current Biology 17:360-365.
Ichsan M, Pridina N, Mukharror DA. 2016. Pariwisata Penyelaman Ikan Hiu di Perairan Morotai, Maluku Utara, Indonesia. Prosiding Simposium Hiu dan Pari:183-188.
IGFA (International Game Fish Association), 1991. World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA.
IGFA, 2001. Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA.
Klimley AP. 1987. The determinants of sexual segregation in the Scalloped Hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna lewini. Env. Biol. Fish. 18: 27-40.
Kulbicki M, Guillemot N, Amand M. 2005. A general approach to length weight relationships for New Caledonian lagoon fishes. Cybium 29(3): 235-252.
Last PR, Stevens JD. 1994. Sharks and Rays of Australia. CSIRO; ISBN: 0-643-05143-0. 513 p.
Link JS, Bell RJ, Auster PJ, Smith BE, Overholtz WJ, Methratta ET, Pranovi F. Stockhausen WT. 2012. Food web and community dynamics of the Northeast U.S. large marine ecosystem. US Dept Commer, Northeast Fish Sci Cent Ref Doc. 12-15; 96 p.
Maire E, Villéger S, Graham NAJ, Hoey AS, Cinner J, Ferse SCA, Aliaume C, Booth DJ, Feary DA, Kulbicki M, Sandin SA, Vigliola L, Mouillot D. 2018. Community-wide scan identifies fish species associated with coral reef services across the Indo-Pacific. Proceedings Biol Sci. 285(1883): 20181167. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1167.
McCauley DJ, Young HS, Dunbar RB, Estes JA, Semmens BX, Micheli F. 2012. Assessing the effects of large mobile predators on ecosystem connectivity. Ecol Appl 22(6):1711-7.
McClanahan TR, Abunge CA. 2015. Perceptions of management options and the disparity of benefits among stakeholder communities and nations of southeastern Africa. Fish and Fisheries.
McClanahan TR, Graham NAJ, MacNeil MA, Muthiga NA, Cinner JE, Bruggemann JH, Wilson SK. 2011. Critical thresholds and tangible targets for ecosystem-based management of coral reef fisheries. PNAS 108 (41) 17230-17233; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1106861108
McClanahan TR, Maina JM, Graham NAJ,Jones KR. 2016. Modeling Reef Fish Biomass,Recovery Potential, and Management Priorities in theWestern Indian Ocean. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0154585.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154585.
McKibben JN, Nelson DR. 1986. Patterns of movements and grouping of Grey Reef Sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, at Enewetak, Marshal Islands. Bull. Mar. Sci. 38: 89–110.
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF), Republic of Indonesia and USAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced (SEA) Project. 2018. State of the Sea: Indonesia, Volume Three: A Journey Through Eastern Indonesia: USAID SEA Project – Sites and Activities. Jakarta, pp. 206.
Mourier J, Planes S. 2013. Direct genetic evidence for reproductive philopatry and associated fine-scale migrations in female Blacktip Reef Sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) in French Polynesia. Mol Ecol 22:201-214.
Mukharror DA, Baiti IT, Ichsan M, Pridina N, Triutami S. 2017. Correlation Between Existence of Reef Sharks with Abundance of Reef Fishes in South Waters of Morotai Island (North Moluccas). IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 89 012006. doi :10.1088/1755-1315/89/1/012006.
Mukharror DA, Susiloningtyas D, Handayani T. 2020. Blacktip Reefshark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) Movement Displays during Interaction with SCUBA Diver in Morotai Waters, Maluku Utara, Indonesia. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17: 1–5.
Mukharror DA, Susiloningtyas D, Handayani T, Pridina N. 2019. Blacktip Reefshark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) Individual’s Identification in Morotai Waters using its Fin’s Natural Markings. International Conference on Science and Applied Science (ICSAS) AIP Conf. Proc. 2202, 020085-1–020085-7; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5141698.
Mukharror DA, Triutami S, Sriati, Yuliadi LP, Ichsan M. 2018. Correlation Between Existence of Reef Sharks with Abundance of Reef Fishes: Carnivore and Herbivore Type in South Waters of Morotai Island (North Moluccas). International Conference of Marine Biology at Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, December 2016.
Muljadi AH, Saleh M, Lakaseru B. 2001. Training of Pemantauan Lokasi Pemijahan Ikan. Taman Nasional Bunaken. Manado. Indonesia.
Mumby PJ, Dahlgren CP, Harborne AR, Kappel CV, Micheli F,Brumbaugh DR, Holmes KE, Mendes JM, Broad K, Sanchirico JN, Buch K, Box S, StoZe RW, Gill AB. 2006. Fishing, trophiccascades, and the process of grazing on coral reefs. Science311:98–101.
Myers RF. 1991. Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p.
Nabil WA, Habibah I, Aryochepridho, Trijoko. 2018. Short Communication: Caught fish species diversity of South Morotai, North Maluku, Indonesia. Ocean Life 2(1): 33-36. Doi: 10.13057/oceanlife/o020105.
Newman JH, Paredes GA, Sala E, Jackson JBC. 2006. Structure of Caribbean coral reef communities across a large gradient of ?sh biomass. Ecology Letters 9: 1216-1227.
O’Connell MT, Shepherd TD, O’Connell AMU, Myers RA. 2007. Long-term declines in two apex predators, bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) and alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula), in Lake Pontchartrain, an oligohaline estuary in south-eastern Louisiana. Estuaries Coasts. 30:567-574.
Oceana. 2008. Predators as Prey: Why Healthy Oceans Need Sharks. https://eu.oceana.org/en/importance-sharks-0
Pridina N. 2015. Distributions of Reef Shark based on the Characteristic of Habitat on Morotai Waters, North Maluku. Undergraduate Thesis, Universitas Padjadjaran. Unpublished.
Purba NP, Herawati H, Dewanti LP, Faizal I, Apriliani IM, Martasuganda MK. 2019. Development of Morotai Island-North Maluku based on oceanographic-ecosystem condition. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 7 (3): 305-314.
Randall JE. 1977. Contribution to the Biology of the Whitetip Reef Shark (Triaenodon obesus)". Pacific Science. 31 (2): 143–164.
Retnoningtyas H, Yuwanda DP, Karepesina H, Yulianto I. 2017. Report: Fisheries scoping survey: North Maluku Province. Jakarta: USAID SEA Project – WCS.
Rhodes KL, Baremore I, Graham RT. 2019. Grouper (Epinephelidae) spawning aggregations affect activity space of grey reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, in Pohnpei, Micronesia. PLoS One 14(8): e0221589. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221589.
Robinson JPW, Williams ID, Edwards AM, McPherson J, Yeager L, Vigliola L, Brainard RE, Baum JK. 2016. Fishing degrades size structure of coral reef fish communities. Global Change Biology 1-14p, doi: 10.1111/gcb.13482.
Roff G, Doropoulos C, Rogers A, Bozec Y-M, Krueck NC, Aurellado E, Priest M, Birrell C, Mumby PJ. 2016. Review the Ecological role of sharks on coral reefs. Trend in Ecology & Evolution 31(5): 395-589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.02.014.
Rooney N, McCann K, Gellner G, Moore JC. 2006. Structural asymmetry and the stability of diverse food webs. Nature, 442, 265–269.
Russel M. 2001. Spawning Agregations of Reef Fishes on the Great Barrier Reef : Implication for Management. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. Australia. 39 pp.
Schmitz OJ, Hawlena D, Trussell GC. 2010. Predator control of ecosystem nutrient dynamics. Ecol. Lett. 13, 1199–1209. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01511.x
Sergio F, Newton I, Marchesi L, Pedrini P. 2006. Ecological justified charisma: creservation of top predators delivers biodiversity conservation. Journal od Applied Ecology 43, 1049-1055.
Speed CW, Rees MJ, Cure K, Vaughan B, Meekan MG. 2019. Protection from illegal fishing and shark recovery restructures mesopredatory fish communities on a coral reef. Ecol Evol. 2019 Sep; 9(18): 10553–10566. Doi: 10.1002/ece3.5575.
Steenhof K, Kochert MN. 1988. Dietary responses of three raptor species to changing prey densities in a natural environment. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 57:37-48.
Stevenson C, Katz LS, Micheli F, Block B, Heiman KW, Perle C, Weng K, Dumbar R, Witting J. 2006. High apex predator biomass on remote Pacific Islands. Coral Reefs. 1-5p. DOI 10.1007/s00338-006-0158-x
Temple SA. 1987. Do predators always capture substandard individuals disproportionately from prey populations. Ecology, 68:669-67.
Vincent IV, Hincksman CM, Tibbetts IR, Harris A. 2011. Biomass and Abundance of Herbivorous Fishes on Coral Reefs off Andavadoaka, Western Madagascar. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 10 (1): 83-99.
Wallach AD, Ripple WJ, Carroll SP. 2015. Novel trophic cascades: apex predators enable coexistence. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30, 146–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.01.003
Weideli OC, Mourier J, Planes S. 2015. A massive surgeonfish aggregation creates a unique opportunity for reef sharks. Coral Reefs 34: 835.
Wilson JR, Green AL. 2009. Biological monitoring methods for assessing coral reef health and management effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in Indonesia. Version 1.0. TNC Indonesia Marine Program Report 1/09. 44 pp.
Wilson EE, Wolkovich EM. 2011. Scavenging: how carnivores and carrion structure communities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 129–135.
Wootton JT, Emmerson M. 2005. Measurement of interaction strength in nature. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.36,419–444
Anderson WDJr, Allen GR. 2001. Lutjanidae. Jobfishes. p. 2840-2918. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae). FAO, Rome. 2840 - 2853.
Ayotte L. 2005. Sharks-Educator’s Guide. 3D Entertainment ltd. And United Nations Environment Program.
Barley S, Meekan MG, Meeuwig JJ. 2017. Species diversity, abundance, biomass, size and trophic structure of fish on coral reefs in relation to shark abundance. Marine Ecology Progress Series 565:163-179. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11981.
Bascompte J, Melián CJ, Sala E. 2005. Interaction strength combinations and the overfishing of a marine food web. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.102 (15):5443–5447. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0501562102.
Begg CM, Begg KS, Du Toit JT. 2003. Sexual and seasonal variation in the diet and foraging behaviour of a sexually dimorphic carnivore, the honey badger (Mellivora capensis). J. Zool. 260, 301–316. DOI:10.1017/S0952836903003789
Bester C. 2009. Biological Profiles: Grey Reef Shark. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on April 29, 2009.
Bonaldo RM, Bellwood D. 2009. Dynamics of parrotfish grazing scars. Marine Biology 156:771-777.
Bornatowski H, Navia AF, Braga RR, Abilhoa V, Corrêa MFM. 2014. Ecological importance of sharks and rays in a structural foodweb analysis in southern Brazil. ICES Journal of Marine Science 71 (7): 1586–1592, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu025
Brown JH, Gillooly JF, Allen AP, Savage VM, West GB. 2004. Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology 85: 1771–1789.
Burkepile DE, Hay ME. 2008. Herbivore species richness and feeding complementarity affect community structure and function on a coral reef. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:16201–16206.
Carpenter KE. 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 8. Fusilier fishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of caesionid species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(8):iv+75p.
Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR. 2010. Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives II. CRC Press. USA. 679pp.
Carrier JC, Pratt JHL, Martin LK. 1994. Group reproductive behaviors in free-living Nurse Sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum. Copeia: 646–656.
Ceccarelli D, Ayling T. 2010. Role, importance and vulnerability of top predators on the Great Barrier Reef-a review. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville. Research Publication 105.
Choat JH, Pears R. 2003. A Rapid Quantitative Survey Method for Large, Vulnerable Reef Fishes. In: Wilkinson C, Green A, Almany J, Dionne S. Monitoring Coral Reef Marine Protected Areas. A Practical Guide on How Monitoring can Support Effective Management MPAs. AIMS and the IUCN Marine Program Publication. 68pp.
Choat JH, Robbins WD, Clements KD. 2004. The trophic status of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs II: Food processing modes and trophodynamics. Marine Biology 145, 445-454.
Choat JH, Russell BC. 2008. The fish assemblages of the Great Barrier Reef: Their Diversity and Origin. in The Great Barrier Reef: Biologi, Environment and Management by Pat Hutchings, Mike Kingsford, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg. CSIRO publishing. Collingwood, Australia. p 327-342.
Chong-Seng KM, Nash KL, Bellwood DR, Graham NAJ. 2014. Macroalgal herbivory on recovering versus degrading coral reefs. Coral Reefs 33:409–419. doi:10.1007/s00338-014-1134-5.
Compagno L. 1984. Sharks of the World. Rome: United Nations Development Programme.
Conversi A, Dakos V, Gårdmark A, Ling S, Folke C, Mumby PJ, Greene C, Edwards M, Blenckner T, Casini M, Pershing A, Möllmann C. 2015. A holistic view of marine regime shifts. Phylosophical Transaction of the Royal Society B 370,8. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0279
Cooper AM, MacDonald C, Roberts TE, Bridge TCL. 2019. Variability in the functional composition of coral reef fish communities on submerged and emergent reefs in the central Great Barrier Reef, Australia. PLoS ONE 14(5): e0216785. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216785
Coral Triangle Center. 2017. Activity Report: Scoping Study at Morotai Islands, North Maluku, Feb 19-26, 2017. USAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced (USAID SEA) Project. 19p.
Corrigan S, Naylor G. 2018. Discover Fishes. Carcharhinus melanopterus. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on May 8, 2020.
Dobashi T, Iida M, Takemoto K. 2018. Decomposing the effects of ocean environments on predator–prey body-size relationships in food webs. Royal Society open Science 5:180707. 1-10p. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180707
Duffy JE, Lefcheck JS, Stuart-Smith RD, Navarrete SA, Edgar GJ. 2016. Biodiversity Enhances Reef Fish Biomass and Resistance to Climate Change. Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences of the United State of America 113(22):6230-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1524465113.
English S, Baker V, Wilkinson C. 1997. Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resource 2nd edition. Australian Institute of Marine Science. Townsville.
Espinoza M, Cappo M, Heupel MR, Tobin AJ, Simpfendorfer CA. 2014. Quantifying shark distribution patterns and species-habitat associations: implications of marine park zoning. PLoS One 9: e106885. pmid:25207545
Frisch AJ. 2013. The Dr Dorothea Sandars and Irene Lee Churchill Fellowship to Develop robust methods for measuring and monitoring reef shark populations. Report.
Frisch AJ, Ireland M, Rizzari JR, Lo¨nnstedt OM, Magnenat KA, Mirbach CE, Hobbs, J-PA. 2016. Reassessing the trophic role of reef sharks as apex predatorson coral reefs. Coral Reefs. p 1-14. Doi:10.1007/s00338-016-1415-2.
Froese R, Pauly D. (eds). 2019.FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, ( 12/2019 )
Froese R, Pauly D. (eds). 2020. FishBase (version Feb 2018). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2020-02-24 (Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., Nieukerken E. van, Penev L.). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-8858.
Goetze JS, Langlois TJ, McCarter J, Simpfendorfer CA, Hughes A, Leve JT, Jupiter SD. 2018. Drivers of reef shark abundance and biomass in the Solomon Islands. PLoS ONE 13(7): e0200960. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200960
Gove JM, Williams GJ, McManus MA, Heron SF, Sandin SA, Vetter OJ, Foley DG. 2013. Quantifying Climatological Ranges and Anomalies for Pacific Coral Reef Ecosystems. PLoS ONE 8(4): e61974. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061974.
Graham NAJ, McClanahan TR. 2013. The last call for marine wilderness? BioScience 63(5):397–402.
Gratwicke B, Speight MR. 2005. Effects of habitat complexity on caribbean marine fish assemblages. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 292:301-310.
Green AL, Bellwood DR. 2009. Monitoring Functional Groups of Herbivorous Reef Fishes as Indicators of Coral Reef Resilience – A Practical Guide for Coral Reef Managers in the Asia Pacific Region. IUCN Working Group on Climate Change and Coral Reefs. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 70p.
Hallacher LE. 2003. The Ecology of Coral Reef Fishes. www.kmec.uhh.hawaii.edu
Heupel MR, Knip DM, Simpfendorfer CA, Dulvy NK. 2014. Sizing up the ecological role of sharks as predators. Marine Ecology Progress Series 495:291-298. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10597
Heupel MR, Papastamatiou YP, Espinoza M, Green ME, Simpfendorfer CA. 2019. Reef Shark Science – Key Questions and Future Directions. Front. Mar. Sci., https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00012
Hughes TP, Rodrigues MJ, Bellwood DR, Ceccarelli D, Hoegh-Guldberg O, McCook L, Moltschaniwskyj N, Pratchett MS, Steneck RS, Willis B. 2007. Phase Shifts, Herbivory, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs to Climate Change. Current Biology 17:360-365.
Ichsan M, Pridina N, Mukharror DA. 2016. Pariwisata Penyelaman Ikan Hiu di Perairan Morotai, Maluku Utara, Indonesia. Prosiding Simposium Hiu dan Pari:183-188.
IGFA (International Game Fish Association), 1991. World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA.
IGFA, 2001. Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA.
Klimley AP. 1987. The determinants of sexual segregation in the Scalloped Hammerhead Shark, Sphyrna lewini. Env. Biol. Fish. 18: 27-40.
Kulbicki M, Guillemot N, Amand M. 2005. A general approach to length weight relationships for New Caledonian lagoon fishes. Cybium 29(3): 235-252.
Last PR, Stevens JD. 1994. Sharks and Rays of Australia. CSIRO; ISBN: 0-643-05143-0. 513 p.
Link JS, Bell RJ, Auster PJ, Smith BE, Overholtz WJ, Methratta ET, Pranovi F. Stockhausen WT. 2012. Food web and community dynamics of the Northeast U.S. large marine ecosystem. US Dept Commer, Northeast Fish Sci Cent Ref Doc. 12-15; 96 p.
Maire E, Villéger S, Graham NAJ, Hoey AS, Cinner J, Ferse SCA, Aliaume C, Booth DJ, Feary DA, Kulbicki M, Sandin SA, Vigliola L, Mouillot D. 2018. Community-wide scan identifies fish species associated with coral reef services across the Indo-Pacific. Proceedings Biol Sci. 285(1883): 20181167. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1167.
McCauley DJ, Young HS, Dunbar RB, Estes JA, Semmens BX, Micheli F. 2012. Assessing the effects of large mobile predators on ecosystem connectivity. Ecol Appl 22(6):1711-7.
McClanahan TR, Abunge CA. 2015. Perceptions of management options and the disparity of benefits among stakeholder communities and nations of southeastern Africa. Fish and Fisheries.
McClanahan TR, Graham NAJ, MacNeil MA, Muthiga NA, Cinner JE, Bruggemann JH, Wilson SK. 2011. Critical thresholds and tangible targets for ecosystem-based management of coral reef fisheries. PNAS 108 (41) 17230-17233; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1106861108
McClanahan TR, Maina JM, Graham NAJ,Jones KR. 2016. Modeling Reef Fish Biomass,Recovery Potential, and Management Priorities in theWestern Indian Ocean. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0154585.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154585.
McKibben JN, Nelson DR. 1986. Patterns of movements and grouping of Grey Reef Sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, at Enewetak, Marshal Islands. Bull. Mar. Sci. 38: 89–110.
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF), Republic of Indonesia and USAID Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced (SEA) Project. 2018. State of the Sea: Indonesia, Volume Three: A Journey Through Eastern Indonesia: USAID SEA Project – Sites and Activities. Jakarta, pp. 206.
Mourier J, Planes S. 2013. Direct genetic evidence for reproductive philopatry and associated fine-scale migrations in female Blacktip Reef Sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) in French Polynesia. Mol Ecol 22:201-214.
Mukharror DA, Baiti IT, Ichsan M, Pridina N, Triutami S. 2017. Correlation Between Existence of Reef Sharks with Abundance of Reef Fishes in South Waters of Morotai Island (North Moluccas). IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 89 012006. doi :10.1088/1755-1315/89/1/012006.
Mukharror DA, Susiloningtyas D, Handayani T. 2020. Blacktip Reefshark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) Movement Displays during Interaction with SCUBA Diver in Morotai Waters, Maluku Utara, Indonesia. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17: 1–5.
Mukharror DA, Susiloningtyas D, Handayani T, Pridina N. 2019. Blacktip Reefshark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) Individual’s Identification in Morotai Waters using its Fin’s Natural Markings. International Conference on Science and Applied Science (ICSAS) AIP Conf. Proc. 2202, 020085-1–020085-7; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5141698.
Mukharror DA, Triutami S, Sriati, Yuliadi LP, Ichsan M. 2018. Correlation Between Existence of Reef Sharks with Abundance of Reef Fishes: Carnivore and Herbivore Type in South Waters of Morotai Island (North Moluccas). International Conference of Marine Biology at Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, December 2016.
Muljadi AH, Saleh M, Lakaseru B. 2001. Training of Pemantauan Lokasi Pemijahan Ikan. Taman Nasional Bunaken. Manado. Indonesia.
Mumby PJ, Dahlgren CP, Harborne AR, Kappel CV, Micheli F,Brumbaugh DR, Holmes KE, Mendes JM, Broad K, Sanchirico JN, Buch K, Box S, StoZe RW, Gill AB. 2006. Fishing, trophiccascades, and the process of grazing on coral reefs. Science311:98–101.
Myers RF. 1991. Micronesian reef fishes. Second Ed. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. 298 p.
Nabil WA, Habibah I, Aryochepridho, Trijoko. 2018. Short Communication: Caught fish species diversity of South Morotai, North Maluku, Indonesia. Ocean Life 2(1): 33-36. Doi: 10.13057/oceanlife/o020105.
Newman JH, Paredes GA, Sala E, Jackson JBC. 2006. Structure of Caribbean coral reef communities across a large gradient of ?sh biomass. Ecology Letters 9: 1216-1227.
O’Connell MT, Shepherd TD, O’Connell AMU, Myers RA. 2007. Long-term declines in two apex predators, bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) and alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula), in Lake Pontchartrain, an oligohaline estuary in south-eastern Louisiana. Estuaries Coasts. 30:567-574.
Oceana. 2008. Predators as Prey: Why Healthy Oceans Need Sharks. https://eu.oceana.org/en/importance-sharks-0
Pridina N. 2015. Distributions of Reef Shark based on the Characteristic of Habitat on Morotai Waters, North Maluku. Undergraduate Thesis, Universitas Padjadjaran. Unpublished.
Purba NP, Herawati H, Dewanti LP, Faizal I, Apriliani IM, Martasuganda MK. 2019. Development of Morotai Island-North Maluku based on oceanographic-ecosystem condition. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 7 (3): 305-314.
Randall JE. 1977. Contribution to the Biology of the Whitetip Reef Shark (Triaenodon obesus)". Pacific Science. 31 (2): 143–164.
Retnoningtyas H, Yuwanda DP, Karepesina H, Yulianto I. 2017. Report: Fisheries scoping survey: North Maluku Province. Jakarta: USAID SEA Project – WCS.
Rhodes KL, Baremore I, Graham RT. 2019. Grouper (Epinephelidae) spawning aggregations affect activity space of grey reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, in Pohnpei, Micronesia. PLoS One 14(8): e0221589. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221589.
Robinson JPW, Williams ID, Edwards AM, McPherson J, Yeager L, Vigliola L, Brainard RE, Baum JK. 2016. Fishing degrades size structure of coral reef fish communities. Global Change Biology 1-14p, doi: 10.1111/gcb.13482.
Roff G, Doropoulos C, Rogers A, Bozec Y-M, Krueck NC, Aurellado E, Priest M, Birrell C, Mumby PJ. 2016. Review the Ecological role of sharks on coral reefs. Trend in Ecology & Evolution 31(5): 395-589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.02.014.
Rooney N, McCann K, Gellner G, Moore JC. 2006. Structural asymmetry and the stability of diverse food webs. Nature, 442, 265–269.
Russel M. 2001. Spawning Agregations of Reef Fishes on the Great Barrier Reef : Implication for Management. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. Australia. 39 pp.
Schmitz OJ, Hawlena D, Trussell GC. 2010. Predator control of ecosystem nutrient dynamics. Ecol. Lett. 13, 1199–1209. DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01511.x
Sergio F, Newton I, Marchesi L, Pedrini P. 2006. Ecological justified charisma: creservation of top predators delivers biodiversity conservation. Journal od Applied Ecology 43, 1049-1055.
Speed CW, Rees MJ, Cure K, Vaughan B, Meekan MG. 2019. Protection from illegal fishing and shark recovery restructures mesopredatory fish communities on a coral reef. Ecol Evol. 2019 Sep; 9(18): 10553–10566. Doi: 10.1002/ece3.5575.
Steenhof K, Kochert MN. 1988. Dietary responses of three raptor species to changing prey densities in a natural environment. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 57:37-48.
Stevenson C, Katz LS, Micheli F, Block B, Heiman KW, Perle C, Weng K, Dumbar R, Witting J. 2006. High apex predator biomass on remote Pacific Islands. Coral Reefs. 1-5p. DOI 10.1007/s00338-006-0158-x
Temple SA. 1987. Do predators always capture substandard individuals disproportionately from prey populations. Ecology, 68:669-67.
Vincent IV, Hincksman CM, Tibbetts IR, Harris A. 2011. Biomass and Abundance of Herbivorous Fishes on Coral Reefs off Andavadoaka, Western Madagascar. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 10 (1): 83-99.
Wallach AD, Ripple WJ, Carroll SP. 2015. Novel trophic cascades: apex predators enable coexistence. Trends Ecol. Evol. 30, 146–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.01.003
Weideli OC, Mourier J, Planes S. 2015. A massive surgeonfish aggregation creates a unique opportunity for reef sharks. Coral Reefs 34: 835.
Wilson JR, Green AL. 2009. Biological monitoring methods for assessing coral reef health and management effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in Indonesia. Version 1.0. TNC Indonesia Marine Program Report 1/09. 44 pp.
Wilson EE, Wolkovich EM. 2011. Scavenging: how carnivores and carrion structure communities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 129–135.
Wootton JT, Emmerson M. 2005. Measurement of interaction strength in nature. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.36,419–444
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- ABDUL HAMID A. TOHA, MUHAMMAD DAILAMI, SAIFUL ANWAR, JUSWONO B. SETIAWAN, YUSUP JENTEWO, IDA LAPADI, SANNY SUTANTO, RATIH ARYASARI, AMBARIYANTO, FERAWATI RUNTUBOI, HAWIS MADDUPPA, The genetic relationships and Indo-Pacific connectivity of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) with particular reference to mitochondrial COI gene sequences from Cendrawasih Bay, Papua, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 21 No. 5 (2020)
- RETNO HARTATI, WIDIANINGSIH WIDIANINGSIH, AGUS TRIANTO, MUHAMMAD ZAINURI, AMBARIYANTO AMBARIYANTO, The abundance of prospective natural food for sea cucumber Holothuria atra at Karimunjawa Island waters, Jepara, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 18 No. 3 (2017)
- RETNO MURWANI, MADA TRIANDALA SIBERO, POLA RISDA ASWITA SILITONGA, AMBARIYANTO AMBARIYANTO , Bioprospecting of cow's ruminal microbiota from a slaughterhouse in Ambarawa, Central Java, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 22 No. 11 (2021)
- ADITYA IRAWAN, SUPRIHARYONO SUPRIHARYONO, JOHANNES HUTABARAT, AMBARIYANTO AMBARIYANTO, Seagrass beds as the buffer zone for fish biodiversity in coastal water of Bontang City, East Kalimantan, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 19 No. 3 (2018)
- WAHYU ANDY NUGRAHA, AMBARIYANTO AMBARIYANTO, INSAFITRI, The mangrove ecosystems on the north coast of Bangkalan, Indonesia, and its potential for mangrove ecotourism , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 25 No. 2 (2024)
- MADA TRIANDALA SIBERO, RUDHI PRIBADI, AMBARIYANTO, DWI HARYANTI, VIOL DHEA KHARISMA, ARIYANTI S. DEWI, GINTUNG PATANTIS PATANTIS, DEWI S. ZILDA, RETNO MURWANI, Ethnomedicinal bioprospecting of Rhizophora apiculata leaves through in silico and in vitro approaches as antioxidant, ?-glucosidase inhibitor and anticancer , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 23 No. 12 (2022)
- RETNO MURWANI, REFA ANGGRAENI, AMBARIYANTO AMBARIYANTO, Probiotic candidates of lactic acid bacteria from fermented food cincalok and tempoyak from Kalimantan, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 25 No. 8 (2024)
- MARITA IKA JOESIDAWATI, NINING NURSALIM, NENIK KHOLILAH, EKA MAYA KURNIASIH, NI KADEK DITA CAHYANI, AMBARIYANTO AMBARIYANTO, Utilizing DNA barcoding approach to study the diversity of the blue swimming crab from Tuban District, East Java, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 24 No. 9 (2023)
- INSAFITRI, NINING NURSALIM, NENIK KHOLILAH, EKA MAYA KURNIASIH, NI KADEK DITA CAHYANI, WAHYU ANDY NUGRAHA, AMBARIYANTO AMBARIYANTO, DNA barcode of seven species coral from Sepulu, Madura Island, Indonesia , Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity: Vol. 24 No. 1 (2023)