Phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and anticancer potential of Etlingera hemisphaerica (Zingiberaceae) from the Gayo Highlands, Indonesia
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Abstract. Ridhwan M, Saudah, Nurman S, Masyudi, Fitriyana L, Yusnaini R. 2025. Phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and anticancer potential of Etlingera hemisphaerica (Zingiberaceae) from the Gayo Highlands, Indonesia. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 23: 101-109. The increasing global incidence of cancer underscores the urgent need for sefar and more effective alternative therapies. Etlingera hemisphaerica (Blume) R.M.Sm. (Zingiberaceae), an andemic medicinal plant from the Gayo Highlands of Indonesia, has traditional uses but remains underexplored for its pharmacological potential. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and anticancer of E. hemisphaerica leaf extracts using methanol, ethyl acetate, and aquadest. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and anticancer activity was evaluated via the MTT assay against the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line (ATCC HTB-22), with IC?? values calculated through linear regression analysis. Qualitative screening revealed the presence of major phytochemicals including flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and steroids. Quantitative analysis showed that the methanol extract contained the highest total phenolic content (506.4 ± 15.41 mg GAE/g), while the ethyl acetate extract had the highest flavonoid content (471.5 ± 20.55 mg QE/g). Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, with the methanol extract exhibiting the strongest radical scavenging capacity IC?? (0.40 ppm). Cytotoxic effects were determined by MTT assay against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (ATCC HTB-22), where the methanol extract showed the most potent activity (IC?? = 0.446 ppm; 43.47% inhibition at 200 ppm), outperforming ethyl acetate (IC?? (10.45 ppm) and aquadest IC?? (4.12 ppm) extracts. These results suggest that E. hemisphaerica, particularly in methanol extract, is a promising natural source of antioxidant and anticancer agents. Further bioassay-guided fractionation and in vivo studies are warranted to explore its therapeutic potential.
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