Anti-bacterial properties and GC-MS analysis of extracts and essential oils of selected plant product
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Abstract. Nyaitondi OD, Wanjau R, Nyambaka H, Hassanali A. 2018. Anti-bacterial properties and GC-MS analysis of extracts and essential oils of selected plant product. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 16: 36-50. Plants are traditionally used to treat bacterial infections though not clinically regulated due to a lack of awareness and sufficient data to support the reported therapeutic claims. Some plants used as food and vegetables are hardly considered in such studies. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial properties associated with garlic, ginger, turmeric, lemon, and onion in the form of juices, methanol extracts, and essential oils. These materials were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. Identification of suspected antibacterial compounds was made by comparing retention indices and the mass spectra with those in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) libraries using GC-MS analyses. Garlic juice was bactericidal against all tested strains. Lemon/garlic juice exhibited significantly higher activity against E. coli and S. typhi. Turmeric/lemon/garlic methanol extracts blend was most active against S. aureus. Preliminary screening of the essential oils indicated significant antibacterial activity of lemon/garlic essential oil blend against P. aeruginosa. GC-MS analysis of the active samples confirmed the presence of compounds containing OOH,-OH,-N,-Cl,-F,-NH2, and-S groups associated with bacterial inhibition in conventional antibiotics. The 10 major constituents obtained from samples suspected to contain antibacterial activity, include limonene; 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiacyclohex-4-ene; ?-zingiberene; diallyl disulphide; 2-butanone,4-(-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl); 3-chlorothiophene; methanehydrazonic acid, N-[3-(methylthio)-1,-2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]-,ethyl ester; n-hexadecanoic acid; ?-sitosterol and propanamide,2-amino-3-phenyl. Juices of garlic, lemon, and lemon/garlic blend were active against one or more bacteria tested, unlike methanol extracts and essential oils. They should be used in raw form as heating and drying are likely to render them inactive. Further studies on methanol extract and fresh juice of lemon/garlic blend need to be undertaken to elucidate the active principles in these extracts and may lead to the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents and models for the new generation of synthetic antibiotics.
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References
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and antibacterial activity of some powdered herbal preparations
marketed in Kaduna metropolis. Science World Journal 4 (1): 23-26.
Ahmed A. 2009. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli
isolated from food-handlers in Nairobi, Kenya. [Thesis (M.P.H.E.)].
Kenyatta University.
Ahmet A, Hakan O, Hamdullah K, Bulent C. 2006. Screening of
antimicrobial activity of essential oil and methanol extract of Satureja
hortensis on foodborne bacteria and fungi. J Food Science 25 (2): 81-
89.
Ali A, Neal A, Tom S. 2007. Maternal malaria during pregnancy and
infant mortality rate: critical literature review and a new analytical
approach. J Vector Borne Diseases 44: 98-104.
Angeh J. 2006. Isolation and characterization of antibacterial compounds
present in members of combretum section, hypocrateropsis PhD
Thesis, university of Pretoria.
Angela M. 2009. Extracting bioactive compounds for food products:
Theory and applications. CRC press Taylor and Francis Group, New
York.
Apariman S, Ratchanon S, Wiriyasirivej B. 2006. Effectiveness of ginger
for prevention of nausea and vomiting after gynecological
laparoscopy. J Medical Association 89 (12): 2003-2009.
Arthur S. 2006. Mortality rate of typhoid. emedTV. Clinaero incorporated.
http: //diseases.emedtv.com/typhoid-fever/mortality-rate-of-typhoidfever.html.
Azu N, Reginald A, Okoro N, Janet K. 2007. Antibacterial activity of
Allium cepa (onions) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) on
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from
high vaginal swap. The Internet J Tropical Medicine 3(2).
Balentine J. 2009. Typhoid fever. Medical Netcom. Available from htt:
//www.medicinet.com/typhoid-fever article.htm.
Baliga S. 2005. Drug Resistance in Salmonella typhi; Tip of the Iceberg.
Available from http: //cogprints.ogr/4155.
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Washington,DC: ASM Press: 1526-1543.
Betoni J, Mantovani R, Barbosa L, Di Stasi L, Fernandes J. 2006.
Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on
Staphylococcus aureus diseases. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
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(Allium sativum): a simple HPTLC method for simultaneous
determination of allicin and ajoene in dried garlic and garlic
preparations. J Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research 57:
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Bocchini P, Andalò C, Pozzi R, Galletti G, Antonelli A. 2001.
Determination of diallyl thiosulfinate (allicin) in garlic (Allium
sativum L.) by high-performance liquid chromatography with a postcolumn photochemical reactor. Analytica Chimica Acta Journal 441:
37-43.
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children in an urban slum, Bangladesh. J Emerg Infect Dis 11 (2):
326-329.
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study-kenya. Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Gikaru, Apex Comm. Ltd.
Nairobi.
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auriscanis speces. J Clinical Microbiol 37: 3443-3447.
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extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). Inform Technol Dev J
8: 23-26.
Elgayyar M, Draughon F, Golden A, Mount J. 2000. Antimicrobial
activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and
saprophytic microorganisms. J Food Protecton 64: 1019-1024.
Esimone C, Iroha I, Ibezim E, Okeh C, Okeh C. 2006. In vitro
evaluation of the interaction between tea extracts and penicillin G
against staphylococcus aureus. African J Biotechnol 5: 1082-1086.
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Frank R. 2004. Consumption of brown onions (Allium cepa)
moderately modulates blood lipids, haematological and haemostatic
in healthy pigs. British J Nutr 91: 211-218.
Farbman K, Barnett E, Bolduc G, Klein J. 1983. Antibacterial activity of
garlic and onions: a historical perspective. Pediatric Infect Dis J 12:
613-614.
Fisher K, Phillips C. 2006. The effect of lemon, orange and bergamot
essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter
jejuni, Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus
cereus and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J
Appl Microbiol 101: 1232-1240.
Gerald M, Russell D. 1999. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity action
and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 12 (1): 147-179.
Ghulam M, Mir A, Mushtaq A, Muhammad Z, Aftab A. 2009.
Observations on antifertility and abortifacient herbal drugs. African J
Biotechnol 8 (9): 1959-1964.
Gopalan B, Motonobu G, Akio K, Tsutomu H. 2000. Response Surfaces
of total oil yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in supercritical carbon
dioxide. Food Res Intl J 33 (5): 34-345.
Greg B, Chai-Hoi, Ann I. 2007. Acid tolerance of Escherichia coli
following cold shock treatment. J Food Safety 23: 2.
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global benefit to health. J Phytotherapy Research 16(7): 603-615.
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for quick identification of essential oils compounds. J Pharmacol
Biomed Anal 43: 886-892.
Hiroyuki T, Tetsuro K, Masayuki K, Fusao O. 2006. Antimicrobial
activity of citrus fruits juice against vibrio species. J Pharmaceut
Biomed Sci 52 (2): 157-160.
Horiuchi K, Shiota S, Kuroda T, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Tsuchiya T. 2007.
Potentiation of antimicrobial activity of aminoglycosides by carnosol
from Salvia officinalis. Biol Pharmaceut Bull 30: 287-290.
Jaber M, Al-Mossawi A. 2007. Susceptibility of some multiple resistant
bacteria to garlic extract. African. J Biotechnol 6 (6): 771-776.
Jayaprakasha G, Bhabani S, Pradeep S, Kunnumpurath K. 2002.
Evaluation of antioxidant activities and antimutagenicity of turmeric
oil: a byproduct from curcumin production. Verlag der Zeitschrift für
Naturforschung Journal 57c: 828-835.
John R, Timothy J. 1997. Recent advances in photochemistry:
Functionality of Food Phytochemicals, Volume 31. Plenum press.
New York.
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experimental medicine 85(5): 551-542.
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Propolis: anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity and synergism with
antimicrobial drugs. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 100: 563-
566.
Kariba R. 2001. Antifungal activity of Ajuga remota. J Fitoterapia 72:
177-178.
Kariuki S. 2008. Typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges of
diagnosis and management of infections. J Infect Dev Countries 2 (4):
443-447.
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derived from cabbage. MS 96-46.
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London.
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quantitation of the sulfides and dialk(en)ylthiosulfinates in
commercial garlic products. J Med Plant Nat Prod Res 57: 363-370.
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single herbs by GC-MS combined with a chemometric resolution
method. The Royal Society of Chemistry, London, UK.
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principles and practice. Available from Health and fitness.
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medicinal properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Global J Pure
Appl Sci 15 (3): 365-368.
Mandal M, Mandal S, Pal D. 2005. Plasmid-Encoded multidrug
resistance of Salmonella typhi and some enteric bacteria in and
around Kolkata, India: A preliminary study. Available from http:
//cogprints.org/4157/.?Journalon-line/ unpaginated).
Martin K, Edzard E. 2003. Herbal medicines for treatment of bacterial
infections: a review of controlled clinical trials. J Antimicrob.
Chemother 51 (2): 241-246.
Maruti J, Chidamber B, Jai S, Kailash D. 2011. Study antimicrobial
activity of lemon (Citrus lemon L.) peel extract. British J Pharmacol
Toxicol 2(3): 119-122.
Mohamed A, El-Emary G, Ali H. 2010. Influence of some citrus essential
oils on cell viability, glutathione-s-ransferase and lipid peroxidation
in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. J Amer Sci 6: 820-826.
Mohamma G, Bassam A, Kamel M. 2009. In vitro activity of certain
drugs in combination with plant extracts against Staphylococcus
aureus infections. J Biotechnol 8 (17): 4239-4241.
Mohammad S, Qassim H, Gunnar B, Shyam S, Ahmed A. 2009. Drying
kinetics and allicin potential in garlic slices during different methods
of drying. Intl J Drying Technol 27(3): 467-477.
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among asymptomatic schoolchildren in Hajr valley, Yemen Eastern
Mediterranean Health J 13(1).
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classification, pharmacological, biochemical effects and therapeutic
potential. Indian J Pharmacol 2001(33): 2-16.
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of malaria in peripheral health facilities in Uganda: findings from an
area of low transmission in south-western Uganda. Malaria J 6: 39.
DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-6-39
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diallyl constituents against Helicobacter pylori. Appl Environ
Microbiol J 66: 2269-2273.
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Biotechnol 3 (10): 552-554.
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Ahmed A. 2009. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Escherichia coli
isolated from food-handlers in Nairobi, Kenya. [Thesis (M.P.H.E.)].
Kenyatta University.
Ahmet A, Hakan O, Hamdullah K, Bulent C. 2006. Screening of
antimicrobial activity of essential oil and methanol extract of Satureja
hortensis on foodborne bacteria and fungi. J Food Science 25 (2): 81-
89.
Ali A, Neal A, Tom S. 2007. Maternal malaria during pregnancy and
infant mortality rate: critical literature review and a new analytical
approach. J Vector Borne Diseases 44: 98-104.
Angeh J. 2006. Isolation and characterization of antibacterial compounds
present in members of combretum section, hypocrateropsis PhD
Thesis, university of Pretoria.
Angela M. 2009. Extracting bioactive compounds for food products:
Theory and applications. CRC press Taylor and Francis Group, New
York.
Apariman S, Ratchanon S, Wiriyasirivej B. 2006. Effectiveness of ginger
for prevention of nausea and vomiting after gynecological
laparoscopy. J Medical Association 89 (12): 2003-2009.
Arthur S. 2006. Mortality rate of typhoid. emedTV. Clinaero incorporated.
http: //diseases.emedtv.com/typhoid-fever/mortality-rate-of-typhoidfever.html.
Azu N, Reginald A, Okoro N, Janet K. 2007. Antibacterial activity of
Allium cepa (onions) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) on
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from
high vaginal swap. The Internet J Tropical Medicine 3(2).
Balentine J. 2009. Typhoid fever. Medical Netcom. Available from htt:
//www.medicinet.com/typhoid-fever article.htm.
Baliga S. 2005. Drug Resistance in Salmonella typhi; Tip of the Iceberg.
Available from http: //cogprints.ogr/4155.
Baron E, Yolken R. 1999. Manual of clinical microbiology, 7th edition.
Washington,DC: ASM Press: 1526-1543.
Betoni J, Mantovani R, Barbosa L, Di Stasi L, Fernandes J. 2006.
Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on
Staphylococcus aureus diseases. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
101 (4): 387-390.
Blania G, Spangenberg B. 1991. Formation of allicin from dried garlic
(Allium sativum): a simple HPTLC method for simultaneous
determination of allicin and ajoene in dried garlic and garlic
preparations. J Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research 57:
371-375.
Bocchini P, Andalò C, Pozzi R, Galletti G, Antonelli A. 2001.
Determination of diallyl thiosulfinate (allicin) in garlic (Allium
sativum L.) by high-performance liquid chromatography with a postcolumn photochemical reactor. Analytica Chimica Acta Journal 441:
37-43.
Borowitz S, Naser S. 2011. Gut pathogens. Official J Intl Society for
Genomic and Evolutionary Microbiol 17 (15): 1927-2062.
Brooks W, Hossain A, Goswami D, Nahar K, Alam K, Ahmed N, Naheed
A, Nair G, Luby S, Breiman R. 2005. Bacteremic typhoid fever in
children in an urban slum, Bangladesh. J Emerg Infect Dis 11 (2):
326-329.
Change N. 2009. The typhoid awareness and prevention campaign: a case
study-kenya. Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Gikaru, Apex Comm. Ltd.
Nairobi.
Charles D. 2010. Malaria symptoms, causes, treatment. Malaria J 9: 240.
Collins M, Hoyles L, Lawson P, Falsen E, Robson R, Foster G. 1999.
Phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization of a new
Corynebacterium species from dogs: description of Corynebacterium
auriscanis speces. J Clinical Microbiol 37: 3443-3447.
De N, Ifeoma E. 2002. Antimicrobial effects of components of the bark
extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss). Inform Technol Dev J
8: 23-26.
Elgayyar M, Draughon F, Golden A, Mount J. 2000. Antimicrobial
activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and
saprophytic microorganisms. J Food Protecton 64: 1019-1024.
Esimone C, Iroha I, Ibezim E, Okeh C, Okeh C. 2006. In vitro
evaluation of the interaction between tea extracts and penicillin G
against staphylococcus aureus. African J Biotechnol 5: 1082-1086.
Ewa O, Nicholas K, Sam J, Brendan G, Rodney B, David R, Mark J,
Frank R. 2004. Consumption of brown onions (Allium cepa)
moderately modulates blood lipids, haematological and haemostatic
in healthy pigs. British J Nutr 91: 211-218.
Farbman K, Barnett E, Bolduc G, Klein J. 1983. Antibacterial activity of
garlic and onions: a historical perspective. Pediatric Infect Dis J 12:
613-614.
Fisher K, Phillips C. 2006. The effect of lemon, orange and bergamot
essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter
jejuni, Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus
cereus and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems. J
Appl Microbiol 101: 1232-1240.
Gerald M, Russell D. 1999. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity action
and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 12 (1): 147-179.
Ghulam M, Mir A, Mushtaq A, Muhammad Z, Aftab A. 2009.
Observations on antifertility and abortifacient herbal drugs. African J
Biotechnol 8 (9): 1959-1964.
Gopalan B, Motonobu G, Akio K, Tsutomu H. 2000. Response Surfaces
of total oil yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in supercritical carbon
dioxide. Food Res Intl J 33 (5): 34-345.
Greg B, Chai-Hoi, Ann I. 2007. Acid tolerance of Escherichia coli
following cold shock treatment. J Food Safety 23: 2.
Griffiths G, Trueman L, Crowther T, Thomas B, Smith B. 2002. Onions-a
global benefit to health. J Phytotherapy Research 16(7): 603-615.
Hérent M, Bie D, Tilquin B. 2007. Determination of new retention indices
for quick identification of essential oils compounds. J Pharmacol
Biomed Anal 43: 886-892.
Hiroyuki T, Tetsuro K, Masayuki K, Fusao O. 2006. Antimicrobial
activity of citrus fruits juice against vibrio species. J Pharmaceut
Biomed Sci 52 (2): 157-160.
Horiuchi K, Shiota S, Kuroda T, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Tsuchiya T. 2007.
Potentiation of antimicrobial activity of aminoglycosides by carnosol
from Salvia officinalis. Biol Pharmaceut Bull 30: 287-290.
Jaber M, Al-Mossawi A. 2007. Susceptibility of some multiple resistant
bacteria to garlic extract. African. J Biotechnol 6 (6): 771-776.
Jayaprakasha G, Bhabani S, Pradeep S, Kunnumpurath K. 2002.
Evaluation of antioxidant activities and antimutagenicity of turmeric
oil: a byproduct from curcumin production. Verlag der Zeitschrift für
Naturforschung Journal 57c: 828-835.
John R, Timothy J. 1997. Recent advances in photochemistry:
Functionality of Food Phytochemicals, Volume 31. Plenum press.
New York.
Julia T, Ann G. 1947. The antibacterial properties of sulphur. J
experimental medicine 85(5): 551-542.
Junior A, Balestrin E, Betoni J, Orsi O, Cunha L, Montelli A. 2005.
Propolis: anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity and synergism with
antimicrobial drugs. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 100: 563-
566.
Kariba R. 2001. Antifungal activity of Ajuga remota. J Fitoterapia 72:
177-178.
Kariuki S. 2008. Typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges of
diagnosis and management of infections. J Infect Dev Countries 2 (4):
443-447.
Kyung H, Fleming H. 1996. Antimicrobial activity of sulphur compounds
derived from cabbage. MS 96-46.
Larkcom J. 1976. Vegetables from small gardens. Faber and Faber Ltd.
London.
Lawson L, Wang Z, Hughes B. 1991. Identification and HPLC
quantitation of the sulfides and dialk(en)ylthiosulfinates in
commercial garlic products. J Med Plant Nat Prod Res 57: 363-370.
Lian-fang Y, Xiao-Ru L, Shao-yin L, Guang-Wei X, Yi-zeng L. 2009.
Comparative analysis of essential componenets between the herbal
pair radix saposhnikoviae-rhizoma seu radix notopterygii and its
single herbs by GC-MS combined with a chemometric resolution
method. The Royal Society of Chemistry, London, UK.
Linda K, Kathryn P, Eleanor N, Ellie W. 2008. Nutrition and diet therapy:
principles and practice. Available from Health and fitness.
books.google.co.ke/books?isbn=0495119164.
Malu S, Obochi G, Tawo E, Nyong B. 2009. Antibacterial activity and
medicinal properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Global J Pure
Appl Sci 15 (3): 365-368.
Mandal M, Mandal S, Pal D. 2005. Plasmid-Encoded multidrug
resistance of Salmonella typhi and some enteric bacteria in and
around Kolkata, India: A preliminary study. Available from http:
//cogprints.org/4157/.?Journalon-line/ unpaginated).
Martin K, Edzard E. 2003. Herbal medicines for treatment of bacterial
infections: a review of controlled clinical trials. J Antimicrob.
Chemother 51 (2): 241-246.
Maruti J, Chidamber B, Jai S, Kailash D. 2011. Study antimicrobial
activity of lemon (Citrus lemon L.) peel extract. British J Pharmacol
Toxicol 2(3): 119-122.
Mohamed A, El-Emary G, Ali H. 2010. Influence of some citrus essential
oils on cell viability, glutathione-s-ransferase and lipid peroxidation
in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. J Amer Sci 6: 820-826.
Mohamma G, Bassam A, Kamel M. 2009. In vitro activity of certain
drugs in combination with plant extracts against Staphylococcus
aureus infections. J Biotechnol 8 (17): 4239-4241.
Mohammad S, Qassim H, Gunnar B, Shyam S, Ahmed A. 2009. Drying
kinetics and allicin potential in garlic slices during different methods
of drying. Intl J Drying Technol 27(3): 467-477.
Mohanna M, Ghouth A, Raja Y. 2007. Malaria signs and infection rate
among asymptomatic schoolchildren in Hajr valley, Yemen Eastern
Mediterranean Health J 13(1).
Narayana K, Sripal R, Chaluvadi M, Krishna D. 2000. Bioflavonoids
classification, pharmacological, biochemical effects and therapeutic
potential. Indian J Pharmacol 2001(33): 2-16.
Ndyomugyenyi R, Magnussen P, Clarke S. 2007. Diagnosis and treatment
of malaria in peripheral health facilities in Uganda: findings from an
area of low transmission in south-western Uganda. Malaria J 6: 39.
DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-6-39
O?Gara E, Hill D. 2000. Activities of garlic oil, garlic powder and their
diallyl constituents against Helicobacter pylori. Appl Environ
Microbiol J 66: 2269-2273.
Olatunde M, Folaranmi M, Ajoke D, Olatunji G, Oluwole A, Adewumi A.
2009. Effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and garlic
(Allium sativum L.) on rats infected with Kleibsiella pneumonia.
Internet J Altern Med 7 (1).
Onyango A. 2005. Make Typhoid Immunization a Must to All. The
standard 17th June 2005.
Onyango A. 2009. Mass Vaccination of Food Handlers May Curb
Typhoid. The standard 27th August. Available from http:
//www.standardmedia.co.ke/insidepage.
Onyeagba R, Ugbogu O, Okeke C, Iroakasi O. 2007. Studies on the
antimicrobial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn), ginger (Zingiber
officinale Roscoe) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia Linn). African J
Biotechnol 3 (10): 552-554.
Palakawong C, Sophanodora P, Pisuchpen S, Phongpaichit S. 2010.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of crude extracts from
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