Hematological, serum biochemical and histopathological effects of selected herbs and combinations on Trypanosoma brucei infected West African dwarf sheep
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Abstract. Olatunde OA, Jegede HO, Ameen SA. 2021. Hematological, serum biochemical and histopathological effects of selected herbs and combinations on Trypanosoma brucei infected West African dwarf sheep. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 19: 10-16. The present work was carried out to study the hematological, serum biochemical and histopathological effects of selected herbal diets on trypanosome-infected West African dwarf sheep. Five incorporated herbal diets were tested where A is the control diet, B is Citrus aurantifolia, C is Ocimum gratissimum, D is Vernonia amygdalina + Citrus aurantifolia, and E is Ocimum gratissimum + Vernonia amygdalina. Sheep on Diets E, A, C, B, and D consumed 856.4g/d, 830g/d, 750.0g/d. 734.0g/d and 687.0g/d, respectively, showing more acceptability to diet E. Additionally, sheep on Diet E was highest in RBC, WBC, Hb, lymphocyte, PCV, and basophils. The least hematological indices were recorded for the animals on the Control diet (A), showing that all herbal diets improved blood indices of the infected sheep. The ALP concentration was significantly different (17.000i.u/l) in Diet B compared to other Diets. At the same time, the least ALP was noted for sheep on Diets A and B. Herbs and combinations used in this study significantly improved both hematological and pathological lesions seen in experimental trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma brucei infection in sheep. The best results were obtained from Diet E combinations.
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References
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Aliu YO. 2007. Veterinary Pharmacology. 1st ed. Zaria: Tamaza publishing.
Anosa VO. 1988. Haematology and Biochemical changes in human and Animal Trypanosomiasis. Part I. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 41:151-164
Anosa VO, Logan-henfrey LL, Shaw MK. 1992. A light and electron microscopic study of changes in blood and bone marrow in acute haemorrhagic T. vivax infection in calves. Vet Pathol 29: 33–45.
Awah FM. 2010. Antioxidant activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity and phenolic contents of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract. J Med Plant Res 4: 2479-2487.
Awoyomi OJ, Biobaku KT, Kehinde OO, Adebowale OO, Oyewusi JA. 2013. A survey of ethnoveterinary botanicals in Ogun State and their public health implication. Niger J Anim Prod 40: 198- 208.
Biobaku KT, Abodunrin CO, Ajibola ES, Adenubi OT, Olukunle OJ, Thomas FC. 2009. Trypanocidal effect of aqueous extracts of Khaya senegalensis and Allium sativum with natural magnesium supplement in rat. Nig J Parasitol 30: 90-95.
Biobaku KT, Ajagbonna OP, Ajayi OL, Adebowale OO. 2008. Effect of magnesium chloride and diminazene aceturate in Trypanosoma brucei inoculated wistar albino rat. J Univ Agric Abeokuta B7: 64-70.
Biobaku KT, Oluwabi TM, Oni OO, Takeet MI, Okediran BS, Olukunle JO, Ajibola ES, Eruvbetine D. 2014. Preliminary Evaluation of Coccidiostatic effect of Khaya Senegalensis stem bark powder and Aqueous Extract in Combination with Vitamin C in Broilers. Nig Poult Sci J 11: 54-64.
Dina OA, Saba AB, Adedapo AA, Akinyemi OA, Omobowale TO. 2002. Comparative efficacy study of Homidium bromide, diminazene aceturate and their combination on New Zealand White Rabbit, experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Trop Vet 20: 153-159.
Drury RAB, Wallington EA. 1967. Carleton’s histological techniques. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Felix JP, Mello D. 2005. Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. United Kingdom: CABI.
Li SQ, Fung MC, Reid S, Inoue N, Lun ZR. 2007. Immunization with recombinant beta-tubulin from T.evansi induced protection against T.evansi,T.equiperdum and T.brucei infection in mice. Parasite Immunol 29:191–199.
Ho WY, Liang WS, Yeap SK, Beh BK, Yousr AHN, Alitheen NB. 2012. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of Vernonia amygdalina water extract. Afr J Biotechnol 11: 4090-4094.
Hoet S, Pieters L, Muccioli GG, Habib-Jiwan JL, Opperdoes FR, Quetin Leclercq J. 2007. Antitrypanosomal Activity of Triterpenoids and Sterols from the Leaves of Strychnos spinosa and Related Compounds. J Nat Prod 70: 1360-1363.
Igbokwe IO. 1994. Mechanisms of Cellular injury in African trypanosomiasis. Vet Bull 64: 611-620.
Jain NC. 1986. Schalm Veterinary Haematology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
Kaneko JJ, Howard CF Jr. 1989. Carbohydrate metabolism. In: Loeb WF, Quinby FW, ed. Clinical Chemistry of Laboratory Animals, New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 73-94.
Katunguka-Rwakishaya E, Murray M, Holmes PH. 1998. The influence of supplementation with cotton seed cake on the resistance of goats to primary and secondary challenges with Trypanosoma congolense and on their response to treatment. Vet Parasitol 70:67-76.
Mackenzie PK, Boyt WP, Nesham VW, Pirie E. 1978. The aetiology and significance of the phagocytosis of erythrocytes and leucocytes in sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense (Broden, 1904). Res Vet Sci 24: 4-7.
Mahomoodally MF, Gurib-Fakim A, Subratty AH. 2005. Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical profiles of endemic medicinal plants of Mauritius. Pharm Biol 43: 237-242.
Mahomoodally MF, Gurib-Fakim A, Subratty AH. 2010. Screening for alternative antibiotics: an investigation into the antimicrobial activities of medicinal food plants of Mauritius. J Food Sci 75: M173–M177.
Marcotty T, Simukoko H, Berkvens D, Vercruysse J, Praet N, Van den Bossche P. 2008. Evaluating the use of packed cell volume as an indicator of trypanosomal infections in cattle in eastern Zambia. Prev Vet Med 87: 288-300.
Morrison WI, Goddeeris BM, Teale AJ, Groocock CM, Kemp SJ, Stagg DA. 1987. Cytotoxic T-cells elicited in cattle challenged with Theileria parva (Muguga): evidence for restriction by class I MHC determinants and parasite strain specificity. Parasite Immunol 9:563–578.
Moulton JE. 1986. Structural and functional changes in the lymphoid organs of cattle infected with T. congolense. Trop Vet 4:97–106.
Murray M, Morrison WI, Murray PK, Clifford DJ, Trail JCM. 1978. Trypanotolerance: a review. World Anim Rev 31: 2-12.
Murray M, Trail JCM, Turner DA, Wissocq Y. 1983. Livestock productivity and trypanotolerance. Network Train. Manual, ILCA 4–10.
Oduye OO, Okunaiya OA. 1971. Haematological studies on the White Fulani and N'Dama breeds of cattle. Bull Epizoot Dis Afr 19: 213-218.
Okaiyeto SO, Ajanusi OJ, Sackey AK, Tekdek LB. 2010. Changes in some haematological values associated with mixed Trypanosoma congolense and Haemonchus contortus infection in Yankassa sheep. Vet Res 3:9-13.
Pugh DG. 2002. Sheep and Goat Medicine, 1st ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
Reitman S, Frankel S. 1975. A calorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Am J Clin Pathol 28:56-63.
Riou GE, Bernard J. 1980. Berenil induces the complete loss of kinetoplast DNA sequences. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 9: 350–354.
Taylor K, Authie ML. 2004. Pathogenesis of animal trypanosomiasis. In: Maudlin I, Holmes PH, Miles MA, eds. The trypanosomoses, Oxfordshire: CABI Publishing, pp. 331-353.
Van den Bossche PRGJ, Rowlands GJ. 2001. The relationship between the parasitological prevalence of trypanosomal infections in cattle and herd average packed cell volume. Acta Trop 78: 163-170.
Vickerman K, Tetley L. 1978. Biology and ultrastructure of trypanosomes in relation to pathogenesis. In: Losos G and Chouinard A (eds) Pathogenicity of Trypanosomes proceedings of a workshop International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 23-31
Yakubu MT, Adebayo OJ, Egwim EC, Owoyele VB. 2005. Increased liver alkaline phosphate and aminotransferase activities following administration of ethanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis stem bark to rats. Biokemistri 17: 27-32
Aliu YO. 2007. Veterinary Pharmacology. 1st ed. Zaria: Tamaza publishing.
Anosa VO. 1988. Haematology and Biochemical changes in human and Animal Trypanosomiasis. Part I. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 41:151-164
Anosa VO, Logan-henfrey LL, Shaw MK. 1992. A light and electron microscopic study of changes in blood and bone marrow in acute haemorrhagic T. vivax infection in calves. Vet Pathol 29: 33–45.
Awah FM. 2010. Antioxidant activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity and phenolic contents of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract. J Med Plant Res 4: 2479-2487.
Awoyomi OJ, Biobaku KT, Kehinde OO, Adebowale OO, Oyewusi JA. 2013. A survey of ethnoveterinary botanicals in Ogun State and their public health implication. Niger J Anim Prod 40: 198- 208.
Biobaku KT, Abodunrin CO, Ajibola ES, Adenubi OT, Olukunle OJ, Thomas FC. 2009. Trypanocidal effect of aqueous extracts of Khaya senegalensis and Allium sativum with natural magnesium supplement in rat. Nig J Parasitol 30: 90-95.
Biobaku KT, Ajagbonna OP, Ajayi OL, Adebowale OO. 2008. Effect of magnesium chloride and diminazene aceturate in Trypanosoma brucei inoculated wistar albino rat. J Univ Agric Abeokuta B7: 64-70.
Biobaku KT, Oluwabi TM, Oni OO, Takeet MI, Okediran BS, Olukunle JO, Ajibola ES, Eruvbetine D. 2014. Preliminary Evaluation of Coccidiostatic effect of Khaya Senegalensis stem bark powder and Aqueous Extract in Combination with Vitamin C in Broilers. Nig Poult Sci J 11: 54-64.
Dina OA, Saba AB, Adedapo AA, Akinyemi OA, Omobowale TO. 2002. Comparative efficacy study of Homidium bromide, diminazene aceturate and their combination on New Zealand White Rabbit, experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Trop Vet 20: 153-159.
Drury RAB, Wallington EA. 1967. Carleton’s histological techniques. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Felix JP, Mello D. 2005. Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition. United Kingdom: CABI.
Li SQ, Fung MC, Reid S, Inoue N, Lun ZR. 2007. Immunization with recombinant beta-tubulin from T.evansi induced protection against T.evansi,T.equiperdum and T.brucei infection in mice. Parasite Immunol 29:191–199.
Ho WY, Liang WS, Yeap SK, Beh BK, Yousr AHN, Alitheen NB. 2012. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of Vernonia amygdalina water extract. Afr J Biotechnol 11: 4090-4094.
Hoet S, Pieters L, Muccioli GG, Habib-Jiwan JL, Opperdoes FR, Quetin Leclercq J. 2007. Antitrypanosomal Activity of Triterpenoids and Sterols from the Leaves of Strychnos spinosa and Related Compounds. J Nat Prod 70: 1360-1363.
Igbokwe IO. 1994. Mechanisms of Cellular injury in African trypanosomiasis. Vet Bull 64: 611-620.
Jain NC. 1986. Schalm Veterinary Haematology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
Kaneko JJ, Howard CF Jr. 1989. Carbohydrate metabolism. In: Loeb WF, Quinby FW, ed. Clinical Chemistry of Laboratory Animals, New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 73-94.
Katunguka-Rwakishaya E, Murray M, Holmes PH. 1998. The influence of supplementation with cotton seed cake on the resistance of goats to primary and secondary challenges with Trypanosoma congolense and on their response to treatment. Vet Parasitol 70:67-76.
Mackenzie PK, Boyt WP, Nesham VW, Pirie E. 1978. The aetiology and significance of the phagocytosis of erythrocytes and leucocytes in sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense (Broden, 1904). Res Vet Sci 24: 4-7.
Mahomoodally MF, Gurib-Fakim A, Subratty AH. 2005. Antimicrobial activities and phytochemical profiles of endemic medicinal plants of Mauritius. Pharm Biol 43: 237-242.
Mahomoodally MF, Gurib-Fakim A, Subratty AH. 2010. Screening for alternative antibiotics: an investigation into the antimicrobial activities of medicinal food plants of Mauritius. J Food Sci 75: M173–M177.
Marcotty T, Simukoko H, Berkvens D, Vercruysse J, Praet N, Van den Bossche P. 2008. Evaluating the use of packed cell volume as an indicator of trypanosomal infections in cattle in eastern Zambia. Prev Vet Med 87: 288-300.
Morrison WI, Goddeeris BM, Teale AJ, Groocock CM, Kemp SJ, Stagg DA. 1987. Cytotoxic T-cells elicited in cattle challenged with Theileria parva (Muguga): evidence for restriction by class I MHC determinants and parasite strain specificity. Parasite Immunol 9:563–578.
Moulton JE. 1986. Structural and functional changes in the lymphoid organs of cattle infected with T. congolense. Trop Vet 4:97–106.
Murray M, Morrison WI, Murray PK, Clifford DJ, Trail JCM. 1978. Trypanotolerance: a review. World Anim Rev 31: 2-12.
Murray M, Trail JCM, Turner DA, Wissocq Y. 1983. Livestock productivity and trypanotolerance. Network Train. Manual, ILCA 4–10.
Oduye OO, Okunaiya OA. 1971. Haematological studies on the White Fulani and N'Dama breeds of cattle. Bull Epizoot Dis Afr 19: 213-218.
Okaiyeto SO, Ajanusi OJ, Sackey AK, Tekdek LB. 2010. Changes in some haematological values associated with mixed Trypanosoma congolense and Haemonchus contortus infection in Yankassa sheep. Vet Res 3:9-13.
Pugh DG. 2002. Sheep and Goat Medicine, 1st ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
Reitman S, Frankel S. 1975. A calorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Am J Clin Pathol 28:56-63.
Riou GE, Bernard J. 1980. Berenil induces the complete loss of kinetoplast DNA sequences. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 9: 350–354.
Taylor K, Authie ML. 2004. Pathogenesis of animal trypanosomiasis. In: Maudlin I, Holmes PH, Miles MA, eds. The trypanosomoses, Oxfordshire: CABI Publishing, pp. 331-353.
Van den Bossche PRGJ, Rowlands GJ. 2001. The relationship between the parasitological prevalence of trypanosomal infections in cattle and herd average packed cell volume. Acta Trop 78: 163-170.
Vickerman K, Tetley L. 1978. Biology and ultrastructure of trypanosomes in relation to pathogenesis. In: Losos G and Chouinard A (eds) Pathogenicity of Trypanosomes proceedings of a workshop International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 23-31
Yakubu MT, Adebayo OJ, Egwim EC, Owoyele VB. 2005. Increased liver alkaline phosphate and aminotransferase activities following administration of ethanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis stem bark to rats. Biokemistri 17: 27-32