Managing transboundary banana blood disease through a resilience-based biosecurity framework in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
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Abstract. Nampa IW, Mudita IW, Widinugraheni S. 2025. Managing transboundary banana blood disease through a resilience-based biosecurity framework in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Intl J Trop Drylands 9: 120-134. Banana Blood Disease (BBD), caused by Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis has become a critical threat to banana production in Indonesia’s dryland archipelago of East Nusa Tenggara (ENT). The fragile socio-ecological systems in this region exacerbate the impacts of biological invasions, necessitating a paradigm shift in biosecurity. This study, a comprehensive effort that combined field surveys, stakeholder interviews, PCR-based pathogen detection, statistical analysis, and policy assessment, was conducted to identify the drivers of management failure and propose an alternative framework. These findings showed that the nationally mandated Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach, which is reactive and focused on post-incursion responses, was unable to contain the rapid spread of this transboundary pathogen. The result has been catastrophic yield reductions of up to 65% and estimated annual economic losses exceeding IDR 4.61 trillion, alongside severe impacts on household food security, livestock systems, and rural livelihoods. Critical weaknesses were identified in Indonesia’s biosecurity governance, including fragmented policies, weak coordination across sectors, insufficient early surveillance, and the absence of effective controls on the movement of infected planting material. To address these systemic gaps, this study advocated for a paradigm shift toward a resilience-based biosecurity framework that is polycentric, adaptive, and multi-scalar. The proposed framework integrates pre-border, border, and post-border measures, empowers community-led surveillance and response, and strengthens linkages between local practices and national regulatory systems. By embedding socio-ecological resilience into crop protection governance, the framework offers a pathway to safeguard banana biodiversity, protect smallholder livelihoods, and promote sustainable agriculture across ENT’s vulnerable drylands.
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