Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities
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Abstract. Sisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. Trop Drylands 2: 18-27. High rate of agricultural growth has far-reaching positive implications for economic development of low-income countries in terms of increasing employment and accelerating poverty reduction. For Ethiopia to achieve middle-income status by 2025 and make substantial inroads against food insecurity, concerted and strategic investment and strategic choices in the agricultural sector are vital. Agricultural linkage encloses generating and transferring agricultural technologies to enhance productivity, reduce loss, and improve the livelihoods of beneficiaries as well as the country’s economy. The objective of this paper was to review the current status of linkage between agriculture-industry actors, extent of technology adoption system, challenges and opportunities in Ethiopia. The result of the review study shows that different factors are constraining the system. Most of the agriculture industry linkage and technologies promoted through the extension system and adoption levels are far below the possible expectation in the country. Agriculture research institutions and industries lack effective mechanisms of transferring their technologies to the end users, inadequate technological skilled manpower, poor market linkage between technology multiplication enterprises and technology users and lack of responsible body to transfer technology which becomes the major challenges in Ethiopia. Factors constraining the linkage between stakeholders and technology adoption level of universities, TEVTs, agriculture research institutions, and agriculture sector are wide-ranging from poor linkage between stakeholders and weak involvement of professionals are among the main problems that constrain the system. Weak link between research, education, and extension and the contact these organizations have with farmers is among the main bottlenecks in agricultural technology development, adoption level. Therefore, strong university and research-industry linkage are needed in the country.
2017-01-01
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References
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chemical fertilizer under different socioeconomic environments in
Ethiopia. Agric Econ 30 (3): 215-228.
Akalu T, Adgo A. 2006. An over view of Research Extension-Farmer
linkage in Amhara Region: Challenge and opportunity Bahir Dar,
Ethiopia.
Alemitu M. 2011. Factors Affecting Adoption of Improved Haricot Bean
Varieties and Associated Agronomic Practice in Dale District,
SNNPS. [Thesis]. Hawassa University, Hawassa.
Amsalu A, Graaff De.2006. Farmers views of soil erosion problems and
their conservation knowledge at Beressa Watershed, Central
Highlands of Ethiopia. Agric Human Val 23: 99-108.
Anderson JR, Feder G. 2004. Agricultural Extension: Good Intentions and
Hard Realities. World Bank Research Observer 19 (1): 41-60.
ATA. 2014. The new agricultural input sales system. Technical report.
Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency, Addis Ababa.
Belay K. 2002, Constraints to Extension Work in Ethiopia: The Insiders
View. South African J Agric Exten 31: 63-79.
Belay K. 2003. Agricultural Extension in Ethiopia: The Case of
Participatory Demonstration and Training Extension System. J Soc
Dev Africa 18 (1): 49-83.
Benin S, Ehui S, Pender J. 2003. Policies for livestock development in the
Ethiopian highlands. Environ Dev Sustain 5: 491-510
Bertuglia A, Calatrava-Requena J. 2006. Factors Related to the Adoption
of Good Agrarian Practices (GAP) in Plastic Covered Horticulture of
Southeastern Spain. In: 2006 International Association of Agricultural
Economists Annual Meeting, August 12-18, 2006, Queensland,
Australia (No. 25545).
Berhanu G, Hoe Kstra D, Azage T. 2006. Commercialization of Ethiopian
agriculture: Extension service from input supplier to knowledge
broker and facilitator. IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market
Success) of Ethiopian farmers project working paper 1. ILRI
(International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.
Besley T, Case A.1993. Modeling technology adoption in developing
countries. The American Economic Review, 396–402.
Day D, Dosa M, Jorgensen C. 1994. The transfer of research information
within and by multicultural teams, Information processing and
Management, 31 (1): 89-100.
Dagninet A, Menale W, Meseret T, Tegegne D, Awole M, Negesse Y,
Dessie M, Giorgis MT. 2016. Integrating feeding and productivity:
scaling out livestock input and output processing technologies for
smallholders, Intl Multilingual J Sci Technol 1 (1): 59-65.
De Graaff J, Amsalu A, Bodna r F, Kessler A, Posthumus H, Tenge A.
2008. Factors influencing adoption and continued use of long-term
soil and water conservation measures in five developing countries.
Appl Geogr 28: 271-280.
DeJanvry A, Dunstan A, Sadoulet E. 2011. Recent Advances in Impact
Analysis Methods for Ex-post Impact Assessments of Agricultural
Technology: Options for the CGIAR. Report prepared for the
Workshop: Increasing the Rigor of Ex-post Impact Assessment of
Agricultural Research: A Discussion on Estimating Treatment
Effects, Organized by the CGIAR Standing Panel on Impact
Assessment (SPIA), 2 October, 2010, Berkeley, California, USA.
Diederen P, Hans van M, Arjan W, Katarzyna B. 2003.Innovation
adoption in agriculture; Innovators, Early adaptors and laggards,
Wageningan University andResearch center, the Netherlands, 22p.
Doss CR. 2006. Analyzing technology adoption using microstudies:
limitations, challenges, and opportunities for improvement. Agric
Econ 34: 207-219.
EARO. 1998. Research-Extension-Farmers Linkage Strategic Document,
EARO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Feder GRE, Zilberman JD. 1985. Adoption of agricultural innovations in
developing countries: A survey. Econ Dev Cult Ch 33: 255-298
Foster D, Rosenzweig M. 2010. Learning by Doing and Learning from
Others: Human Capital and Technical Change in Agriculture. J Poli
Econ 103: 1176-1209.
Gabre-Madhin EZ. 2001. Market institutions, transaction costs, and social
capital in the Ethiopian grain market, Volume 124. Intl Food Policy
Res Inst., Washington, DC.
Getahun D, Mwangi M, Verkuijil H, Wondimu A. 2000. An assessment of
the adoption of seed and fertilizer packages and the role of credit in
smallholder maize production in Sidama and North Omo Zones,
Ethiopia. EARO, CIMMYT, November 2000.
Hall A, Bocket G, Tylor S, Sivamohan MVK, Clark N. 2001. Why
research partnerships really matter: innovation theory, institutional
arrangements and implications for the developing new technology for
the poor. World Dev 29 (5): 783-797.
Hall A, Rasheed S, Bezkorowajnyj P. 2007. Tools for diagnosis and
Institutional Change in Innovation Ststems: In reforming technical
change: Livestock Fodder Scarcity Revisited as Innovation Capacity
Scarcity. UNU-MERIT working paper series 2008-004. Maastricht
Economic and Social Research and Training Centre on Innovation
and Technology.United Nations University. Maastricht.
Hailu B, Abrha B, Weldegiorgis K. 2014. Adoption and impact of
agricultural technologies on farm income: evidence from Southern
Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Intl J Food Agric Econ 2: 91-106.
Hagmann J, Connolly M, Ficarelli P, Ramaru J. 2002. The Service
Delivery Framework: understanding the development of service
systems as a systemic change and negotiation process within and
across three levels of demand and supply. Picoteam Ltd., Germany.
ICRA. 2010. Multi-stakeholder linkages in rural innovation process in
Amhara region, Ethiopia. Working Document Series, 137. ICRA,
Ethiopia/
ICARDA, FAO, AARINENA, CIHEAM. 1999. The national agricultural
research systems in the West Asia and North Africa region. Eds
Casas, J., Solh, M. and Hafez, H., ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria.
Kaske D. 2007. Agricultural information networks of farm women and
role of agricultural extension: the case of dale Woreda, Southern
Nations Nationalities Peoples Regional state. [Thesis]. Haramaya
University, India.
Keeley J, Scoones I. 2000. Knowledge, Power and Politics: the
environmental policymaking process in Ethiopia. J Modern African
Stud 38 (1): 89-120.
Kelsey J. 2011. Market inefficiencies and the adoption of agricultural
technologies in developing countries.
Kosarek JL, Garcia P, Morris ML. 2001. Factors explaining the diffusion
ofhybrid maize in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Agric
Econ 26 (3): 267-280.
Koundouri P, Nauges C, Tzouvelekas V. 2002. Endogenous technology
adoptionunder production risk: theory and application to irrigation
technology. Working Papers 0411. Department of Economics,
University of Crete, Greece.
Kassa B. 2003. Agricultural extension in Ethiopia: the case of
participatory demonstration and training extension system. J Soc Dev
Africa 18 (1): 19-84.
Kassa B. 2008. Linkage of higher education with agricultural research,
extension and development in Ethiopia. Higher Educat Pol 21: 275-
299.
Maredia MK, Minde IJ. 2002. Technology profitability and agricultural
transformation: Concepts, evidence, and policy implications.
Perspectives on agricultural transformation: A view from Africa.
Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency, Addis Ababa.
MoFED. 2010. Growth and Transformation Plan 2010/11-2014/15.
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Addis Ababa.
Munyua CN, Adams PF, Thomson JS. 2002. Designing Effective
Linkages for Sustainable Agricultural Extension Information Systems
Among Developing Countries in Agricultural research and extension
linkages Sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of the 18th Annual
Conference of the Association for International Agricultural and
Extension Education, Durban, South Africa.
Rogers EM. 1995. Diffusion of Innovations. 4th ed. New York Free Press,
NY.
Shiferaw BA, Okello J, Reddy RV. 2009. Adoption and adaptation of
natural resource management innovations in smallholder agriculture:
reflections on key lessons and best practices. Environ Dev Sustain 11:
601-619
Solomon A, Bekele S, Franklin S, Mekbib G. 2011. Agricultural
technology adoption, seed access constraints and commercialization
in Ethiopia. JDAE 3: 436-447
Solomon A, Shiferaw B, Simtowe F, Lipper L. 2012. Impact of modern
agricultural technologies on smallholder welfare: Evidence from
Tanzania and Ethiopia. Food Policy 37: 283-295
Stiglitz, Joseph. 2009. “Report of the Commission on the Measurement of
Economic Performance and Social Performance,” Paris
SAMY MM. 1998. Constraints to Effective Transfer of Corn Technology
as Identified by Farmers in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Alexandria
J Agric 43: 1-10.
Shahin ASA. 2004. Adoption of Innovations in Smallholder Buffalo Dairy
Farms in theMenoufia Province in Egypt. [Dissertation]. Menoufia
University, Egypt.
Taffes AS, Dorosh P, Gemessa SA. 2013. Crop production in ethiopia:
Regional patterns and trends. Food and agriculture in Ethiopia. Prog
Pol Challeng 74: 53.39.
Van Crowder L, Anderson J. 1997. Linking research and education: why
is the problem so persistent and pervasive? J Agric Educat Exten 3
(4): 241-249.
Wubeneh NG, Sanders JH. 2006. Farm-level adoption of sorghum
technologies in Tigray, Ethiopia. Agric Syst 91: 122-134.
Zaltman G, Duncan R, Holbeck J. 1973. Innovations and Organizations.
John Willey & Sons, New York.
chemical fertilizer under different socioeconomic environments in
Ethiopia. Agric Econ 30 (3): 215-228.
Akalu T, Adgo A. 2006. An over view of Research Extension-Farmer
linkage in Amhara Region: Challenge and opportunity Bahir Dar,
Ethiopia.
Alemitu M. 2011. Factors Affecting Adoption of Improved Haricot Bean
Varieties and Associated Agronomic Practice in Dale District,
SNNPS. [Thesis]. Hawassa University, Hawassa.
Amsalu A, Graaff De.2006. Farmers views of soil erosion problems and
their conservation knowledge at Beressa Watershed, Central
Highlands of Ethiopia. Agric Human Val 23: 99-108.
Anderson JR, Feder G. 2004. Agricultural Extension: Good Intentions and
Hard Realities. World Bank Research Observer 19 (1): 41-60.
ATA. 2014. The new agricultural input sales system. Technical report.
Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency, Addis Ababa.
Belay K. 2002, Constraints to Extension Work in Ethiopia: The Insiders
View. South African J Agric Exten 31: 63-79.
Belay K. 2003. Agricultural Extension in Ethiopia: The Case of
Participatory Demonstration and Training Extension System. J Soc
Dev Africa 18 (1): 49-83.
Benin S, Ehui S, Pender J. 2003. Policies for livestock development in the
Ethiopian highlands. Environ Dev Sustain 5: 491-510
Bertuglia A, Calatrava-Requena J. 2006. Factors Related to the Adoption
of Good Agrarian Practices (GAP) in Plastic Covered Horticulture of
Southeastern Spain. In: 2006 International Association of Agricultural
Economists Annual Meeting, August 12-18, 2006, Queensland,
Australia (No. 25545).
Berhanu G, Hoe Kstra D, Azage T. 2006. Commercialization of Ethiopian
agriculture: Extension service from input supplier to knowledge
broker and facilitator. IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market
Success) of Ethiopian farmers project working paper 1. ILRI
(International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.
Besley T, Case A.1993. Modeling technology adoption in developing
countries. The American Economic Review, 396–402.
Day D, Dosa M, Jorgensen C. 1994. The transfer of research information
within and by multicultural teams, Information processing and
Management, 31 (1): 89-100.
Dagninet A, Menale W, Meseret T, Tegegne D, Awole M, Negesse Y,
Dessie M, Giorgis MT. 2016. Integrating feeding and productivity:
scaling out livestock input and output processing technologies for
smallholders, Intl Multilingual J Sci Technol 1 (1): 59-65.
De Graaff J, Amsalu A, Bodna r F, Kessler A, Posthumus H, Tenge A.
2008. Factors influencing adoption and continued use of long-term
soil and water conservation measures in five developing countries.
Appl Geogr 28: 271-280.
DeJanvry A, Dunstan A, Sadoulet E. 2011. Recent Advances in Impact
Analysis Methods for Ex-post Impact Assessments of Agricultural
Technology: Options for the CGIAR. Report prepared for the
Workshop: Increasing the Rigor of Ex-post Impact Assessment of
Agricultural Research: A Discussion on Estimating Treatment
Effects, Organized by the CGIAR Standing Panel on Impact
Assessment (SPIA), 2 October, 2010, Berkeley, California, USA.
Diederen P, Hans van M, Arjan W, Katarzyna B. 2003.Innovation
adoption in agriculture; Innovators, Early adaptors and laggards,
Wageningan University andResearch center, the Netherlands, 22p.
Doss CR. 2006. Analyzing technology adoption using microstudies:
limitations, challenges, and opportunities for improvement. Agric
Econ 34: 207-219.
EARO. 1998. Research-Extension-Farmers Linkage Strategic Document,
EARO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Feder GRE, Zilberman JD. 1985. Adoption of agricultural innovations in
developing countries: A survey. Econ Dev Cult Ch 33: 255-298
Foster D, Rosenzweig M. 2010. Learning by Doing and Learning from
Others: Human Capital and Technical Change in Agriculture. J Poli
Econ 103: 1176-1209.
Gabre-Madhin EZ. 2001. Market institutions, transaction costs, and social
capital in the Ethiopian grain market, Volume 124. Intl Food Policy
Res Inst., Washington, DC.
Getahun D, Mwangi M, Verkuijil H, Wondimu A. 2000. An assessment of
the adoption of seed and fertilizer packages and the role of credit in
smallholder maize production in Sidama and North Omo Zones,
Ethiopia. EARO, CIMMYT, November 2000.
Hall A, Bocket G, Tylor S, Sivamohan MVK, Clark N. 2001. Why
research partnerships really matter: innovation theory, institutional
arrangements and implications for the developing new technology for
the poor. World Dev 29 (5): 783-797.
Hall A, Rasheed S, Bezkorowajnyj P. 2007. Tools for diagnosis and
Institutional Change in Innovation Ststems: In reforming technical
change: Livestock Fodder Scarcity Revisited as Innovation Capacity
Scarcity. UNU-MERIT working paper series 2008-004. Maastricht
Economic and Social Research and Training Centre on Innovation
and Technology.United Nations University. Maastricht.
Hailu B, Abrha B, Weldegiorgis K. 2014. Adoption and impact of
agricultural technologies on farm income: evidence from Southern
Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Intl J Food Agric Econ 2: 91-106.
Hagmann J, Connolly M, Ficarelli P, Ramaru J. 2002. The Service
Delivery Framework: understanding the development of service
systems as a systemic change and negotiation process within and
across three levels of demand and supply. Picoteam Ltd., Germany.
ICRA. 2010. Multi-stakeholder linkages in rural innovation process in
Amhara region, Ethiopia. Working Document Series, 137. ICRA,
Ethiopia/
ICARDA, FAO, AARINENA, CIHEAM. 1999. The national agricultural
research systems in the West Asia and North Africa region. Eds
Casas, J., Solh, M. and Hafez, H., ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria.
Kaske D. 2007. Agricultural information networks of farm women and
role of agricultural extension: the case of dale Woreda, Southern
Nations Nationalities Peoples Regional state. [Thesis]. Haramaya
University, India.
Keeley J, Scoones I. 2000. Knowledge, Power and Politics: the
environmental policymaking process in Ethiopia. J Modern African
Stud 38 (1): 89-120.
Kelsey J. 2011. Market inefficiencies and the adoption of agricultural
technologies in developing countries.
Kosarek JL, Garcia P, Morris ML. 2001. Factors explaining the diffusion
ofhybrid maize in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Agric
Econ 26 (3): 267-280.
Koundouri P, Nauges C, Tzouvelekas V. 2002. Endogenous technology
adoptionunder production risk: theory and application to irrigation
technology. Working Papers 0411. Department of Economics,
University of Crete, Greece.
Kassa B. 2003. Agricultural extension in Ethiopia: the case of
participatory demonstration and training extension system. J Soc Dev
Africa 18 (1): 19-84.
Kassa B. 2008. Linkage of higher education with agricultural research,
extension and development in Ethiopia. Higher Educat Pol 21: 275-
299.
Maredia MK, Minde IJ. 2002. Technology profitability and agricultural
transformation: Concepts, evidence, and policy implications.
Perspectives on agricultural transformation: A view from Africa.
Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency, Addis Ababa.
MoFED. 2010. Growth and Transformation Plan 2010/11-2014/15.
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Addis Ababa.
Munyua CN, Adams PF, Thomson JS. 2002. Designing Effective
Linkages for Sustainable Agricultural Extension Information Systems
Among Developing Countries in Agricultural research and extension
linkages Sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of the 18th Annual
Conference of the Association for International Agricultural and
Extension Education, Durban, South Africa.
Rogers EM. 1995. Diffusion of Innovations. 4th ed. New York Free Press,
NY.
Shiferaw BA, Okello J, Reddy RV. 2009. Adoption and adaptation of
natural resource management innovations in smallholder agriculture:
reflections on key lessons and best practices. Environ Dev Sustain 11:
601-619
Solomon A, Bekele S, Franklin S, Mekbib G. 2011. Agricultural
technology adoption, seed access constraints and commercialization
in Ethiopia. JDAE 3: 436-447
Solomon A, Shiferaw B, Simtowe F, Lipper L. 2012. Impact of modern
agricultural technologies on smallholder welfare: Evidence from
Tanzania and Ethiopia. Food Policy 37: 283-295
Stiglitz, Joseph. 2009. “Report of the Commission on the Measurement of
Economic Performance and Social Performance,” Paris
SAMY MM. 1998. Constraints to Effective Transfer of Corn Technology
as Identified by Farmers in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Alexandria
J Agric 43: 1-10.
Shahin ASA. 2004. Adoption of Innovations in Smallholder Buffalo Dairy
Farms in theMenoufia Province in Egypt. [Dissertation]. Menoufia
University, Egypt.
Taffes AS, Dorosh P, Gemessa SA. 2013. Crop production in ethiopia:
Regional patterns and trends. Food and agriculture in Ethiopia. Prog
Pol Challeng 74: 53.39.
Van Crowder L, Anderson J. 1997. Linking research and education: why
is the problem so persistent and pervasive? J Agric Educat Exten 3
(4): 241-249.
Wubeneh NG, Sanders JH. 2006. Farm-level adoption of sorghum
technologies in Tigray, Ethiopia. Agric Syst 91: 122-134.
Zaltman G, Duncan R, Holbeck J. 1973. Innovations and Organizations.
John Willey & Sons, New York.