Identifying bacteria associated with diseased Oreochromis niloticus in Lake Kariba, Zambia

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

PDF
Issue
Vol. 19 No. 2 (2022)
Section
Articles

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

TIPEZENJI SAKALA
Department Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture. P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
ROBINSON H. MDEGELA ♥
Department Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture. P. O. Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania
BERNARD M. HANGOMBE
Department of Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia. P. O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia

Abstract

Abstract. Sakala T, Mdegela RH, Hangombe BM. 2022. Identifying bacteria associated with diseased Oreochromis niloticus in Lake Kariba, Zambia. Bioteknologi 19: 62-70. The recent intensified aquaculture projects in Lake Kariba, Zambia, have brought about disease outbreaks in cultured Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). This study aimed to identify bacteria associated with diseased O. niloticus and establish their antibacterial resistance patterns. Caged fish were identified as diseased based on behavioral and physical abnormalities, including swimming in circles, swimming in lateral or dorsal recumbency, ocular opacity, hyperpigmentation, fin erosions, and ulcerations. A total of 25 sick and 4 healthy fish were sampled. Samples from the liver, spleen, brain, abdomen, kidney, blood, and ulcers were inoculated on 10% sheep-blood agar and nutrient agar. Then the isolates were classified by genera using biochemical tests and standard culture. Furthermore, the bacterial isolates were tested for resistance to commonly used antibacterial compounds in aquaculture using the disc technique; the spleen, eyes, and liver had the highest number of pathologies in descending order. A total of 15 bacteria genera were identified, where Lactococcus/Streptococcus genera had the highest prevalence with 46.2%, then Aeromonas at 11.5%. All isolates have been observed to have multiple drug resistance, with two isolates, each of  Lactococcus Streptococcus and Aeromonas exhibiting complete resistance to most antibiotics tested. The results suggest that increased biomass in diseased cages may be the main risk factor for the disease, with the immune and regulatory organs being first to succumb. The lake environment is a mixing vessel of various microorganisms that show multiple antibacterial resistance. Therefore, risk factors surrounding the existence of these bacteria genera must be accessed, and a more comprehensive, comparative study in antibiotic resistance on farmed, in contrast to wild species, in Lake Kariba, Zambia.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

References
Abdelsalam M, Asheg A, Eissa AE. 2013. Streptococcus dysgalactiae: An emerging pathogen of fishes and mammals. Intl J Vet Sci Med 1 (1): 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2013.04.002.
Ahmed ME, El-Refaey A. 2013. Studies on major bacterial diseases affecting fish; Tilapia. Researcher 5 (2): 5-14.
Al-harbi AHT, Al-Harbi, Uddin N. 2005. Bacterial diversity of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in brackish water in Saudi Arabia. Aquaculture 250: 566-572. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.01.026.
Amal MNA, Zamri-Saad M. 2011. Streptococcosis in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): A review. Pertanika J Trop Agric Sci 34 (2): 195-206.
Amutha K, Kokila V. 2016. PCR amplification, sequencing of 16S rRNA genes with universal primers and phylogenetic analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Intl J Sci Res 3 (8): 257-261.
Anshary H, Kurniawan R, Sriwulan S. 2014. Isolation and molecular identification of the etiological agents of streptococcosis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in net cages in. Springer Plus 3 (627): 1-11. DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-627.
Austin B, Austin DA. 2007. Bacterial Fish Pathogens. 4th Edition. Springer, Praxis Ltd, Edinburgh, UK.
Austin B. 2006. The bacterial microflora of fish, revised. Sci World J 6: 931-945. DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2006.181.
Baiano JCF, Barnes AC. 2009. Towards control of Streptococcus iniae. Emerg Infect Dis 15 (12): 1-8. DOI: 10.3201/eid1512.090232.
Belém-costa A, Eurico J, Cyrino T. 2006. Antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from Piaractus mesopotamicus and Oreochromis niloticus. Scientia Agricola 63 (3): 281-284. DOI: 10.1590/S0103-90162006000300011.
Beveridge M. 2004. Cage Aquaculture, 3rd edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. DOI: 10.1002/9780470995761.
Bowman JP, Nichols DS. 2017. Aequorivita gen. nov, a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from terrestrial and marine Antarctic habitats. Intl J Syst Evol Microbiol 52: 1533-1541. DOI: 10.1099/00207713-52-5-1533.
Buller N. 2004. Bacteria from Fish and Other Aquatic Animals: A Practical Identification Manual. CABI Publishing, London, UK. DOI: 10.1079/9780851997384.0000.
Buller NB. 2014. Bacteria and Fungi from Fish and Other Aquatic Animals; A Practical Identification Manual. 2nd edition. Halstan Printing Group, Amersham, UK. DOI: 10.1079/9781845938055.0000.
Carter G. 1984. Diagnostic Procedures in Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology. 4th edition. Illinois, USA.
Dong S, Nguyen VV, Dinh Le H, Sangsuriya P, Jitrakorn S, Saksmerprome,V, Senapin S, Rodkhum, C. 2015. Naturally concurrent infections of bacterial and viral pathogens in disease outbreaks in cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farms. Aquaculture 448: 427-435. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.06.027.
Ekundayo FO, Diyaolu DO, Fasakin EA. 2014. Composition, distribution, and antibiotic sensitivities of bacteria associated with cultures Clarias gariepinus. Malays J Microbiol 10 (2): 72-79. DOI: 10.21161/mjm.48812.
FAO. 2014. State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Opportunities and Challenges, Rome.
FAO. 2016). State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Contributing to Food Security and Nutrition for All. Rome.
Haenen OLM, Evans JJ, Berthe F. 2013. Bacterial infections from aquatic species: Potential for prevention of contact zoonoses. Sci Tech Rev Office Intl des Epizooties (Paris) 32 (2): 497-507. DOI: 10.20506/rst.32.2.2245.
Helfman GS, Collete BB, Facey DE, Bowen BW. 2009. The Diversity of Fishes. 2nd edition. Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, UK.
Helmy T, Atallah AT. 2015. Bacteriological and molecular studies on the Enterococcus species isolated from diseased fish and its effect on fish farm profits. J Life Sci Res 2 (1): 5-14.
Huicab-Pech ZG, Landeros-Sánchez C, Castañeda-Chávez MR, Lango-Reynoso F, López-Collado CJ, Rosado P. 2016 Current state of bacteria pathogenicity and their relationship with host and environment in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. J Aquac Res Dev 7 (5): 1-10.
Ibrahim M, Mostafa MM, Arab RMH, Rezk MA. 2008. Prevalence of Aeromonas hydrohila infection in wild and cultured tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) in Egypt. 8th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. Cairo, Egypt.
International des épizooties (OIE). 2003. OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals. 4th edition. International Committee of the OIE, Paris, France.
Iregui C, Barato P, Alba R, Gersson V, Verjan N. 2004. Epidemiology of Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcosis in Tilapia Fish. iConcept Press, Hong Kong.
Jafar QA, Sameer A, Salwa A, Samee A, Ahmed AM, Al-Sharifi F. 2008. Molecular investigation of Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from environmental samples and fish specimens during a massive fish kill in Kuwait Bay. Pak J Biol Sci 11 (21): 2500-2504. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2008.2500.2504.
Kelly AM. 2013. Medicated feed for food fish. Southern Reg Aquac Center 473: 1-6.
Kozi?ska A, Pa?dzior A, P?kala A, Niemczuk W. 2014. Acinetobacter johnsonii and Acinetobacter lwoffii - the emerging fish pathogens. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 58: 193-199. DOI: 10.2478/bvip-2014-0029.
Marcel G, Sabri MY. 2013. Water condition and identification of potential pathogenic bacteria from red tilapia reared in cage-cultured system in two different water bodies in Malaysia. Afr J Microbiol Res 7 (47): 5330-5337. DOI: 10.5897/AJMR12.1468.
Mcnulty ST, Klesius PH, Shoemaker CA, Evans JJ. 2003. Streptococcus iniae infection and tissue distribution in hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis) following inoculation of the gills. Aquaculture 220: 165-173. DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00633-6.
Midlyng P, Bleie H, Helgason S, Janson E, Larsen JL, Olesen NJ, Olsen AB, Vennerstrøm P. 2000. Nordic Manual for the Surveillance and Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Farmed Salmonids. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen.
MSD Animal Health 2006. Streptococcus in Tilapia. [http://www.thefishsite.com/articles/190/Streptococcus-in-tilapia] site visited on 6/7/2017.
Mudenda HG. 1994. Commercial Aquaculture in Zambia. [http//ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/y2277b/y2277b06] site visited 17/4/2017.
Musa N, Wei LS, Musa N, Hamdan RH, Leong NK, Wee W, Amal MN, Kutty BN, Abdullah SZ. 2009. Streptococcosis in red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) commercial farms in Malaysia. Aquacult Res 40: 630-632. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02142.x.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). 2000. Approved Standard M2-A7, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.
Noga EJ. 2010. Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment, 2nd edition. Wiley- Blackwell, Iowa, USA. DOI: 10.1002/9781118786758.
Parker R. 2012. Aquaculture Science. 3rd edition. Delmar, Cengage Learning. New York, USA.
Popma T, Masser M. 1999. Tilapia Life History and Biology. Southern Reg Aquac Center 283: 1-6.
Pretto-Giordano L, Gracia S, Barbosa AJ, Rocha A, Gumiero SC. Galdino C. 2015. Streptococcus iniae: An unusual important pathogen fish in Brazil. J Aquac Res Dev 6 (9): 9-11. DOI: 10.4172/2155-9546.1000363.
Roberts JR. 2012. Fish Pathology. 4th edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Oxford. DOI: 10.1002/9781118222942.
Sekkin S, Kum C. 2011. Antibacterial drugs in fish farms: application and its effects. Recent Advances in Fish Farms. Intech Open. DOI: 10.5772/26919.
Takyi R, Nunoo FKE, Ziddah P, Oddoye J. 2012. Occurrence of bacterial infection in two commonly cultured fish species on two fish farms in southern Ghana. World J Biol Res 5 (2): 81-92.
Thompson MICROMEDEX. 2003. J Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 26 Suppl. 2, USP Veterinary Pharmaceutical Information Monographs-Antibiotics, Blackwell Publishing, UK. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051X.26.s2.1.x.
Thorsen O. 2014. Antibiotics in Aquaculture- Are They Needed? Accessed from Sustainable Aquaculture Digital. [https://thefishsite.com/articles/antibiotics-in- aquaculture-are-they-needed] site visited 14/8/2016.
Tiamiyu AM, Soladoye MO, Adegboyega TT, Adetona MO. 2015. Occurrence of antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial strains isolated from nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus obtained in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. J Biosci Med 3: 19-26. DOI: 10.4236/jbm.2015.35003.
Woo KTP, Bruno DW. 2011. Fish Diseases and Disorders, Volume 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. 2nd ed. CABI, Oxfordshire, UK. DOI: 10.1079/9781845935542.0000.
Woodland J. 2004. National Wild Fish Health Survey- Laboratory Procedures Manual, 2nd Edition, Chapter 5, U. S. Fish and wildlife Service, Pinetop, Arizona.