Genetic variation of Limnophora marginata Stein, 1904 (Diptera: Muscidae), associated with an altitudinal gradient in Pedro Moncayo Canton, Pichincha, Ecuador

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

PDF
DOI https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240132
Issue
Vol. 24 No. 1 (2023)
Section
Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

KAREN ESTEFANIA VALENCIA AGUILAR ♥
Faculty of Biological Sciences, Central ¬University of Ecuador. Numa Pompillo Llona and Yaguachi, Quito, Ecuador
ANA YOLEIDA SOTO VIVAS
Faculty of Biological Sciences, Central ¬University of Ecuador. Numa Pompillo Llona and Yaguachi, Quito, Ecuador
CAMILA ACOSTA LÓPEZ
Faculty of Biological Sciences, Central ¬University of Ecuador. Numa Pompillo Llona and Yaguachi, Quito, Ecuador

Abstract

Abstract. Aguilar KEV, Vivas AYS, Acosta-López C. 2023. Genetic variation of Limnophora marginata Stein, 1904 (Diptera: Muscidae), associated with an altitudinal gradient in Pedro Moncayo Canton, Pichincha, Ecuador. Biodiversitas 24: 269-275. Analyzing heterogeneity in insect populations is relevant to understanding its biology. Thus, we analyzed the genetic variability of two populations of “hunter-flies”, Limnophora marginata Stein, 1904 associated with an altitudinal gradient in the Tocachi and Jerusalem localities, in the Pedro Moncayo Canton, Ecuador, using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the mitochondrial Cytochrome oxidase I gene. Thirty alleles were detected from analysis with five restriction enzymes; the percentage of polymorphic loci was higher in Tocachi (96.67%) than in Jerusalem (80%). Haplotypes were generated with the corresponding alleles, resulting in a different haplotype for each analyzed individual. Several estimators were used to characterize the population structure. The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) evidenced the existence of higher intra-population variability (94%) than inter-population (6%), showing similar information to that found through haplotype analysis. The Fst fixation index indicated that there is no genetic difference between populations (0.056, P<0.05). Nei's genetic distance and Nei's similarity index indicated that L. marginata populations did not show differences between populations. From the results we deduce that the evolutionary force that may be modelling the existent genetic variability may be gene flow, thus establishing a low inter-population genetic structure. The mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome oxidase I gene was an advantageous molecular marker to obtain results that established intra and inter population variability. The characteristics of the mitochondrial DNA were useful to successfully apply the PCR-RFLP technique. Our findings highlight the existence of ecosystem connectivity between L. marginata populations despite altitudinal and habitat differences.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

References
Achint R, Singh D. 2021. Application of COI gene for identification of some economically and forensically important muscid flies of India (Diptera: Muscidae). Intl J Trop Insect Sci 41: 3023-3029. DOI: 10.1007/s42690-021-00494-8.
Alam MS, Projna F, Zafrin MS, Das R, Quader MG. 2022. Assessment of genetic diversity, detection of strain-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms and identification of the Bangladesh and Vietnam strain of Channa striata by PCR-RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial COI gene fragment. Aquac Fisher 7: 287-295. DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.12.006.
Andri? A, Tubi? N, ?an M, Vuji? A, Vidakovi? D. 2017. Assessment of genetic diversity within the Merodon ruficornis species group (Diptera: Syrphidae) by RAPD analysis. Arch Biol Sci 69: 553-560. DOI: 10.2298/ABS160729131A.
Blacio K, Liria J, Soto-Vivas A. 2020. Diversity and synanthropy of flies (Diptera: Calyptratae) from Ecuador, with new records for the country. J Threat Taxa 12: 15784-15793. DOI: 10.11609/jott.5479.12.8.15784-15793.
Charlesworth B. 2015. Causes of natural variation in fitness: Evidence from studies of Drosophila populations. PNAS 112: 1662-1669. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423275112.
Couri M, Pont A. 2017. Afrotropical Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera, Muscidae) with the description of four new species. Zootaxa 4216: 501-536. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4216.6.1.
De Carvalho CJB. 2002. Muscidae (Diptera) of the Neotropical Region: Taxonomy. UFPR, Paraná.
Demirci B, Lee Y, Lanzaro G, Alten B. 2012. Altitudinal genetic and morphometric variation among populations of Culex theileri Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) from Northeastern Turkey. J Vector Ecol 37: 197-209. DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00217.x.
Excoffier L, Lischer HE. 2010. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: A new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Mol Ecol Resour 10: 564-567. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x.
Fogaça JM, de Carvalho CJB. 2015. Seven new species of Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Muscidae) from Ecuador. Rev Bras Entomol 59: 210-221. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2015.05.001.
Glime JM. 2021. Bryophyte Ecology. Michigan Technological University, Michigan.
Honda JY. 2008. Use of the COI gene as a species indicator for forensically important flies: A forensic entomology laboratory exercise. Bioscene: J College Biol Teaching 34: 20-23.
Ivkovi? M, Pont AC. 2016. Long-time emergence patterns of Limnophora species (Diptera, Muscidae) in specific karst habitats: Tufa barriers. Limnologica 61: 29-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.limno.2016.09.003.
Jassem MI, Al-Ashbal HN, Alhesnawi ASM. 2022. Descriptive study of the species Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy 1830 (Diptera:Muscidae) in Iraq – Kerbala. J Adv Zool 43: 73-79.
Khullar N, Singh D, Kumar Jha C. 2016. Short COI marker: A valuable tool for identification and phylogenetic analysis of 6 forensically important blow fly species from India. J Entomol Zool Stud 4: 27-31.
Leffer EM, Bullaughey K, Matute DR, Meyer WK, Ségurel L, Venkat A, Andolfatto P, Przeworski M. 2012. Revisiting an Old Riddle: What determines genetic diversity levels within species? PLoS Biol 10: 1-9-DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001388.
Manzo-Sánchez G, Rosales-Bonilla NR, Buenrostro-Nava MT, Guzmán-González S, Canto BB, Orozco-Santos M. 2017. Diversidad genética de cepas de Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense en bananos de México. Biotecnología y Sustentabilidad 2: 37-42.
Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador (MAE). 2013. Sistema de Clasificación de Ecosistemas del Ecuador Continental. Subsecretaría de Patrimonio Natural, Quito.
Moreira A, Soto-Vivas A. 2019. Diversidad y composición de Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) en dos Gradientes Altitudinales del cantón Pedro Moncayo, Pichincha-Ecuador. [Dissertation]. Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito. [Spanish]
Nelson LA, Wallman JF, Dowton M. 2007. Using COI barcodes to identify forensically and medically important blowflies. Med Vet Entomol 21: 44-52. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2007.00664.x.
Ordoñez L, Domínguez D. 2015. Hacia la construcción de biocorredores en la Sierra Norte del Ecuador. Corporación Ecopar, Quito.
Padwal KG, Chakravarty S, Srivastava CP. 2021. Genetic variability and population structure of Leucinodes orbonalis (Guene?e), a severe insect pest of brinjal in India. J Environ Biol 43: 59-65. DOI: 10.22438/jeb/43/1/MRN-1868.
Patitucci L. 2010. Muscidae (Insecta: Diptera) de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Composición Específica y Estacionalidad. [Dissertation]. Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área Ciencias Biológicas, Buenos Aires. [Spanish].
Peakall P, Smouse PE. 2006. GENALEX 6: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Mol Ecol Notes 6: 288-295. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x.
Pont AC, Harutyunova K, Harutyunova M, Werner D. 2012. The hunter-flies of Armenia. III. New records of the genus Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, with the description of a new species. Zool Middle East 57: 127-136. DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2012.10648972.
Pont AC, Ivkovi? M. 2013. The hunter-flies of Croatia (Diptera: Muscidae: genus Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy). J Nat History 47: 1069-1082. DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.750775.
Ruiz MA, Acosta-López C, Soto-Vivas A. 2021. Morphometric variations in two populations of Limnophora marginata Stein, 1904 (Diptera, Muscidae) in Ecuador. Biodiversitas 22: 2654-2657. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220524.
Seabra SG, Brás PG, Martins J, Martins R, Wyatt N, Shirazi J, Rebelo MT, Franco JC, Mateus C, Figueiredo E, Paulo OS. 2015. Phylogeographical patterns in Coenosia attenuata (Diptera: Muscidae): A widespread predator of insect species associated with greenhouse crops. Biol J Linn Soc 114: 308-326. DOI: 10.1111/bij.12419.
Sunnucks P, Hales DF. 1996. Numerous transposed sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I-II in aphids of the genus Sitobion (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Mol Biol Evol 13: 510-524. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025612.
Tiroesele B, Skoda S, Caza T, Lee D, Molina J, Fomentar J. 2014. Population structure, genetic variability, and gene flow of the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata, in the Midwestern United States. J Insect Sci 14: 1-15. DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.62.
Wang Y, Li B, Hoffmann A, Cao L, Gong Y, Song W, Zhu J, Wei S. 2017. Patterns of genetic variation among geographic and host-plant associated populations of the peach fruit moth Carposina sasakii (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae). Evol Biol 17: 1-12. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1116-7.
Wotton RS, Merritt RW. 1988. The life history and behavior of Limnophora riparia (Diptera:Muscidae), a predator of larval black flies. J N Am Benthol Soc 11: 151-159. DOI: 10.2307/1467826.
Xue WQ, Bai SC, Dong WX. 2012. A study of the genus Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Muscidae), with descriptions of six new species from China. J Insect Sci 12: 1-20. DOI: 10.1673/031.012.1701.