Population and habitat analysis of Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in fragmented forests of West Java, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 644
File Views: 32
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Atsaury ZIA, Husodo T, Megantara EN, Lastini T, Hernawan E, Wulandari I, Shanida SS. 2025. Population and habitat analysis of Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in fragmented forests of West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 2857-2872. Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch) face various anthropogenic disturbances that are intensive enough to damage and even eliminate their habitat. Additionally, previous studies have primarily focused on protected areas. However, there is limited information on the Javan gibbon in non-conserved areas, such as Ciletuh Geopark, Cisokan, Cijedil, and Kanaan, West Java, Indonesia. The study objective was to determine the distribution and habitat of Javan gibbon in non-conservation areas in West Java. Line transect distance sampling and quarter methods were used in this study. Despite the high level of anthropogenic disturbance, Cisokan exhibited the highest density of Javan gibbon individuals and groups, with 19.48 individuals per square kilometer and 7.79 groups per square kilometer. Generally, the habitat of Javan gibbons is dominated by food plants, such as kondang (Ficus variegata), puspa (Schima wallichii), and beunying (Ficus fistulosa). Hence, 97 plant species were identified as food plants of Javan gibbons, while 84 were eaten by their fruits, 25 by their leaves, and 12 by both. Javan gibbons tend to live in forests with closed and interconnected canopies, as well as on slopes and hilltops with a slope greater than 40% at altitudes ranging from 115 to 1,564 meters above sea level (m asl). Establishing ecological corridors to enhance habitat connectivity in degraded vegetation is crucial for conserving Javan gibbon populations.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Asensio N, Kachanan J, Saralamba C, José-Domínguez JM. 2021. The impact of roads on the movement of arboreal fauna in protected areas: The case of lar and pileated gibbons in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. J Trop Ecol 37 (6): 276-285. DOI: 10.1017/S0266467421000390.
Chan BPL, Lo YFP, Hong XJ, Mak CF, Ma Z. 2020. First use of artificial canopy bridge by the world's most critically endangered primate the hainan gibbon Nomascus hainanus. Sci Rep 10 (1): 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72641-z.
Chetry D, Chetry R, Das AK, Bhuyan R, Kyes RC. 2022. Connecting fragments and gibbons after a century of separation: A natural canopy bridge at the Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India. Primate Conserv 36: 233-242.
Cheyne SM, Gilhooly LJ, Hamard MC, Hoing A, Houlihan PR, Loken B, Phillips A, Rayadin Y, Capilla BR, Rowland D, Sastramidjaja WJ, Spehar S, Thompson CJH, Zrust M. 2016. Population mapping of gibbons in Kalimantan, Indonesia: Correlates of gibbon density and vegetation across the species' range. Endanger Species Res 30: 133-143. DOI: 10.3354/esr00734.
Dharma W, Yasmin Y, Siregar Z. 2021. Identification of bird diversity in Putroe Phang Park, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Intl J Sci Res Eng Dev 4 (1): 667-675. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4536671.
Dombois-Mueller D, Ellenberg H. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Canada.
Gatti R, Chitakira M. 2020. Quantifying changes in plant species diversity in a savanna ecosystem through observed and remotely sensed data. Sustainability 12 (6): 2345. DOI: 10.3390/su12062345.
Ham S, Lappan S, Hedwig D, Choe JC. 2017. Female songs of the nonduetting Javan Gibbons (Hylobates moloch) function for territorial defense. Intl J Primatol 38 (3): 533-552. DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-9964-y.
Husodo T, Megantara EN, Mutaqin AZ, Kendarto DR, Withaningsih S, Wulandari I, Shanida SS, Febrianto P. 2024. Rare, Endangered, Endemic, and Protected Species (REEPS) conservation in the Cisokan, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25 (12): 5094-5102. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d251247.
Husodo T, Shanida SS, Febrianto P, Pujianto MP, Megantara EN. 2019a. Mammalian diversity in West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (7): 1846-1858. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200709.
Husodo T, Shanida SS, Megantara EN. 2019b. Biodiversity management plan in the non-conservation area, Cisokan hydropower plan area, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (6): 1524-1536. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200606.
Iskandar E, Sinarga W, Riendriasari S, Tedjosiswojo K, Kyes RC. 2018. Survey of the Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch) in West and Central Java, Indonesia: Trends in Population Density. Biol Syst 7 (1): 1-9. DOI: 10.4172/2329-6577.1000184.
Jang H, Oktaviani R, Kim S, Mardiastuti A, Choe JC. 2021. Do Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch) use fruiting synchrony as a foraging strategy? Am J Primatol 83 (10): e23319. DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23319.
Khairina F, Husodo T, Megantara EN, Wulandari I, Atsaury ZIA, Febrianto P. 2022. Population and space use of the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in the protected forest of Canaan, Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia. Surakarta, 18 September 2021. [Indonesian]
Kheng V, Zichello JM, Lumbantobing DN, Lawalata ZS, Andayani N, Melnick DJ. 2018. Phylogeography, population structure, and conservation of the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch). Intl J Primatol 39 (3): 5-26. DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-0005-7.
Kim S, Lappan S, Choe JC. 2011. Diet and ranging behavior of the endangered Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in a submontane tropical rainforest. Am J Primatol 73 (3): 270-280. DOI: 10.1002/ajp/20893.
Kusmana C. 1997. Vegetation Survey Method. IPB Press, Bogor. [Indonesian]
Lukman AH, Gunawan B, Parikesit. 2021. Finding common ground in collaborative environment management: A case study in Cijedil forest landscape, Cianjur. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 19 (2): 399-408. DOI: 10.14710/jil.19.2.399-408.
Megantara EN, Shanida SS, Husodo T, Febrianto P, Pujianto MP, Hendrawan R. 2019. Habitat of mammals in West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (11): 3380-3390. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d201135.
Mehdipour N, Fakheran S, Soffianian A, Pourmanafi S. 2019. Road-induced fragmentation and the environmental value of roadless areas in a partly protected landscape in Central Iran. Environ Monit Assess 191 (7): 1-12. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7571-4.
National Research Council. 1981. Techniques for the Study of Primate Population Ecology. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
Nijman V. 2020. Hylobates moloch. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T10550A17966495. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T105 50A17966495.en.
Oktaviani R, Kim S, Cahyana AN, Choe JC. 2018. Nutrient composition of the diets of Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch). IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 197 (1): 012048. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/197/1/012048.
Priatna D, Santosa Y, Prasetyo LB, Kartono AP. 2012. Home range and movements of male translocated problem tigers in Sumatra. Asian J Conserv Biol 1 (1): 20-30.
Ramsay MS, Razafindrakoto A, Lehman SM. 2019. The effects of a national highway on the endangered golden-brown mouse lemur Microcebus ravelobensis in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar. Oryx 53 (4): 727-731. DOI: 10.1017/S0030605317001284.
Sarma K, Kumar A, Krishna M, Medhi M, Tripath OP. 2015. Predicting suitable habitats for vulnerable Eastern Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock leuconedys, in India using the MaxEnt model. Folia Primatologica 86 (4): 387-397. DOI: 10.1159/000381952.
Smith JH, King T, Campbell C, Cheyne SM, Nijman V. 2018. Modelling population viability of three independent Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) populations on Java, Indonesia. Folia Primatologica 88 (6): 507-522. DOI: 10.1159/000484559.
Susilowati A, Rangkuti AB, Rachmat HH, Iswanto AH, Harahap MM, Elfiati D, Slamet B, Ginting IM. 2021. Maintaining tree biodiversity in urban communities on the university campus. Biodiversitas 22 (5): 2839-2847. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220548.
Warner DA, Hall JM, Fargevieille A, Hulbert AC, Tiatragul S, Pruett JE, Mitchell TS. 2021. Dependence on a human structure influences the extinction of a non-native lizard population after a major environmental change. Biol Invasions 23 (3): 825-842. DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02405-3.
Widyastuti S, Farajallah DP, Prasetyo LB, Iskandar E. 2023. The Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) habitat changes and fragmentation in the Dieng Mountains, Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika 29 (2): 150-160. DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.29.2.150.
Yi Y, Fichtel C, Ham S, Jang H, Choe JC. 2020a. Fighting for what it's worth: Participation and outcome of inter-group encounters in a pair-living primate, the Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 74 (8): 96-110. DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02879-0.
Yi Y, Fichtel C, Kim E, Choe JC. 2020c. Impacts of intergroup interactions on intragroup behavioral changes in Javan Gibbons (Hylobates moloch). Intl J Primatol 41: 363?381. DOI: 10.1007/s10764-019-00116-8.
Yi Y, Ham S, Oktaviani R, Dewi MC, Nur M, Mardiastuti A, Choe JC. 2022. Cases of fatal electrocution of the endangered Javan gibbons (Mammalia: Primates: Hylobatidae) by power lines. J Threat Taxa 14 (5): 20964-20969. DOI: 10.11609/jott.7758.14.5.20964-20969.
Yi Y, Kim Y, Hikmat A, Choe JC. 2020b. Information transfer through food from parents to offspring in wild Javan gibbons. Sci Rep 10 (1): 714. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57021-6.
Yuwati TW, Dewi AE, Fahmi AA, Imron MA, Tafrichan M, Soeherman Y, Lestari S, Pratiwi D. 2023. Formulating the direction of community land use to support the conservation of Javanese gibbon (Hylobates moloch), habitat at Petungkriyono, Central Java. BIO Web Conf 80: 3010. DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20238003010.
Zhang A, Li Z, Zhang D, Zang R, Liu S, Long W, Chen Y, Liu S, Liu H, Qi X, Feng Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhang H, Feng G. 2022. Food plant diversity in different-altitude habitats of Hainan gibbons (Nomascus hainanus): Implications for conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 38 (43): e02204. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02204.