Integrated resin induction enhances Agarwood formation in Gyrinops caudata
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 284
File Views: 9
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Auri A, Dimara PA, Runtuboi YY. 2025. Integrated resin induction enhances Agarwood formation in Gyrinops caudata. Biodiversitas 26: 3758-3768. Natural agarwood formation occurs sporadically and unpredictably, making it difficult to achieve consistent quality and volume in commercial cultivation. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of mechanical wounding, paraffin sealing, and biological induction using Acremonium sp. on agarwood formation in Gyrinops caudata. The investigation was conducted at an agarwood plantation in West Papua, Indonesia, using a split-plot design that incorporated various canopy pruning levels and four resin induction treatments. Additionally, quantitative and qualitative assessments of wood discoloration, aroma intensity, anatomical changes, and chemical composition were conducted over 6 months. The results of the integrated method, comprising mechanical drilling, biological inoculation with Acremonium sp., paraffin sealing, and 25% canopy pruning, resulted in the highest resinous wood area (694.2 mm²) and the greatest chemical diversity, with over 50 compounds identified via GC-MS. In contrast, untreated controls showed only 306.8 mm² of resin area and 15 compounds. "Integrated" in this context refers to the combination of physical wounding, microbial stimulation, and silvicultural stress designed to activate resin biosynthesis pathways synergistically.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Adi DS, Hwang S-W, Pramasari D-A, Amin Y, Widyaningrum BA, Darmawan T, Septiana E, Dwiyanto W, Sugiyama J. 2020. Spectral observation of agarwood by infrared spectroscopy: The differences of infected and normal Aquilaria microcarpa. Biodiversitas 21 (7): 2893-2899. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210704.
Adimahavira A, Lukmandaru G, Pujiarti R, Prastiwi FW, Nugroho WD. 2023. The anatomical structure of the root, stem, and branch of Gyrinops versteegii trees from different growing sites. Biodiversitas 24 (8): 4590-4598. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240863.
Ali B, Hafeez A, Afridi MS, Javed MA, Sumaira S, Suleman F, Nadeem M, Ali S, Alwahibi MS, Elshikh MS, Marc RA, Ercisli S, Darwish DBE. 2023. Bacterial-mediated salinity stress tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.): A fortunate way toward sustainable agriculture. ACS Omega 8 (23): 20471-20487. DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00723.
Auri A, Faridah E, Sumardi, Hardiwinoto S. 2021a The effect of crown pruning and induction of Acremonium sp. on agarwood formation in Gyrinops caudata in West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22 (7): 2604-2611. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220707.
Auri A, Faridah E, Sumardi, Hardiwinoto S. 2021b. Agarwood tree characteristics based on different growing habitat and ecophysiological attributes in the papuan tropical forests. J Sylva Lestari 9 (3): 444-453. DOI: 10.23960/jsl.v9i3.534.
Begum K, Das A, Ahmed R, Akhtar S, Kulkarni R, Banu S. 2024. Genome-wide analysis of Respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh) genes in Aquilaria species and insight into ros-mediated metabolites biosynthesis and resin deposition. Front Plant Sci 14: 1326080. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1326080.
Faizal A, Esyanti RR, Adn'ain N, Rahmani S, Azar AWP, Iriawati, Turjaman M. 2021. Methyl jasmonate and crude extracts of Fusarium solani elicit agarwood compounds in shoot culture of Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Heliyon 7 (4): e06725. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06725.
Fauzi MT, Suheri H, Isnaini M, Muthahanas I. 2024. Fungi responsible for the formation of agarwood in gyrinops and their preservation techniques. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 1413: 012030. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1413/1/012030.
Falcon FD, Felicen FF, Balanon BC, Refuerzo A, Garcia J. 2025. Chemical induction for agarwood formation: A recent review. Discov Plants 2: 221. DOI: 10.1007/s44372-025-00308-y.
Herath HMWAI, Jinendra BMS. 2023. Recent advancement in agarwood induction technology: A comprehensive review for the transformation of artificial agar resin induction methods. J Agro-Technol Rural Sci 3 (1): 6-17. DOI: 10.4038/atrsj.v3i1.46.
Huang M, Ma S, Qiao M, Fu Y, Li Y. 2023. Quality similarity between induced agarwood by fungus and wild agarwood. J Agric Food Chem 71 (42): 15620-15631. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04322.
Kadir FAA, Azizan FA, Othman R. 2021. Transcriptome of Aquilaria malaccensis containing agarwood formed naturally and induced artificially. BMC Res Notes 14: 117. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05532-9.
Liao G, Dong W-H, Yang J-L, Li W, Wang J, Mei W-L, Dai H.-F. 2018. Monitoring the chemical profile in agarwood formation within one year and speculating on the biosynthesis of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. Molecules 23 (6): 1261. DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061261.
Liu C, Zhou G, Liu J. 2024. Isolation and screening of fungi for enhanced agarwood formation in Aquilaria sinensis trees. PLoS One 19 (6): e0304946. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304946.
Liu Y, Chen H, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Wei J, Meng H, Chen W, Feng J, Gan B, Chen X, Gao Z, Huang J, Chen B, Chen H. 2013. Whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique: An efficient novel technique for producing high-quality agarwood in cultivated Aquilaria sinensis trees. Molecules 18 (3): 3086-3106. DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033086.
Lopes D, Melo T, Meneses J, Abreu MH, Pereira R, Domíngues P, Lillebø AI, Calado R, Domingues MR. 2019. A new look for the red macroalga Palmaria palmata: A seafood with polar lipids rich in EPA and with antioxidant properties. Mar Drugs 17 (9): 533. DOI: 10.3390/md17090533.
Lukman L, Dinarti D, Siregar UJ, Turjaman M, Sudarsono S. 2023. Isolation and molecular identification of agarwood-inducing fungi and their virulence test using Aquilaria sp. seedlings. Biodiversitas 24 (1): 140-148 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d240118.
Manurung DI, Hidayati L, Wijayanti N, Nuringtyas TR. 2021. Metabolite profiling of agarwood (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke) leaves from difference growth locations using thin layer chromatography. Jurnal Biologi Tropis 21 (2): 615-623. DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v21i2.2710.
Naef R. 2011. The volatile and semi?volatile constituents of agarwood, the infected heartwood of Aquilaria species: A review. Flavour Fragr J 26 (2): 73-87. DOI: 10.1002/ffj.2034.
Naziz PS, Das R, Sen S. 2019. The scent of stress: Evidence from the unique fragrance of agarwood. Front Plant Sci 10: 840. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00840.
Mailina J, Sahrim L, Farah FA, Abd Majid J, Mohammad Faridz ZP, Husni SS, Nor Azah MA, Zaidah ZA. 2025. Agarwood essential oil quality and antioxidant properties of Aquilaria malaccensis and Aquilaria sinensis. J Trop For Sci 37: 132-143. DOI: 10.26525/jtfs2025.37S.SI.132.
Oktavianawati I, Santoso M, Fatmawati S. 2024. The chemical profiles and cytotoxicity of gaharu bouya oil from Borneo’s Gonystylus bancanus wood. Sci Rep 14: 12064. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58529-2.
Overmans S, Alflayyeh Y, Gutiérrez S, Aldlaigan Y, Lauersen KJ. 2024. Treatment with metal-organic frameworks (mofs) elicits secondary metabolite accumulation in Aquilaria crassna (Agarwood) callus culture. bioRxiv 2024: 1-23. DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.23.609323.
Peng D-Q, Yu Z-X, Wang C-H, Gong B, Liu Y-Y, Wei J-H. 2020. Chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory effect of incense smoke from agarwood determined by gc-ms. Intl J Anal Chem 2020: 4575030. DOI: 10.1155/2020/4575030.
Santos F, Monteiro JP, Duarte D, Melo T, Lopes D, da Costa E, Domingues MR. 2020. Unraveling the lipidome and antioxidant activity of native Bifurcaria bifurcata and invasive Sargassum muticum seaweeds: A lipid perspective on how systemic intrusion may present an opportunity. Antioxidants 9 (7): 642. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070642.
Shivanand P, Arbie NF, Krishnamoorthy S, Ahmad N. 2022. Agarwood the fragrant molecules of a wounded tree. Molecules 27 (11): 3386. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113386.
Zhou M, Tan T, Xie Y, Liu J, Hu J, Wang Y, Peng S. 2021. Identification of endophytic fungi inducing agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis and evaluating its characteristics by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Sci Rep 11: 22881. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02361-5.
Subasinghe SMCUP, Malithi RAP, Withanage SW, Fernando THPS, Hettiarachchi DS. 2022. Agarwood resin inducement method using mycotoxin-containing extracts of selected fungal species in Aquilaria crassna. J Trop For Sci 34: 458-466. DOI: 10.26525/jtfs2022.34.4.458.
Subasinghe U, Malithi RAP, Withanage SW, Fernando THPS, Hettiarachchi DS. 2021. A novel agarwood resin inducement method using mycotoxins of selected fungal species. Res Sq 2021: 1-13. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-414628/v1.
Sun Y, Wang M, Yu M, Feng J, Wei J, Liu Y. 2024. 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones increase in Aquilaria sinensis with the formation of agarwood. Front Plant Sci 15: 1437105. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1437105.
Vidurangi ANGCK, Manamgoda DS, Subasinghe SMCUP. 2022. Presence of actinomycetes in agarwood tissues of Aquilaria crassna: A preliminary study. J Trop For Environ 12 (1): 24-30. DOI: 10.31357/jtfe.v12i01.6112.
Wang X, Gao B, Liu X, Dong X, Zhang Z, Fan H, Zhang L, Wang J, Shi S, Tu P. 2016. Salinity stress induces the production of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones and regulates novel classes of responsive genes involved in signal transduction in Aquilaria sinensis calli. BMC Plant Biol 16: 119. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0803-7.
Wang M-R, Li W, Luo S, Zhao X, Ma C-H, Liu S-X. 2018. GC-MS study of the chemical components of different Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilgorgans and Agarwood from different asian countries. Molecules 23 (9): 2168. DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092168.
Wang Y, Mostafa S, Zeng W, Jin B. 2021. Function and mechanism of jasmonic acid in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Intl J Mol Sci 22 (16): 8568. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168568.
Wang Z, Zhou G, Chen J, Miao X, Xia Y, Du Z, Liu J. 2024. Research on using Aquilaria sinensis callus to evaluate the agarwood-inducing potential of fungi. PLoS One 19 (12): e0316178. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0316178.
Yan T, Yang S, Chen Y, Wang Q, Li G. 2019. Chemical profiles of cultivated agarwood induced by different techniques. Molecules 24 (10): 1990. DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101990.
Yu M, Liu Y, Feng J, Chen D, Yang Y, Liu P, Yu Z, Wei J. 2021. Remarkable phytochemical characteristics of chi-nan agarwood induced from new-found chi-nan germplasm of Aquilaria sinensis compared with ordinary agarwood. Intl J Anal Chem 2021: 5593730. DOI: 10.1155/2021/5593730.
Yu Z, Wang C, Zheng W, Chen D, Liu Y, Yang Y, Wei J. 2020.Anti-inflammatory 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-(2phenylethyl) chromones from agarwood of Aquilaria sinensis. Bioorganic Chem 99: 103789. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103789.
Zhang J-J, Kang W. 2014. Volatiles from flowers of Lagerstroemia caudata by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Chem Nat Compd 50: 933-934. DOI: 10.1007/s10600-014-1123-5.
Zhang N, Xue S, Song J, Zhou X, Zhou D, Liu X, Hong Z, Xu D. 2021. Effects of various artificial agarwood-induction techniques on the metabolome of Aquilaria sinensis. BMC Plant Biol 21 (1): 591 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03378-8.
Zhang X, Wang LX, Hao R, Huang JJ, Zargar M, Chen M-X, Zhu F-Y, Dai H-F. 2024. Sesquiterpenoids in Agarwood: Biosynthesis, microbial induction, and pharmacological activities. J Agric Food Chem 72 (42): 23039-23052. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c06383.
Zhang Z, Xiang-Zhao M, Ran J, Gao M, Li N-X, Ma Y-M, Sun Y, Li Y. 2022. Fusarium oxysporum infection-induced formation of Agarwood (FOIFA): A rapid and efficient method for inducing the production of high quality Agarwood. PLoS One 17 (11): e0277136. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277136.
Zhao W, Song X, Zhou Z, Liu G, Zhang Q, Pang S. 2024. Effects of different levels of physical damage combined with fungal induction on Agarwood formation. Forests 15 (1): 168. DOI: 10.3390/f15010168.
Zhou M, Tan T, Xie Y, Liu J, Hu J, Wang Y, Peng S. 2021. Identification of endophytic fungi inducing agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis and evaluating its characteristics by HS-SPME-GC-MS. Sci Rep 11: 22881. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02361-5.