Pollen source diversity in Apis cerana beekeeping around Ir. H. Djuanda Grand Forest Park, West Java, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 564
File Views: 247
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Amalia CA, Amakpe F, Azzahra HR, Hasanah DN, Putri VK, Ati AS, Ramadan AD, Shanida SS, Kusmoro J, Hermawan W, Wulandari I, Husodo T. 2025. Pollen source diversity in Apis cerana beekeeping around Ir. H. Djuanda Grand Forest Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5405-5422. Honey bees play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem functioning through pollination, yet their foraging ecology is strongly influenced by floral resource availability across habitats and seasons. This study investigated the pollen spectrum of Apis cerana in the Ir. H. Djuanda Grand Forest Park, West Java, Indonesia, during the rainy season. Pollen traps were installed in apiaries located at the Deer Breeding Site (interior forest) and Maribaya Site (forest edge) to collect samples for palynological analysis. A total of 32 pollen types from 20 families were identified, with higher richness in the Deer Breeding Site (25 types) than in Maribaya (21 types). Family-level analyses indicated the dominance of Asteraceae, followed by Fabaceae and Lauraceae. At the species level, Tithonia diversifolia emerged as the most dominant pollen type based on the Important Value Index (IVI), accompanied by Mimosa pudica, Sphagneticola trilobata, and Persea americana. Diversity indices showed moderate pollen diversity overall (H?: 1.76), with greater heterogeneity in the interior forest (H?: 1.87) compared to the edge habitat (H?: 1.31). These results demonstrate both the ecological importance and risks of invasive species such as T. diversifolia and S. trilobata, which provide abundant forage but may threaten native flora. Conversely, native species such as Schima wallichii and Arenga pinnata highlight sustainable alternatives. Integrating native forage plants into apiary landscapes is therefore recommended to support apiculture while conserving biodiversity in tropical forest ecosystems.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Abdulrahman SS, Selamoglu Z, Shahbaz SE. 2019. Pollen morphology of Prunus subg. Amygdalus (Rosaceae) growing in Iraq. Fresenius Environ Bull 28 (11): 8254-8265. DOI: 10.36808/if/2022/v148i2/160011.
Ahsan AWA, Sukmawaty E, Pratama BA. 2021. Analysis of tree vegetation in the Kalimantan Ecoregion Ecology Park Area, Bogor Botanical Gardens. Filogeni Jurnal Mahasiswa Biologi 1 (3): 107-114. DOI: 10.24252/filogeni.v1i3.26236. [Indonesian]
Amakpe F, Kenali HI, Sinsin B. 2024. A melissopalynologic dynamics appraisal revealed the strategic foraging adaptation of the honeybees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus 1758) to the anthropogenic impacts in the Republic of Benin. Heliyon 10 (13): e33753. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33753.
Antonio-Domingues H, Corrêa AMS, Queiroz RT, Bitar NAB. 2018. Pollen morphology of some Fabaceae species from Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Hoehnea 45 (1): 103-114. DOI: 10.1590/2236-8906-54/2017.
Ardi RDW, Aswan, Maryunani KA, Yulianto E, Putra PS, Nugroho SH, Istiana. 2020. Last deglaciation—Holocene Australian-Indonesian monsoon rainfall changes off southwest Sumba, Indonesia. Atmosphere 11 (9): 932. DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090932.
Aryal L, Thapa R, Tiwari S, Chaudhary NK. 2016. Foraging behavior of native honeybee (Apis cerana F.) and European honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) on flowers of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) in Chitwan, Nepal. Intl J Appl Sci Biotechnol 4 (2): 236-239. DOI: 10.3126/ijasbt.v4i2.15131.
Aswini A, Kumarasamy D, Lazar J, Deebika K, Arun VP, Nahendran C. 2024. Exploring pollen morphology diversity within the Fabaceae family: A study from Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram. Intl J Biosci 25 (1): 93–105. DOI: 10.12692/ijb/25.1.93-105.
Asyraf MN. 2022. Analysis of Pollen as a Feed Source of Honeybees, Apis cerana Fabr, 1793, in the Maribaya Area, Ir. H. Djuanda Forest Park, West Bandung District. [Thesis]. Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung. [Indonesian]
Aulya W, Mardina V, Sari MS. 2021. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of n-hexane and ethyl acetate in flower. Intl J Sci Technol Res 10 (3): 208-211.
Azeez SO, Faluyi JO, Oziegbe M. 2019. Cytological, foliar epidermal, and pollen grain studies in relation to ploidy levels in four species of Physalis L. (Solanaceae) from Nigeria. Intl J Biol Chem Sci 13 (4): 1960-1972. DOI: 10.4314/ijbcs.v13i4.4.
Basak S, Biswas O, Chhetri B, Rai S, Paruya DK, Patra DC, Bera S. 2025. Nectar and pollen source of natural honey produced by Apis cerana skorikovi Engel (= Himalaya): Palynological analysis from tropical to sub-tropical forests of eastern Himalaya. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 332: 105210. DOI: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2024.105210.
Basrowi M, Qayim I, Raffiudin R. 2022. Modeling of potential bee forage habitat for Apis dorsata in Membalong, Belitung. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 27 (4): 562-573. DOI: 10.18343/jipi.27.4.562. [Indonesian]
Buchori D, Rizali A, Priawandiputra W, Raffiudin R, Sartiami D, Pujiastuti Y, Jauharlina, Pradana MG, Meilin A, Leatemia JA, Sudiarta IP, Rustam R, Nelly N, Lestari P, Syahputra E, Hasriyanti, Watung JF, Daud IDA, Hariani N, Jihadi A, Johannis M. 2022. Beekeeping and managed bee diversity in Indonesia: Perspective and preference of beekeepers. Diversity 14 (1): 52. DOI: 10.3390/d14010052.
Budumajji U, Raju AJS. 2018. Pollination ecology of Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae). Taiwania 63 (2): 89-100. DOI: 10.6165/tai.2018.63.89.
Campos MG, Anjos O, Chica M et al. 2021. Standard methods for pollen research. J Apic Res 60 (4): 1-109. DOI: 10.1080/00218839.2021.1948240.
Caraballo-Ortiz MA, Campbell KCSE, Cross SJ. 2021. A new Pisonia (Nyctaginaceae) from Jamaica, with an updated list of species in the genus and a key to the West Indian taxa. Webbia 76 (1): 53-63. DOI: 10.36253/jopt-10083.
C?nb?rto?lu ?, S?ral? R. 2023. The importance of plants belonging to the Asteraceae family as a pollen source in beekeeping. Bee Stud- Apicult Re Institute 15 (1): 21-24. DOI: 10.51458/BSTD.2023.32.
Crutcher R. 2007. Avocado Pollen through the Microscope. MicroLabNW. https://microlabgallery.com.
Dai G, Wang S, Geng Y, Dawazhaxi, Ou X, Zhang Z. 2021. Potential risks of Tithonia diversifolia in Yunnan Province under climate change. Ecol Res 36 (1): 129-144. DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12182.
Das N, Mondal R, Layek U, Karmakar P. 2024. Nectar sources of Asian honeybees (Apis cerana Fabricius) in West Bengal, India: Determined by pollen analysis of honey and bee crop nectar. Palynology 49 (2): 1-12. DOI: 10.1080/01916122.2024.2398052.
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, The State of Queensland. 2024. African tulip tree Spathodea campanulata. https://www.publications.qld.gov.au.
Dimou M, Thrasyvoulou A, Tsirakoglou V. 2006. Efficient use of pollen traps to determine the pollen flora used by honey bees. J Apic Res 45 (1): 42-46. DOI: 10.1080/00218839.2006.11101312.
Donkersley P, Covell L, Ota T. 2021. Japanese honeybees (Apis cerana japonica Radoszkowski, 1877) may be resilient to land use change. Insects 12 (8): 685. DOI: 10.3390/insects12080685.
Dusengimana JD, Maake A. 2024. Contribution of beekeeping in socio-economic development of communities in Nyamagabe District: A case of beekeeping cooperatives around Nyungwe National Park from 2020 to 2023. J Biol Environ Sci 25 (3): 2222-3045.
El Ghazali GEB, Satti AM, Tsuji S. 1997. Intra-specific pollen polymorphism in Mimosa pigra (Mimosaceae). Grana 36 (5): 279-283. DOI: 10.1080/00173139709362617.
Erdtman G. 1960. The Acetolysis method—A revised description. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 54: 561-564.
Erwan E, Agussalim. 2022. Honey quality from the bee Apis cerana, honey potency produced by coconut and sugar palm saps. Biodiversitas 23 (11): 5854-5861. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d231139.
Fassil A, Habtamu T, Tahir M, Aga TT. 2022. Diversity, floral phenology, and socio-economic importance of melliferous plants in Eastern Ethiopia. Nusantara Biosci 14 (2): 172-181. DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n140207.
Fu L, Palazzesi L, Pellicer J, Balant M, Christenhusz MJM, Pegoraro L, Pérez-Lorenzo I, Leitch IJ, Hidalgo O. 2023. Let's pluck the daisy: Dissection as a tool to explore the diversity of Asteraceae capitula. Bot J Linn Soc 201 (4): 391-399. DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boac055.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Secretariat. 2025. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. https://www.gbif.org.
Gopal TC. 2023. Identification of Bee Forage Plants by Pollen Analysis of Apis cerana Honey Collected from Tropical Areas of Tumkur District, Karnataka, India. Appl Ecol Environ Sci 11 (1): 15-21. DOI: 10.12691/aees-11-1-3.
Guo X, Wang S, Feng J. 2023. Diversity of plants foraged by Apis cerana Fabricius around Qinling Mountains (Central China) based on honey pollen samples. Sociobiology 70 (3): e8876. DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v70i3.8876.
Halbritter H, Ulrich S, Grímsson F, Weber M, Zetter R, Hesse M, Buchner R, Svojtka M, Frosch-Radivo A. 2018. Illustrated Pollen Terminology. Springer International Publishing, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71365-6.
Harianja AH, Adalina Y, Pasaribu G et al. 2023. Potential of beekeeping to support the livelihood, economy, society, and environment of Indonesia. Forests 14 (2): 321. DOI: 10.3390/f14020321.
Hasibuan I, Sarina, Damayanti A. 2021. Utilization of titonia weed (Tithonia diversifolia) as organic fertilizer on sweet corn. Jurnal Agroqua Media Informasi Agronomi dan Budidaya Perairan 19 (1): 55-63. DOI: 10.32663/ja.v%vi%i.1829. [Indonesian]
Haydar MRA. 2022. Plant Pollen Diversity Obtained from the Pollen Basket of Honey Bees (Apis cerana) Cultivated in the Deer Breeding Area of the Ir. H. Djuanda Forest Park (Tahura), Bandung. [Thesis]. Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung. [Indonesian]
Heigl H. 2021. Tithonia diversifolia. PalDat - Palynological Database. https://www.paldat.org.
Herdiansyah E, Kusnanto T. 2020. Benefits of Arachis pintoi. https://cybex.id. [Indonesian]
Hosamani V, Reddy MS, Venkateshalu BC, Lingamurthi KR, Ashoka N, Ravikumar B. 2019. Studies on foraging activity, pollen quantification, and natural enemies of Indian honey bee, Apis cerana, on mixed vegetation. J Entomol Zool Stud 7 (6): 162-167.
Hunde TA. 2025. The potential and transformation of beekeeping for natural resource conservation and poverty reduction in the case of Ethiopia: A review. Intl J Environ Prot Policy 13 (1): 1-13. DOI: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20251301.11.
Husodo T, Sumiyati D, Winantris, Laili N, Wulandari I. 2022. Identification of pollens and spores at the Cilarangan and Kupu Kupu in neolithic period, Mekarsari Village, Lebak Regency, Banten, Indonesia. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 8: 24-30. DOI: 10.13057/psnmbi/m080104. [Indonesian]
Husodo T, Wulandari I, Syaputri Y, Kasmara H, Hermawan W, Kusmoro J, Shanida SS, Khairina F, Haydar MRA, Asyraf MN, Febrian RR. 2024. Blooming calendar and polliniferous plants in Djuanda Great Forest Park, West Java, Indonesia: Implication for beekeeping management. Biodiversitas 25 (7): 3216-3229. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250743.
Hyde MA, Wursten BT, Ballings P, Coates Palgrave M. 2025a. Flora of Zimbabwe: Species Information: Magnolia champaca. https://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw.
Hyde MA, Wursten BT, Ballings P, Coates Palgrave M. 2025b. Flora of Zimbabwe: Species Information: Trema orientale (L.) Blume. https://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw.
Jasmi J. 2017. Diversity and blooming season of food source plants of Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a polyculture plantation in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18 (1): 34-40. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d180106.
Jayuli M, Junus M, Nursita IW. 2018. Effect of land altitude on pollen diameter Apis cerana in Malang Regency. Jurnal Ternak Tropika 19 (1): 9-21. DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtapro.2018.019.01.2. [Indonesian]
Jesia NS, Alam M, Karmokar A, Ashrafuzzaman M. 2024. Taxonomic study on the six species of genus Magnolia. J Bangladesh Agric Univ 22 (2): 158-165. DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v22i2.74548.
Jiang X, Gao J, Sharif MZ, Zhang X, Liu F. 2021. Synergistic and dichotomous effects of nectar phenolics on honey bee colonies. Pakistan J Zool 54 (1): 1-7. DOI: 10.17582/journal.pjz/20200506050516.
Kamaraj N, Rasappan K. 2024. Temporal and spatial foraging activity of Indian honey bee (Apis cerana indica F.) at different migratory sites. Sociobiology 71 (1): e9733. DOI: 10.13102/sociobiology.v71i1.9733.
Koetz A. 2013. The Asian Honey Bee (Apis cerana) and Its Strains - with Special Focus on Apis cerana Java Genotype. The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, State of Queensland.
Koyama A, Egawa C, Taki H, Yasuda M, Kanzaki N, Ide T, Okabe K. 2018. Non-native plants are a seasonal pollen source for native honeybees in suburban ecosystems. Urban Ecosyst 21 (6): 1113-1122. DOI: 10.1007/s11252-018-0793-3.
Kratz M, Manning R, Milne L, Dods K, Baer B, Blache D. 2025. Environmental cues rather than quality of supplemented pollen drive the foraging behaviour of honey bees during avocado pollination. Sci Rep 15 (1): 29650. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-13981-6.
Kusmoro J, Febrian RR, Shanida S, Husodo T, Zainal A. 2024. Identification of pollen as an indicator of plant diversity of honey bees (Apis cerana F.) food sources in urban forest conservation area in Bandung Regency, West Java. Jurnal Agrikultura 35 (1): 103-111. DOI: 10.24198/agrikultura.v35i1.42694. [Indonesian]
Labrada R, Medina AD. 2009. The invasiveness of the African tulip tree, Spathodea campanulata Beauv. Biodiversity 10 (2-3): 79-82. DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2009.9712848.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. 2020. Pisonia aculeata. https://www.wildflower.org.
Lazar J, Prasad S, Barboni D, Das L, Kumaresan V, Anupama K. 2024. Diversity matters: The diet of Apis cerana in southeast India includes one consistently occurring and several seasonally available floral sources. Palynology 48 (1): 1. DOI: 10.1080/01916122.2023.2255990.
Lestari TH, Susandarini R. 2019. Pollen analysis of Apis cerana honey from Java, Indonesia. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 8 (4): 3224-3230.
Liu F, Zhang G, Qin J, Jiang W, Luo Q, Xu X, Xi F, Yuan F, Yi Z, He H, Ye W, Dai P. 2020. Lowering forest habitat does not reduce forage availability to the eastern honey bees in summer and fall. Apidologie 51 (4): 609-619. DOI: 10.1007/s13592-020-00746-5.
Louveaux J, Maurizio A, Vorwohl G. 1978. Methods of Melissopalynology. Bee World 59 (4): 139-157. DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.1978.11097714.
Maknun D. 2017. Ecology: Population, Community, Ecosystem, Realizing a Green, Natural, Islamic and Scientific Campus. Nurjati Press, Cirebon. [Indonesian]
Mala BRJ, Rami PV. 2020. Diversity and abundance of insect pollinators on avocado (Persea americana Mill.) and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) and their contribution to fruit set. Pest Manage Hortic Ecosyst 26 (1): 76. DOI: 10.5958/0974-4541.2020.00012.0.
Mamatha K, Devender R, Kailash JG, Niranja S, Ramakrishna H. 2018. Comparative pollen analysis of Apis cerana Fabricius and A. mellifera L. honey samples from Guntur, Southern India. Mellifera 18 (1): 1-14.
Marjenah M. 2021. The role of canopy structure of Terminalia catappa Linn. on light penetration and decreasing ambient temperature as climate change mitigation. Wood Res J 12 (1): 35-40. DOI: 10.51850/wrj.2021.12.1.35-40.
Martins AE, Camargo MGG, Morellato LPC. 2021. Flowering phenology and the influence of seasonality in flower conspicuousness for bees. Front Plant Sci 11: 594538. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.594538.
Mattila HR, Otis GW. 2006. The effects of pollen availability during larval development on the behaviour and physiology of spring-reared honey bee workers. Apidologie 37 (5): 533-546. DOI: 10.1051/apido:2006037.
Mondal R, Das N, Layek U, De SK, Karmakar P. 2023. Pollen sources of Asian honeybee (Apis cerana Fabricius) in Paschim Medinipur District of West Bengal, India. Grana 62 (5-6): 369-381. DOI: 10.1080/00173134.2023.2205556.
Mulwa JM, Gathu RK, Matolo N, Guantai MM, Kasina JM. 2019. Avocado (Persea americana) floral calendar and diurnal visitation rates of its pollinators in Murang'a, Kenya. J Agri Res Adv 1 (2): 23-27.
Muthupandiyan S, Gireesan K, Warrier KCS. 2019. Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale – A promising tree for domestication. Intl J Agric Environ Biotechnol 12 (3): 225-228. DOI: 10.30954/0974-1712.08.2019.6.
Nagamitsu T, Inoue T. 1999. Differences in pollen sources of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera at a primary beech forest in central Japan. J Apic Res 38 (1-2): 71-78. DOI: 10.1080/00218839.1999.11100997.
Normasiwi S, Kurniawati F. 2023. Characteristics of pollen morphology and viability of four species of Magnolia. Buletin Kebun Raya 26 (1): 45-51. DOI: 10.55981/bkr.2023.743.
Nparks. 2025. Flora & Fauna Web. National Parks Board, Singapore. https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb.
Nuriyah S, Husodo T, Hermawan W, Yusuf AA, Kasmara H, Kusmoro J, Wulandari I, Shanida SS. 2021. Short communication: Floral diversity of honey bee-collected pollen (Apis cerana) colonies in the Ir. H. Djuanda Forest Park, West Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Biosci 13: 185-193. DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n130208.
Nuriyah S. 2024. The Effectiveness of pollination by Apis cerana Fabr. honey bees in the Ir. H. Djuanda Forest Park, West Java. Ranah Res: J Multidiscip Res Dev 6 (6): 3048–3056. DOI: 10.38035/rrj.v6i6.1595. [Indonesian]
Odum EP. 1996. Fundamentals of Ecology. Tjahjono Samingan, Translator. 3rd Edition. Universitas Gadjah Mada Press, Yogyakarta. [Indonesian]
Oematan OK, Soetedjo INP, Pellokila MR. 2020. Areca nut sustainable development strategy based on land suitability evaluation in North Mollo Regency, South Central Timor Regency. Environmental Studies Development 4 (1): 11-22. DOI: 10.20886/jpkf.2020.4.1.11-22. [Indonesian]
Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Anthony S. 2009. Areca catechu. Agroforestree Database: A Tree Reference and Selection Guide. Version 4.0. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp
Pacella LF, Di Pasquo M. 2022. Pollen and spores morphology from the Holocene of the Iberá Wetlands in northeastern Argentina. Bol Soc Argent Bot 57 (4): 727-750. DOI: 10.31055/1851.2372.v57.n4.35662.
Pang C, Dong K, Guo Y, Ding G, Lu Y, Guo Z, Wu J, Huang J. 2022. Effects of three types of pollen on the growth and development of honey bee larvae (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Front Ecol Evol 10: 1-11. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.870081.
Pantoja G, Gómez M, Contreras C, Grimau L, Ramírez Quirama JF, Montenegro G. 2010. Determination of suitable zones for apitourism using multi-criteria evaluation in geographic information systems: A case study in the O'Higgins Region, Chile. Cienc Inv Agr 44 (3): 332. DOI: 10.7764/rcia.v44i2.1712.
Patel V, Biggs EM, Pauli N, Boruff B. 2020. Using a social-ecological system approach to enhance understanding of structural interconnectivities within the beekeeping industry for sustainable decision making. Ecol Soc 25 (2): 24. DOI: 10.5751/ES-11639-250224.
Permatasari I, Rangkuty SA, Fitriani D, Priyanti R. 2024. Morphology of pollen (pollen) of the Myrtaceae Family: Psidium guajava, Syzygium aqueum, and Syzygium malaccense. BioEksakta: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed 6 (3): 215-224. DOI: 10.20884/1.bioe.2024.6.3.11006. [Indonesian]
POWO. 2025. Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org.
Pradeepa SD, Belavadi VV. 2017. Diversity of pollen collected by the Indian honey bee (Apis cerana F.). Mysore J Agric Sci 51 (2): 265-279.
Rahayu AAD, Leksono B, Asmaliyah, Krisnawati, Rianawati H, Umroni A, Haryjanto L, Widyatmoko AYPBC, Putri AI, Sudomo A, Hani A, Octavia D, Andini S, Khotimah H, Mudhofir MRT, Anggadhania L, Winarni I, Astarini IA, Artati Y, Baral H. 2025. The potential of Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. for enhancing soil health, food, energy, and water security in Indonesia: A comprehensive review. Trees For People 20: 100808. DOI: 10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100808.
Rasyiid M, Iqbal M, Paserang AP, Budiono YK, Nugraha MAS, Wiguna T. 2025. Melissopalynological analysis of honey from Dolago Village, Central Sulawesi. BIOLINK 11 (2): 127-133. DOI: 10.31289/biolink.v11i2.13402.
Ren P, Didham RK, Murphy MV, Zeng D, Si X, Ding P. 2023. Forest edges increase pollinator network robustness to extinction with declining area. Nat Ecol Evol 7 (3): 393-404. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01973-y.
Ritawati A, Zuhud EAM, Hidayati S. 2023. Analysis of the utilization of groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.) by the community around the Cibodas Resort, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park. J Nat Resour Environ Manag 13 (4): 613-623. DOI: 10.29244/jpsl.13.4.613-623.
Rompas JJI, Kiroh HJ, Kawatu MMH, Rotinsulu MD. 2023. Getting to Know Honey Bees (Apis spesies). Yayasan Bina Lentera Ihsan, Manado. [Indonesian]
Saensouk S, Saensouk P. 2022. Pollen morphology of some species in the family Amaranthaceae from Thailand. Biodiversitas 23 (1): 601-611. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230165.
Salamah A, Luthfikasari R, Dwiranti A. 2018. Pollen morphology of eight tribes of Asteraceae from Universitas Indonesia Campus, Depok, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20 (1): 152-159. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200118.
Sangeetha S, Saravanakumar A, Parthiban P, Kavinkumar C, Loganathan M, Heera G, Harshitha ST, Mohan SR, Pooja S, Mohan SR, Heera G. 2024. An overview of the marvelous plant: Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Intl J Res Pharmacol Pharmacother 13 (4): 714-728. DOI: 10.61096/ijrpp.v13.iss4.2024.714-728.
Santos-Gally R. 2023. Sexual reproduction in Tithonia diversifolia and the implications for its use in intensive silvopastoral systems. In: Murgueitio E, Chará J, Cuartas C (eds). Silvopastoral Systems of Meso America and Northern South America. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43063-3_15.
Schouten C, Lloyd D, Lloyd H. 2019. Beekeeping with the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana javana Fabr) in the Indonesian islands of Java, Bali, Nusa Penida, and Sumbawa. Bee World 96 (2): 45-49. DOI: 10.1080/0005772X.2018.1564497.
Septiadi D, Sudjatmiko DP. 2023. Prospect analysis of avocado cultivation in Pringgasela District, East Lombok Regency. Jurnal Agrisistem: Seri Sosek dan Penyuluhan 19 (1): 34-39. DOI: 10.52625/j-agr-sosekpenyuluhan.v19i1.264. [Indonesian]
Shrotri S, Kaur S, Nawge V, Sandhya S, Dandavate R, Gowda V. 2024. Revisiting Aristotle's observation on bees: High floral constancy is common among bees, but it is shaped by the locally abundant flowering species. bioRxiv 2024: 1-648. DOI: 10.1101/2024.10.28.614270.
Singh S, Dixit AK. 2018. Palynodiversity of some species of Sida from Bilaspur Region, Chhattisgarh. Bull Pure Appl Sci Bot 37 B (2): 112-116. 10.5958/2320-3196.2018.00015.0.
Soeprobowati TR, Suedy SWA, Lubis AA, Miller J. 2020. Pollen and diatom evidence of seawater intrusion, east flood canal (Banjir Kanal Timur), Semarang, Indonesia. Environ Earth Sci 79: 462. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-020-09186-x.
Syifa K, Haneda NF, Rachmawati E. 2023. Diversity of Apis cerana honey bee foraging plants in community forests based on pollen characteristics. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan Tanaman 20 (1): 51-62. DOI: 10.59465/jpht.v20i1.311. [Indonesian]
Thakodee T, Deowanish S, Duangmal K. 2018. Melissopalynological analysis of stingless bee (Tetragonula pagdeni) honey in Eastern Thailand. J Asia Pac Entomol 21 (2): 620-630. 10.1016/j.aspen.2018.04.003.
Vishnu AV, Bijoy C, Soumya R. 2024. Study on bee diversity in selected invasive plants of Manakody Kole Wetland, Thrissur District, Kerala. Intl J Entomol Res 9 (5): 1-3.
Waghmare AS, Khandekar RG, Salvi BR, Pethe UB, Malshe KV. 2022. Studies on floral biology and nut set in Areca nut (Areca catechu L.) cvs. Shrivardhan and Mangala. The Pharm Innov J 11 (12): 6146-6152.
Wang Y, Yang Y, Zhang M. 2024. The influence of climate change on the potential distribution of Ageratum conyzoides in China. Ecol Evol 14 (10): e11513. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11513.
Widyastuti DE, Sianturi UJ, Arinah H. 2023. Identification of types, flowering of bee plants, and honey production of Apis cerana in Aornakan I and Kutatinggi villages, Pakpak Bharat Regency, North Sumatra. Glob For J 1 (01): 60-71. DOI: 10.32734/gfj.v1i01.13255.
Windyarini E, Hasnah TM, Adinugraha HA, Leksono B. 2020. Flowering and fruiting period of Calophyllum inophyllum at the provenance seed stand in Wonogiri. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan 14 (2): 111-120. DOI: 10.20886/jpth.2020.14.2.111-120. [Indonesian]
Wondracek-Lüdke DC, Custodio AR, Simpson CE, Valls JFM. 2015. Crossability of Arachis valida and the B genome Arachis species. Genet Mol Res 14 (4): 17574-17586. DOI: 10.4238/2015.December 21.30.
Wróblewska A, Stawiarz E, Masierowska M. 2016. Evaluation of selected ornamental Asteraceae as a pollen source for urban bees. J Apic Sci 60 (2): 179-192. DOI: 10.1515/jas-2016-0026.
Wulandari I, Husodo T, Kusmoro J, Megantara EN, Shanida SS, Amalia CA, Azzahra HR. 2025. Seasonal foraging gaps and floral resource enhancement opportunities for Apis cerana in a tropical conservation forest. Biodiversitas 26: 4201-4219. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260847.
Yakupova A, Svetalakov A. 2025. Innovative beekeeping strategies for sustainable rural employment: Addressing socio-ecological contradictions. E3S Web Conf 614: 03015. DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/202561403015.
Yolanda V, Sukarsa, Hidayah HA. 2020. Identification of pollen characteristics as Apis cerana feed sources in honeycomb in Serang, Purbalingga. BioEksakta: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed 2 (1): 42-48. DOI: 10.20884/1.bioe.2020.2.1.1814.