Environmental parameters and growth of cage-cultured blood cockle Tegillarca granosa in Aceh, Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 361
File Views: 165
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Mawardi, Sarjani TM, Khalil M, Siregar ARS. 2026. Environmental parameters and growth of cage-cultured blood cockle Tegillarca granosa in Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270307. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270307. This study evaluated the growth performance of cage-cultured blood cockle Tegillarca granosa and the environmental parameters influencing it in two mangrove-fringing coastal waters in Aceh, Indonesia. A randomized block design was used with three stocking densities (20, 40, and 60 individuals per cage) at Pusong and Lhok Banie. Water quality variables—including temperature, salinity, pH, organic matter, and sediment characteristics—were measured throughout the culture period. Growth parameters (shell length, width, and weight) and environmental factors (sediment type, salinity, and plankton abundance) were monitored for six months. Data were analyzed using Specific Growth Rate (SGR), ANOVA, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results showed that growth in length ranged from 3.07-8.00 mm, width from 2.48-5.45 mm, and weight from 2.63-5.60 g. The highest growth was recorded at Pusong (P1, 20 individuals/cage), while the lowest was at Lhok Banie (LB3, 60 individuals/cage). The SGR ranged from 0.18-0.30 g. PCA indicated that sediment composition dominated by clay and clayey loam, together with salinity of 24-28‰, had the strongest positive relationship with cockle growth. Overall, the findings demonstrate that T. granosa grows better in areas with higher salinity and organic-rich sediments, and that a stocking density of 20 individuals per cage yields the most favorable growth performance. These results provide baseline information for improving community-based blood cockle aquaculture and support the development of sustainable mangrove-associated coastal farming systems in Aceh.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Ali MY, Rahman MA, Hasan MR. 2022. Environmental factors influencing the growth performance of blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) in tropical mangrove ecosystems. Reg Stud Mar Sci 53: 102502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2022.102502.
Antu DR, Islam TT, Ahmed MR, Ahmed S, Datta SK, Ahmed MS. 2023. Diversity of bivalves and gastropods in Sonadia Island, Bangladesh. Biores Commun 9: 1225-1236. https://doi.org/10.3329/brc.v9i1.63603.
Bahtiar B, Purnama MF, Kasim M, Ishak E. 2022. Population dynamics of blood clams Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) in Kendari Bay, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5084-5092. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d231015.
Basri NH, Arshad A, Amin SMN. 2021. Effects of water quality and sediment characteristics on the distribution and growth of blood cockles (Tegillarca granosa) in Peninsular Malaysia. Ocean Coast Manag 210: 105696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105696.
Bogmans CW, van Soest D. 2022. Can global aquaculture growth help to conserve wild fish stocks? Theory and empirical analysis. Nat Resour Modeling 35: e12323. https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12323
Broom MJ. 1985. The biology and culture of marine bivalve molluscs of the genus Anadara. WorldFish.
Cao L, Wang W, Yang Y, Yang C, Yuan Z, Xiong S, Diana J. 2018. Environmental impact of aquaculture and countermeasures to aquaculture pollution in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25: 16874-16884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1859-4
Çelik MY, Karayücel S, Karayücel İ, Eyüboğlu B, Öztürk R. 2015. The effects of environmental factors on survival, growth, and biochemical composition of transplanted oysters (Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758) from the Aegean Sea to the southern Black Sea. Aquac Res 46 (4): 959-968. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12253.
Chatterjee A, Pramanik S, Banerjee K. 2020. Influence of hydrology and plankton availability on bivalve population dynamics in estuarine systems. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 243: 106896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106896.
Chua EG, Tan SH, Choo PS. 2022. Growth performance and survival of the blood cockle Tegillarca granosa under different cultivation practices in Malaysia. Aquac Res 53: 2635-2646. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15898.
De Winter NJ, Van Sikkeleras S, Goudsmit-Harzevoort B, Boer W, De Nooijer L, Reichart GJ, Witbaard R. 2023. Tracing the timing of growth in cultured molluscs using strontium spiking. Front Mar Sci 10: 1157929. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1157929.
Doinsing JW, Admodisastro VA, Duisan L, Ransangan J. 2021. Population dynamics and condition index of natural stock of blood cockle, Tegillarca granosa (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Arcidae) in the Marudu Bay, Malaysia. Acta Oceanologica Sinica 40 (8): 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-021-1791-5.
Effendi I, Marpaung B, Mahary A, Ernando H, Thamrin T. 2025. Sediment composition, phytoplankton, and blood cockles (Anadara granosa) population. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish 29 (2): p2143. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2025.421850.
El-Hacen EHM, Lemrabott SYC, Meijer KJ, Piersma T, Govers LL, van Gils JA, Olff H. 2023. Growth and population structure of bloody /*cockles, Senilia senilis, at Banc d’Arguin and Bijagós with different environmental conditions and harvesting regimes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 710: 71-83. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14291.
FAO [Food and Agriculture Organization]. 2004. Hatchery culture of bivalves: a practical manual. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 471. FAO, Rome.
Gomez KA, Gomez AA. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons.
Hasan MR, Rahman MA, Alam MA. 2024a. Nutritional composition and economic value of blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) in Bangladesh. J Aquat Food Prod Technol 33: 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/10498850.2024.1234567.
Hasan MR, Rahman MA, Alam MA, Khan S. 2024b. Status and prospects of blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) aquaculture in Southeast Asia: A review. Aquac Rep 29: 101634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.101634.
Ibrahim N, Mohd Zain SN, Rahim SA. 2021. Influence of pond design and management practices on the growth of blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) in Peninsular Malaysia. Aquac Intl 29: 2051-2064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00725-9.
Islam MS, Hossain MB, Jewel MAS. 2020. Influence of water quality parameters on the growth and survival of estuarine bivalves. Ecol Indic 113: 106243 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106243.
Kamal AHM, Hossain MS, Chowdhury SR. 2022. Burrowing behavior and sediment preference of the blood cockle Tegillarca granosa in tropical intertidal mudflats. J Sea Res 182: 102210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2022.102210.
Kamaruddin IS, Ghazali MF, Idris MH. 2020. Influence of environmental parameters on the survival and growth of cultured blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa). Aquac Rep 18: 100520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100520.
Khan S, Rahman MA, Hossain MS. 2025. Population status and habitat associations of blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) in the coastal waters of Bangladesh. Reg Stud Mar Sci 61: 103123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2025.103123.
Lim CS, Tan SH, Choo PS. 2020. Sediment characteristics influencing burrowing activity of blood cockle Tegillarca granosa. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 245: 106932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106932.
Mawardi M, Sarong MA, Suhendrayatna S, Irham M. 2024. The relationship between crustacean diversity and population dynamics of blood cockle Tegillarca granosa in the coastal area of West Langsa, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 690-699. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d250228.
Mawardi AL, Khalil M, Sarjani TM, Armanda F. 2023. Diversity and habitat characteristics of gastropods and bivalves associated with mangroves on the east coast of Aceh Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 5146-5154. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240959.
Morgan L, Valentinsson D, Dahlgren TG, Hornborg S. 2024. Ecological risk assessment of invertebrates caught in Swedish west-coast fisheries. Fish Res 274: 106982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2024.106982.
Nguyen TH, Vo TQ, Le AT. 2021. Environmental influences on the distribution and growth of Tegillarca granosa in Vietnamese mangrove ecosystems. Aquat Living Resour 34: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1051/alr/2021007.
Ong JE, Gong WK, Wong CH. 2019. Habitat use and burrowing ecology of blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) in Malaysian mangroves. Mar Biodivers 49: 2249-2261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0920-7.
Pahri SDR, Yana R, Danial MA. 2023. Sustainable management of blood cockles (Tegillarca granosa) industry in Malaysia from the life cycle assessment perspective: A review. Aquac Aquarium Conserv Legislation 16: 436-446.
Permata YM, Liesna AT, Rangkuti FM, Insyra K, Dayanti Y. 2023. Proximate composition of Anadara granosa and Paphia undulata. Indones J Pharm Clin Res 6: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v6i1.9196.
Pham HM, Tran QL, Do NT. 2022. Salinity tolerance and growth performance of blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) under different mangrove estuarine conditions. Reg Stud Mar Sci 55: 102651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2022.102651.
Pradheeban L, Nagarajan R, Kumar P. 2020. Zooplankton is a major natural food source for the blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) in estuarine systems. Reg Stud Mar Sci 39: 101417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101417.
Prasetyo AP, Haryanti, Zainuddin M. 2023. Environmental stability and feed supplementation as key factors in optimizing the aquaculture of blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa). Reg Stud Mar Sci 62: 102227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2023.102227.
Rahman MA, Ali MY, Hasan MR. 2021. Salinity tolerance and growth performance of Tegillarca granosa in controlled aquaculture systems. Aquac Intl 29: 2157-2171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00772-w.
Richards DR, Friess DA, Faridah-Hanum I. 2017. Characterizing coastal ecosystem degradation in Southeast Asia. Reg Environ Change 17: 147-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1003-9.
Rusydi I, Nurza ISA, Dewiyanti I, Mellisa S, Maulidas S, Sharis CMU. 2024. Growth rate and survival of green shells (Perna viridis L.) in ponds, Alue Naga Village, Banda Aceh. BIO Web Conf 87: 03030. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20248703030.
Roslan NS, Saffian NS, Nilamani N, Razalli N, Ilias N, Harith H, Hwai ATS. 2022. Abundance of blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) at Kuala Juru River Estuary, Penang, Malaysia. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 44: 137-141.
Saif MLM, Tumin AB, Yusof F, Rani A, Apandi A, Jamari Z. 2020. Blood cockles Tegillarca granosa growth performance. Intl J Fish Aquat Stud 8: 269-276.
Safuridar, Salman, Azhar I. 2022. Analisis the total economics value of the mangrove forest area in the development of ecotourism in Langsa City, Aceh. Jurnal Sains Global Indonesia 3: 8-18. https://doi.org/10.59784/glosains.v3i1.48.
Saffian NS, Peng CTC, Ilias N, Hwai ATS. 2020. Overview and challenges of blood cockle culture in Malaysia. In IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 414: 012020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/414/1/012020.
Sari DM, Pratama RF, Munandar H. 2021. Zooplankton and benthic organisms as key food sources in blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) culture systems. Egypt J Aquat Res 47: 145-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2021.02.004.
Shore R, Douben N. 2021. Ecosystem services of mangrove habitats and implications for aquaculture. Biodivers Conserv 30: 3295-3314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02219-4.
Siregar MA, Putra RD, Yuliana E. 2023. Growth comparison of blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) in relation to environmental parameters in Indonesian coastal waters. Reg Stud Mar Sci 61: 102021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2023.102021.
Tan SG, Wong KL. 2021. Environmental influences on the growth performance of cockles in mangrove-dominated estuaries of Southeast Asia. J Shellfish Res 40: 95-105. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.040.0109.
Tuhumury SF, Selanno DA, Tuhumury J. 2024. Population dynamics of blood cockles (Anadara granosa) in the coastal waters of Letman Village, Kei Kecil District, Southeast Maluku Regency. Mar Ecol 45 (5): e12818. https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12818.
Tran QL, Hoang VT, Le PH. 2020. Environmental carrying capacity for blood cockle aquaculture in tropical mangrove ecosystems. J Cleaner Prod 262: 121321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121321.
Waliullah ATM, Yeasmine S, Uddin MJ. 2023. Morphological variations in blood cockle Tegillarca granosa (L, 1758) populations collected from the southeast and south-west coasts of Bangladesh. J Bangladesh Agric Univ 21: 373-379. https://doi.org/10.5455/JBAU.162927.
Yadav R, Malla PK, Dash D, Bhoi G, Patro S, Mohapatra A. 2019. Diversity of gastropods and bivalves in the mangrove ecosystem of Paradeep, east coast of India: A comparative study with other Indian mangrove ecosystems. Molluscan Res 39: 325-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2019.