Responses of black soybean to rice husk-derived bio-silica nanoparticles and mycorrhiza on physiology and root development under drought stress
Article Sidebar
Abstract Views: 377
File Views: 186
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract. Lestariana DS, Purwanto E, Rahayu M, Supriyono. 2025. Responses of black soybean to rice husk-derived bio-silica nanoparticles and mycorrhiza on physiology and root development under drought stress. Biodiversitas 26: 5824-5837. This study investigated the combined effects of rice husk-derived bio-silica nanoparticles and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on the physiological and root development responses of two contrasting black soybean (Glycine max) cultivars, Malika and Detam 2. A factorial experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Treatment included two cultivars (Malika, Detam 2), AMF (inoculated, non-inoculated), and five biosilica nanoparticle concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 ppm). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, and mean differences were compared with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results showed that cultivar Malika maintained 0.72% (p<0.05) lower H?O? accumulation and stronger antioxidant activity, while cultivar Detam 2 exhibited better root development when treated with 150-200 ppm biosilica nanoparticle and combined with AMF inoculation, showing the longest length (37 cm; p<0.05) and the greatest volume (3.17 cm³; p<0.05). These improvements indicate that bio silica nanoparticles supported redox stability and osmotic regulation, while AMF strengthened nutrient acquisition and root elongation. Overall, the integrated application of AMF and bio silica nanoparticles induced complementary biochemical and morphological tolerance mechanisms in both cultivars, enhancing drought resilience through reduced oxidative stress, improved osmotic balance, and strengthened root development. This study provides evidence of synergistic interactions between AMF and rice husk-derived bio-silica nanoparticles in black soybean, offering a sustainable, waste-based strategy to improve legume productivity under dryland and climate-stress conditions.
Article Details
Issue
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Abdo RA, Hazem MM, El-Assar AE-M, Saudy HS, El-Sayed SM. 2024. Efficacy of nano-silicon extracted from rice husk to modulate the physio-biochemical constituents of wheat for ameliorating drought tolerance without causing cytotoxicity. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 13: 75. DOI: 10.1186/s43088-024-00529-2.
Amin M, Juita N, Asnawi. 2023. Application of nano silica fertilizer in agricultural sustainability (a review). IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 1230: 012063. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012063.
Arya H, Singh MB, Bhalla PL. 2021. Towards developing drought-smart soybeans. Front Plant Sci 12: 750664. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.750664.
Asadullah, Kalhoro SA, Wajid F, Iqbal A, Sultan, Abdul W, Rashid M, Shah SRU. 2024. Exploring the variability of root system architecture under drought stress in heat-tolerant spring-wheat lines. Plant Soil 502: 103-119. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-024-06795-4.
Badan Pusat Statistik Boyolali. 2022. Produksi jagung, kedelai, kacang tanah, kacang hijau, ubi kayu, ubi jalar di Kabupaten Boyolali (ton) 2020. https://boyolalikab.bps.go.id/id. [Indonesian]
Balitkabi. 2024. Deskrispsi Varietas Unggul Kedelai 1918-2022. Badan Standardisasi Instrumen Pertanian, Kementerian Pertanian, Malang. [Indonesian]
Bandurska H, Niedziela J, Pietrowska-Borek M, Nuc K, Chadzinikolau T, Radzikowska D. 2017. Regulation of proline biosynthesis and resistance to drought stress in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes of different origin. Plant Physiol Biochem 118: 427-437. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.07.006.
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID. 1973. Proline analysis. Plant Soil 39: 205-207. DOI: 10.1007/bf00018060.
Begum N, Xiao Y, Wang L, Li D, Irshad A, Zhao T. 2023. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis alleviates drought stress in soybean with overexpressing the GmSPL9d gene by promoting photosynthetic apparatus and regulating the antioxidant system. Microbiol Res 273: 127398. DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127398.
Bhartiya A, Aditya JP, Pal RS, Chandra N, Kant L, Pattanayak A. 2020. Bhat (Black soybean): A traditional legume with high nutritional and nutraceutical properties from NW Himalayan region of India. Indian J Tradit Knowl 19 (2): 307-319. DOI: 10.56042/ijtk.v19i2.35346.
Bhat JA, Rajora N, Raturi G, Sharma S, Dhiman P, Sanand S, Shivaraj SM, Sonah H, Deshmukh R. 2021. Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) in sustainable agriculture: Major emphasis on the practicality, efficacy and concerns. Nanoscale Adv 3: 4019-4028. DOI: 10.1039/d1na00233c.
Chakroborty S, Pal K, Nath N, Singh V, Barik A, Soren S, Panda P, Asthana N, Kyzas GZ. 2023. Sustainable synthesis of multifunctional nanomaterials from rice wastes: A comprehensive review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Intl 30 (42): 95039-95053. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29235-9.
Chandrasekaran M. 2022. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediated alleviation of drought stress via non-enzymatic antioxidants: A meta-analysis. Plants 11 (19): 2448. DOI: 10.3390/plants11192448.
Cheng S, Zou Y-N, Ku?a K, Hashem A, Abd-Allah EF, Wu Q-S. 2021. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying enhanced drought tolerance in plants mediated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Front Microbiol 12: 809473. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.809473.
Chowdhary NA, Songachan LS. 2025. Boosting sustainable agriculture by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under abiotic stress conditions. Plant Stress 17: 100945. DOI: 10.1016/j.stress.2025.100945.
Cohen J. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd eds. Academic Press, New York.
Dang NTT, Nguyen TTA, Phan TD, Tran H, Dang PV, Nguyen HQ. 2018. Synthesis of silica nanoparticles from rice husk ash. VNUHCM J Sci Technol Dev 20 (K7): 50-54. DOI: 10.32508/stdj.v20ik7.1211.
Darmanti S, Santosa, Dewi K, Nugroho LH. 2016. Antioxidative defenses of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Grobogan) against purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) interference during drought stress. J Anim Plant Sci 26 (1): 225-232.
De Valgaz APF, Cajas GS, Fermín AR. 2025. From rice husk to graphene: Exploring the effect of calcination and leaching. In: Inga Ortega EM, García Herranz N, Robles-Bykbaev VE, Gallego Diaz E (eds). Systems, Smart Technologies, and Innovation for Society. CITIS 2024. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-87065-1_25.
Etesami H, Noori F, Jeong BR. 2022. Directions for future research to use silicon and silicon nanoparticles to increase crops tolerance to stresses and improve their quality. In: Etesami H, Al Saeedi AH, El-Ramady H, Fujita M, Pessarakli M, Hossain MA (eds). Silicon and Nano-silicon in Environmental Stress Management and Crop Quality Improvement: Progress and Prospects. Academic Press, Cambridge. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-91225-9.00015-7.
Goswami P, Mathur J, Srivastava N. 2022. Silica nanoparticles as novel sustainable approach for plant growth and crop protection. Heliyon 8 (7): e09908. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09908.
Guo C, Zhu L, Sun H, Han Q, Wang S, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Bai Z, Li A, Liu L, Li C. 2024. Evaluation of drought-tolerant varieties based on root system architecture in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). BMC Plant Biol 24 (1): 127. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04799-x.
Hasanuzzaman M, Parvin K, Anee TI, Masud AAC, Nowroz F. 2022. Salt stress responses and tolerance in soybean. In: Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K (eds). Plant Stress Physiology-Perspectives in Agriculture. IntechOpen, Croatia. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.102835.
Herawati N, Hadiawati L, Zulhaedar F. 2021. Optimum dosage of rice husk-based silicon foliar spray to improve yield of soybean grown on irrigated lowland. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 752: 012032. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/752/1/012032.
Hosseinifard M, Stefaniak S, Javid MG, Soltani E, Wojtyla ?, Garnczarska M. 2022. Contribution of exogenous proline to abiotic stresses tolerance in plants: A review. Intl J Mol Sci 23 (9): 5186. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095186.
Kamau NN, Kungu JB, Mugendi D. 2021. Effects of mycorrhizal and Rhizobium inoculation on soybean growth in acidic soils of Gatanga, Kenya. Cell Biol Dev 4 (1): 1-16. DOI: 10.13057/cellbioldev/v040101.
Kang B-H, Anderson CT, Arimura S-I et al. 2022. A glossary of plant cell structures: Current insights and future questions. Plant Cell 34 (1): 10-52. DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab247.
Khan P, Abdelbacki AMM, Albaqami M, Jan R, Kim K-M. 2025. Proline promotes drought tolerance in maize. Biology 14 (1): 41. DOI: 10.3390/biology14010041.
Khan TA, Ahmad A, Saeed T, Yusuf M, Faisal M, Alatar AA. 2024. Investigating the influence of selenium and epibrassinolide on antioxidant activity, proline accumulation, and protein expression profiles in wheat plants experiencing heat and drought stress. Front Plant Sci 15: 1441483. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1441483.
Kowitcharoen L, Wongs-Aree C, Setha S, Komkhuntod R, Kondo S, Srilaong V. 2018. Pre-harvest drought stress treatment improves antioxidant activity and sugar accumulation of sugar apple at harvest and during storage. Agric Nat Resour 52 (2): 146-154. DOI: 10.1016/j.anres.2018.06.003.
Kumar A, Gupta K, Dixit K, Mishra K, Srivastava S. 2019. A review on positive and negative impacts of nanotechnology in agriculture. Intl J Environ Sci Technol 16: 2175-2184. DOI: 10.1007/s13762-018-2119-7.
Lee CW, Mahendra S, Zodrow K, Li D, Tsai Y-C, Braam J, Alvarez PJJ. 2010. Developmental phytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles to Arabidopsis thaliana. Environ Toxicol Chem 29 (3): 669-675. DOI: 10.1002/etc.58.
Lismont C, Revenco I, Li H, Costa CF, Lenaerts L, Hussein MAF, De Bie J, Knoops B, Van Veldhoven PP, Derua R, Fransen M. 2022. Peroxisome-derived hydrogen peroxide modulates the sulfenylation profiles of key redox signaling proteins in Flp-In T-REx 293 cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 10: 888873. DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.888873.
Luan X, Bommarco R, Scaini A, Vico G. 2021. Combined heat and drought suppress rainfed maize and soybean yields and modify irrigation benefits in the USA. Environ Res Lett 16: 064023. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/abfc76.
Maddalena R, Hall C, Hamilton A. 2019. Effect of silica particle size on the formation of Calcium Silicate Hydrate [C-S-H] using thermal analysis. Thermochim Acta 672: 142-149. DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2018.09.003.
Mahmud S, Kamruzzaman M, Bhattacharyya S, Alharbi K, Abd El Moneim D, Mostofa MG. 2023. Acetic acid positively modulates proline metabolism for mitigating PEG-mediated drought stress in maize and Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci 14: 1167238. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1167238.
Maliya I, Darmanti S, Suedy SWA. 2019. The content of chlorophyll and antioxidant activity of malabar plum (Syzygium jambos) leaves at different developmental stages. Biosaintifika 11 (2): 226-233. DOI: 10.15294/biosaintifika.v11i2.18419.
Mathur P, Roy S. 2020. Nanosilica facilitates silica uptake, growth and stress tolerance in plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 157: 114-127. DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.011.
Moradtalab N, Hajiboland R, Aliasgharzad N, Hartmann TE, Neumann G. 2019. Silicon and the association with an arbuscular-mycorhizal fungus (Rhizophagus clarus) mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on strawberry. Agronomy 9: 41. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9010041.
Mwenye OJ, van Rensburg L, van Biljon A, van der Merwe R. 2016. The role of proline and root traits on selection for drought-stress tolerance in soybeans: A review. S Afr J Plant Soil 33 (4): 245-256. DOI: 10.1080/02571862.2016.1148786.
Nader AA, Hauka FIA, Afify AH, El-Sawah AM. 2024. Drought-tolerant bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mitigate the detrimental effects of drought stress induced by withholding irrigation at critical growth stages of soybean (Glycine max, L.). Microorganisms 12 (6): 1123. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061123.
Naidu S, Pandey J, Mishra LC, Chakraborty A, Roy A, Singh IK, Singh A. 2023. Silicon nanoparticles: Synthesis, uptake and their role in mitigation of biotic stress. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 255: 114783. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114783.
Papagiouvannis G, Theodosis-Nobelos P, Rekka EA. 2024. Trolox, ferulic, sinapic, and cinnamic acid derivatives of proline and GABA with antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory properties. Molecules 29 (16): 3763. DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163763.
Poudel S, Vennam RR, Shrestha A, Reddy KR, Wijewardani NK, Reddy KN, Beemanahalli R. 2023. Resilience of soybean cultivars to drought stress during flowering and early-seed setting stages. Sci Rep 13 (1): 1227. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28354-0.
Putra R, Waterman JM, Mathesius U, Wojtalewicz D, Powell JR, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. 2022. Benefits of silicon-enhanced root nodulation in a model legume are contingent upon rhizobial efficacy. Plant Soil 477: 201-217. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-022-05358-9.
Rakesh B, Chitdeshwari T, Mohanapriya G. 2024. Fascinating role of nanosilica in mitigating drought and nutrient stress - a review. Plant Stress 14: 100672. DOI: 10.1016/j.stress.2024.100672.
Rudenko NN, Vetoshkina DV, Marenkova TV, Borisova-Mubarakshina MM. 2023. Antioxidants of non-enzymatic nature: Their function in higher plant cells and the ways of boosting their biosynthesis. Antioxidants 12 (11): 2014. DOI: 10.3390/antiox12112014.
Sachdev S, Ansari SA, Ansari MI, Fujita M, Hasanuzzaman M. 2021. Abiotic stress and reactive oxygen species: Generation, signaling, and defense mechanisms. Antioxidants 10 (2): 277. DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020277.
Sangeetha J, Thangadurai D, Hospet R et al. 2017. Nanoagrotechnology for soil quality, crop performance and environmental management. In: Prasad R, Kumar M, Kumar V (eds). Nanotechnology: An Agricultural Paradigm. Springer, Singapore. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4573-8_5.
Sankar S, Sharma SK, Kaur N, Lee B, Kim DY, Lee S, Jung H. 2016. Biogenerated silica nanoparticles synthesized from sticky, red, and brown rice husk ashes by a chemical method. Ceram Intl 42 (4): 4875-4885. DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.11.172.
Seminario A, Song L, Zulet A, Nguyen HT, González EM, Larrainar E. 2017. Drought stress causes a reduction in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in soybean plants. Front Plant Sci 8: 1042. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01042.
Sharifian A, Mirzakhani A, Khaghani S, Kakhaki SFF. 2022. The combined use of silicon and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on Matthiola incana. Notul Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj-Napoca 50: 12947. DOI: 10.15835/nbha50412947.
Sharma R, Kumar V. 2024. Nano-enabled agriculture for sustainable soil. Waste Manag Bull 2 (1): 152-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.wmb.2024.01.002.
Singh S, Singh P, Tomar RS, Sharma RA, Singh SK. 2022. Proline: A key player in biotic and abiotic stress in plants. In: Rani M, Chaudhary BS, Jamal S, Kumar P (eds). Towards Sustainable Natural Resources: Monitoring and Managing Ecosystem Biodiversity. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06443-2_18.
Sitepu ME, Hariandi D, Septirosya T. 2024. Effectiveness test of local Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and cocoa waste compost on the growth of cocoa seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.) in former mining sites. Jerami Indones J Crop Sci 6 (2): 55-62. DOI: 10.25077/jijcs.6.2.55-62.2024.
Soliman ERS, Abdelhameed RE, Metwally RA. 2025. Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in drought-resilient soybeans (Glycine max L.): Unraveling the morphological, physio-biochemical traits, and expression of polyamine biosynthesis genes. Bot Stud 66 (1): 9. DOI: 10.1186/s40529-025-00455-1.
Suciaty T, Purnomo D, Sakya AT, Supriyadi. 2018. The effect of nano-silica fertilizer concentration and rice hull ash doses on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) growth and yield. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 129: 012009. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/129/1/012009.
Tang H, Hassan MU, Feng L, Nawaz M, Shah AN, Qari SH, Liu Y, Miao J. 2022. The critical role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve drought tolerance and nitrogen use efficiency in crops. Front Plant Sci 13: 919166. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.919166.
Tiika RJ, Duan H, Yang H, Cui G, Tian F, He Y, Ma Y, Li Y. 2023. Proline metabolism process and antioxidant potential of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. in response to NaCl treatments. Intl J Mol Sci 24 (18): 13794. DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813794.
Usman M, Farooq M, Wakeel A, Nawaz A, Cheema SA, Ur Rehman H, Ashraf I, Sanaullah M. 2020. Nanotechnology in agriculture: Current status, challenges, and future opportunities. Sci Total Environ 721: 137778. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137778.
Velikova V, Yordanov I, Edreva A. 2000. Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants: Protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Sci 151 (1): 59-66. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00197-1.
Wadas W. 2022. Possibility of increasing early crop potato yield with foliar application of silicon. Agron Sci 77 (2): 61-75. DOI: 10.24326/as.2022.2.6.
Wahab A, Muhammad M, Munir A, Abdi G, Zaman W, Ayaz A, Khizar C, Reddy SPP. 2023. Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in regulating growth, enhancing productivity, and potentially influencing ecosystems under abiotic and biotic stresses. Plants 12 (17): 3102. DOI: 10.3390/plants12173102.
Wei J, Liu L, Wei Z, Qin Q, Bai Q, Zhao C, Zhang S, Wang H. 2025. Silicon nano-fertilizer-enhanced soybean resilience and yield under drought stress. Plants 14 (5): 751. DOI: 10.3390/plants14050751.
Wei Y, Yang W, Yang Z. 2022. An excellent universal catalyst support-mesoporous silica: Preparation, modification and applications in energy-related reactions. Intl J Hydrogen Energy 47 (16): 9537-9565. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.01.048.