Traditional ecological knowledge and biodiversity conservation: the medicinal plants of the Dayak Krayan people in Kayan Mentarang National Park, Indonesia
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Abstract. Susanti R, Zuhud EAM. 2019. Traditional ecological knowledge and biodiversity conservation: the medicinal plants of the Dayak Krayan people in Kayan Mentarang National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2764-2779. Traditional ecological knowledge and biodiversity conservation can support one another for management of national parks in Indonesia as some such areas established in customary areas. This quantitative ethnobotany study aims to find the correlation of traditional ecological knowledge of medicinal plants of the Dayak Krayan people to biodiversity conservation in Kayan Mentarang National Park (KMNP), North Kalimantan, Indonesia. The research method used key informant interviews, transect walks, and questionnaire interviews. There were about 51 and 42 medicinal plants in Wa’ Yagung and Pa’ Padi respectively, which most used in life form of herb and tree, and to treat digestive system and infestations. Moreover, the important species are trees Alstonia scholaris and Cinnamomum cuspidatum, and vine Aristolochia sp. which grow in primary forest, while shrub Melastoma malabathricum in young secondary forest. There were significant differences in knowledge and use regarding age and gender groups, which older groups tend to possess higher values. The linking concept is proposed by using a review of three stimuli NUR (Natural-Usefulness-Religious) pro-conservation tool of traditional ecological knowledge and biodiversity conservation. The authorities’ stakeholders in KMNP will have to emphasize the traditional ecological knowledge in short or long-term management plan to achieve the objective of collaborative management in this national park.
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References
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Balick MJ, Cox PA. 1997. Ethnobotanical research and traditional health care in developing countries (pp.12-23). In: Bodeker G, Bhat KKS, Burley J, Vantomme P (eds) Medicinal Plants for Forest Conservation and Health Care. Non-Wood Forest Products 11. FAO, Rome. 158pp.
Berkes F. 1993. I. Traditional ecological knowledge in perspective (pp.1-7). In: Inglis JT (ed) Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases. International Development Research Center, Ottawa. 153pp.
https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/traditional-ecological-knowledge-concepts-and-cases
Bleher B, Uster D, Bergsdorf T. 2006. Assessment of threat status and management effectiveness in Kakamega forest, Kenya. Biodiversity Conservation 15: 1159-1177. In: Hawksworth DL, Bull AT (eds) Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation Volume 2: Forest Diversity and Management.
Caniago I, Siebert SE. 1998. Medicinal plant ecology, knowledge and conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Economic Botany 52(3): 229-250.
Cook FEM. 1995. Economic Botany: Data Collection Standard. Prepared for the International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases for Plant Sciences (TDWG). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 146pp.
Cooney R. 2005. From promise to practicalities: the precautionary principle in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use (pp.3-17). In: Cooney R, Dickson B (eds), Biodiversity and the Precautionary Principle: Risk and Uncertainty in Conservation and Sustainable Use. Earthscan, London. 314pp.
Cutler DF, Botha CEJ, Stevenson DW. 2008. Plant Anatomy: An Applied Approach. Blackwell Publishing, Carlton. 302pp.
Fitter AH, Hay RKM. 2002. Environmental Physiology of Plants. Third Edition. Academic Press, San Diego. 367pp.
Foote LE, Jones Jr SB. 1989. Native Shrub and Woody Vines of the Southeast: Landscaping Uses and Identification. Timber Press, Portland. 199pp.
Furze B, De Lacy T, Brickhead J. 1996. Culture, Conservation and Biodiversity. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. 269 pp.
Gerique A. 2006. An introduction to ethnoecology and ethnobotany: integrative assessment and planning methods for sustainable agroforestry in humid and semiarid regions. Advanced Scientific Training, Loja-Ecuador. 20pp.
https://www.academia.edu/29685653/An_Introduction_to_ethnoecology_and_ethnobotany._Theory_and_Methods_-_Integrative_assessment_and_planning_methods_for_sustainable_agroforestry_in_humid_and_semiarid_regions
Ghimire K, Bastakoti RR. 2009. Ethnomedicinal knowledge and healthcare practices among the Tharus of Nawalparasi district in central Nepal. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 2066–2072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.039
Iiyama Y. 2003. Community Perspectives on Ecotourism Carrying Capacity: Four villages in Pujungan Sub-district, Kayan Mentarang National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Case Study. [Thesis]. King´s College-London University, London. 62 pp.
Johannes RE. 1989. Introduction (pp.5-9). In: Johannes RE (ed) Traditional Ecological Knowledge: A Collection of Essays. IUCN, Gland. 77pp.
Johnson M. 1992. Research on traditional environmental knowledge: its development and its role (pp. 3–22). In Johnson M (ed) Lore: Capturing Traditional Environmental Knowledge. Dene Cultural Institute/International Development Research Center, Ottawa. 200pp.
Kala CP. 2000. Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian trans-Himalaya. Biological Conservation 93: 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00128-7
Kathe W. 2006. Chapter 8 Revision of the `guidelines on the conservation of medicinal plants BY WHO, IUCN, WWF and TRAFFIC: process and scope. In: Bogers RJ, Craker LE, Lange D. (eds) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (pp.109-120). Springer, the Netherlands.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b6dc/ec2a593ce224d2a1cc663cf1fc084469d7f3.pdf
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Leaman DJ, Arnason JT, Yusuf R, Sangat-Roemantyo H, Soedjito H, Angerhofer CK, Pezzuto JM. 1995. Malaria remedies of the Kenyah of the Apo Kayan, East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo: a quantitative assessment of local consensus as an indicator of biological efficacy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 49: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(95)01289-3
MacKinnon K, Hatta G, Halim H, Mangalik A. 1996. The Ecology of Kalimantan: Indonesian Borneo. Periplus Edition (HK) Ltd. Oxford University Press. 802 pp.
Martin GJ. 1998. Ethnobotani: Satu Manual Kaedah. (translated by Maryati Mohamed). Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu in cooperation with WWF International, Gland. 309 pp.
Matius P, Tipot E, Kuda T. 2003. Chapter 28 Ethnobotany of the Lundayeh community in Pa´Raye village, East Kalimantan. In: Mardiastuti A, Soehartono T (eds) Joint Biodiversity Expedition in Kayan Mentarang National Park Report. (official e-book report in the compact disc).
Mayers J, Bass S. 1998. The role of policy and institutions (pp.269-302). In: Goldsmith FB (ed) Tropical Rain Forest: A Wider Perspective. Chapman and Hall, London. 416 pp.
McNeely JA, MacKinnon JR. 1990. Protected areas, development, and land use in the tropics. Resource Management and Optimization 7(1-4): 191-208. In: Furtado JI, Morgan WB, Pfafflin JR, Ruddle K (eds) Tropical Resources: Ecology and Development. Harwood Academic Publishers, Chur. 306pp.
MoF. 2002a. Kayan Mentarang National Park Management Plan. Book I: Management Plan. Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia, Jakarta. (official e-book in the compact disc). 82pp.
MoF. 2002b. Kayan Mentarang National Park Management Plan. Book II: Data, Projection, and Analysis. Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia, Jakarta. (official e-book in the compact disc). 203pp.
MoF. 2007. Rencana pengelolaan jangka menengah (RPJM) Taman Nasional Kayan Mentarang. Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia, Jakarta. 133pp.
Montagnini F, Jordan CF. 2005. Tropical Forest Ecology: The Basis for Conservation and Management. Springer, Berlin. 295pp.
Morgan GA, Leech NL, Gloeckner GW, Barret KC. 2007. SPSS for Introductory Statistics: Use and Interpretation. Third Edition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Publishers, New Jersey. 217pp.
Mosbrugger V. 1990. The tree habit in land plants: A functional comparison of trunk constructions with a brief introduction into the biomechanics of trees. In: Bhattacharji S, Friedman GM, Neugebauer HJ, Seilacher A (eds) Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 28. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 161pp.
Mueller MS, Mechler E. 2005. Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries. Thieme, Stuttgart. 168pp.
Odum EP. 1969. The Strategy of Ecosystem Development. Science, New Series 164(3877): 262-270. http://users.clas.ufl.edu/mbinford/GEOXXXX_Biogeography/LiteratureForLinks/Odum_1969_Strategy_of_ecosystem_development_Science.pdf
Posey DD. 1997. Wider use and application of indigenous knowledge, innovations and practices: information systems and ethical concerns (pp.69-103). In: Hawksworth DL, Kirk PM, Clarke SD (eds) Biodiversity Information: Needs and Options: Proceedings of the 1996 International Workshop on Biodiversity Information. CAB International, Oxon. 194pp.
Primack RB. 2001. Extinction, Cause of. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity Volume 2. Academic Press, San Diego. 826pp.
Sangat HM, Zuhud EAM, Damayanti EK. 2000. Kamus Penyakit dan Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia. Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta. 207pp.
SCBD. 2006. Global Biodiversity Outlook 2. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. 89pp. http://antroposofi.org/cbd-gbo2.pdf
Schippmann U, Leaman D, Cunningham AB. 2006. Chapter 6 a comparison of cultivation and wild collection of medicinal and aromatic plants under sustainability aspects. In: Bogers RJ, Craker LE, Lange D (eds) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: 75-95. Springer, the Netherlands. http://edepot.wur.nl/137165
Schneeberger WF. 1945. The Kerayan-Kalabit highland of Central Northeast Borneo. Geographical Review 35(4): 544-562. American Geographical Society. https://www.jstor.org/stable/210795
Schnitzer SA, Bongers F. 2002. The ecology of lianas and their role in forests. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17(5): 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02491-6
Sedjo RA. 2000. Biodiversity: forests, property rights and economic value (pp.106-122). In: Van Kooten GC, Bulte EH, Sinclair ARE (eds) Conserving Nature´s Diversity: Insights from Biology, Ethics and Economics. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Hampshire. 206pp.
Sheldon JW, Balick MJ. 1995. Ethnobotany and the search for balance between use and conservation (pp.45-64). In: Swanson TM (ed) Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity Conservation, An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Values of Medicinal Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 271pp.
Townsley P. 1996. 3. What is rapid rural appraisal? Rapid rural appraisal, participatory rural appraisal and aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper – T358. Online document.
www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/W2352E/W2352E03.htm#ch3.3
Turner IM. 2001. The Ecology of Trees in the Tropical Rain Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 298 pp.
Velasco-Lezama R, Tapia-Aguilar R, Román-Ramos R, Vega-Avila E, Pérez-Gutiérrez MS. 2006. Effect of Plantago major on cell proliferation in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103(1): 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.050
WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Center).1998. Alstonia scholaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T32295A9688408.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32295A9688408.en.
Wulffrat S. 2005. An ecological overview of Krayan Darat and Krayan Hilir (pp.121-127). In: Topp L, Eghenter C (eds) Kayan Mentarang National Park in the Heart of Borneo. WWF-Indonesia, Jakarta. 176pp.
WWF. 2007. Borneo montane rain forests (Mark McGinley: topic editor). In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Cleveland CJ (ed) (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment).
Yuliarti N. 2008. Hidup Sehat dengan Terapi Herbal. Banyu Media, Yogyakarta. 83pp.
Zuhud EAM. 2007. Tri-Stimulus AMAR (Alamiah, MAnfaat, Religius) pro-konservasi "Three-Stimulus NUR (Natural-Usefulness-Religion) pro-conservation" (suatu konsep teori sikap dan perilaku pro-konservasi yang digali dari budaya masyarakat asli Indonesia). Buku prosiding Lokakarya Pendidikan Konservasi IPB-RARE:112-120. 9pp.
Zuhud EAM, Sofyan K, Prasetyo LB, Kartodihardjo H. 2007. Sikap masyarakat dan konservasi, suatu analisis Kedawung (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) sebagai stimulus tumbuhan obat bagi masyarakat: kasus di Taman Nasional Meru Betiri. Media Konservasi, Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam Hayati dan Lingkungan. Vol. XII/2 (September). 20pp.
Balick MJ, Arvigo R, Shropshire G, Mendelsohn R. 1996. Ethnopharmacological studies and biological conservation in Belize (pp.326-333). In: Balick MJ, Elisabetsky E, Laird SA (eds) Medicinal Resources of the Tropical Forest, Biodiversity and Its Importance to Human Health. Columbia University Press, New York. 440pp.
Balick MJ, Cox PA. 1997. Ethnobotanical research and traditional health care in developing countries (pp.12-23). In: Bodeker G, Bhat KKS, Burley J, Vantomme P (eds) Medicinal Plants for Forest Conservation and Health Care. Non-Wood Forest Products 11. FAO, Rome. 158pp.
Berkes F. 1993. I. Traditional ecological knowledge in perspective (pp.1-7). In: Inglis JT (ed) Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases. International Development Research Center, Ottawa. 153pp.
https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/traditional-ecological-knowledge-concepts-and-cases
Bleher B, Uster D, Bergsdorf T. 2006. Assessment of threat status and management effectiveness in Kakamega forest, Kenya. Biodiversity Conservation 15: 1159-1177. In: Hawksworth DL, Bull AT (eds) Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation Volume 2: Forest Diversity and Management.
Caniago I, Siebert SE. 1998. Medicinal plant ecology, knowledge and conservation in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Economic Botany 52(3): 229-250.
Cook FEM. 1995. Economic Botany: Data Collection Standard. Prepared for the International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases for Plant Sciences (TDWG). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 146pp.
Cooney R. 2005. From promise to practicalities: the precautionary principle in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use (pp.3-17). In: Cooney R, Dickson B (eds), Biodiversity and the Precautionary Principle: Risk and Uncertainty in Conservation and Sustainable Use. Earthscan, London. 314pp.
Cutler DF, Botha CEJ, Stevenson DW. 2008. Plant Anatomy: An Applied Approach. Blackwell Publishing, Carlton. 302pp.
Fitter AH, Hay RKM. 2002. Environmental Physiology of Plants. Third Edition. Academic Press, San Diego. 367pp.
Foote LE, Jones Jr SB. 1989. Native Shrub and Woody Vines of the Southeast: Landscaping Uses and Identification. Timber Press, Portland. 199pp.
Furze B, De Lacy T, Brickhead J. 1996. Culture, Conservation and Biodiversity. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. 269 pp.
Gerique A. 2006. An introduction to ethnoecology and ethnobotany: integrative assessment and planning methods for sustainable agroforestry in humid and semiarid regions. Advanced Scientific Training, Loja-Ecuador. 20pp.
https://www.academia.edu/29685653/An_Introduction_to_ethnoecology_and_ethnobotany._Theory_and_Methods_-_Integrative_assessment_and_planning_methods_for_sustainable_agroforestry_in_humid_and_semiarid_regions
Ghimire K, Bastakoti RR. 2009. Ethnomedicinal knowledge and healthcare practices among the Tharus of Nawalparasi district in central Nepal. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 2066–2072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.039
Iiyama Y. 2003. Community Perspectives on Ecotourism Carrying Capacity: Four villages in Pujungan Sub-district, Kayan Mentarang National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Case Study. [Thesis]. King´s College-London University, London. 62 pp.
Johannes RE. 1989. Introduction (pp.5-9). In: Johannes RE (ed) Traditional Ecological Knowledge: A Collection of Essays. IUCN, Gland. 77pp.
Johnson M. 1992. Research on traditional environmental knowledge: its development and its role (pp. 3–22). In Johnson M (ed) Lore: Capturing Traditional Environmental Knowledge. Dene Cultural Institute/International Development Research Center, Ottawa. 200pp.
Kala CP. 2000. Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian trans-Himalaya. Biological Conservation 93: 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00128-7
Kathe W. 2006. Chapter 8 Revision of the `guidelines on the conservation of medicinal plants BY WHO, IUCN, WWF and TRAFFIC: process and scope. In: Bogers RJ, Craker LE, Lange D. (eds) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (pp.109-120). Springer, the Netherlands.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b6dc/ec2a593ce224d2a1cc663cf1fc084469d7f3.pdf
KSDG. 2009. Krayan Sub-district Government Monthly Report Book.
Langub J. 2005. An overview of wilayah adat Krayan Darat and Krayan Hilir (pp.113-120). In: Topp L, Eghenter C (eds) Kayan Mentarang National Park in the Heart of Borneo. WWF-Indonesia, Jakarta. 176pp.
Leaman DJ, Arnason JT, Yusuf R, Sangat-Roemantyo H, Soedjito H, Angerhofer CK, Pezzuto JM. 1995. Malaria remedies of the Kenyah of the Apo Kayan, East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo: a quantitative assessment of local consensus as an indicator of biological efficacy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 49: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(95)01289-3
MacKinnon K, Hatta G, Halim H, Mangalik A. 1996. The Ecology of Kalimantan: Indonesian Borneo. Periplus Edition (HK) Ltd. Oxford University Press. 802 pp.
Martin GJ. 1998. Ethnobotani: Satu Manual Kaedah. (translated by Maryati Mohamed). Natural History Publications, Kota Kinabalu in cooperation with WWF International, Gland. 309 pp.
Matius P, Tipot E, Kuda T. 2003. Chapter 28 Ethnobotany of the Lundayeh community in Pa´Raye village, East Kalimantan. In: Mardiastuti A, Soehartono T (eds) Joint Biodiversity Expedition in Kayan Mentarang National Park Report. (official e-book report in the compact disc).
Mayers J, Bass S. 1998. The role of policy and institutions (pp.269-302). In: Goldsmith FB (ed) Tropical Rain Forest: A Wider Perspective. Chapman and Hall, London. 416 pp.
McNeely JA, MacKinnon JR. 1990. Protected areas, development, and land use in the tropics. Resource Management and Optimization 7(1-4): 191-208. In: Furtado JI, Morgan WB, Pfafflin JR, Ruddle K (eds) Tropical Resources: Ecology and Development. Harwood Academic Publishers, Chur. 306pp.
MoF. 2002a. Kayan Mentarang National Park Management Plan. Book I: Management Plan. Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia, Jakarta. (official e-book in the compact disc). 82pp.
MoF. 2002b. Kayan Mentarang National Park Management Plan. Book II: Data, Projection, and Analysis. Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia, Jakarta. (official e-book in the compact disc). 203pp.
MoF. 2007. Rencana pengelolaan jangka menengah (RPJM) Taman Nasional Kayan Mentarang. Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia, Jakarta. 133pp.
Montagnini F, Jordan CF. 2005. Tropical Forest Ecology: The Basis for Conservation and Management. Springer, Berlin. 295pp.
Morgan GA, Leech NL, Gloeckner GW, Barret KC. 2007. SPSS for Introductory Statistics: Use and Interpretation. Third Edition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Publishers, New Jersey. 217pp.
Mosbrugger V. 1990. The tree habit in land plants: A functional comparison of trunk constructions with a brief introduction into the biomechanics of trees. In: Bhattacharji S, Friedman GM, Neugebauer HJ, Seilacher A (eds) Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 28. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 161pp.
Mueller MS, Mechler E. 2005. Medicinal Plants in Tropical Countries. Thieme, Stuttgart. 168pp.
Odum EP. 1969. The Strategy of Ecosystem Development. Science, New Series 164(3877): 262-270. http://users.clas.ufl.edu/mbinford/GEOXXXX_Biogeography/LiteratureForLinks/Odum_1969_Strategy_of_ecosystem_development_Science.pdf
Posey DD. 1997. Wider use and application of indigenous knowledge, innovations and practices: information systems and ethical concerns (pp.69-103). In: Hawksworth DL, Kirk PM, Clarke SD (eds) Biodiversity Information: Needs and Options: Proceedings of the 1996 International Workshop on Biodiversity Information. CAB International, Oxon. 194pp.
Primack RB. 2001. Extinction, Cause of. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity Volume 2. Academic Press, San Diego. 826pp.
Sangat HM, Zuhud EAM, Damayanti EK. 2000. Kamus Penyakit dan Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia. Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta. 207pp.
SCBD. 2006. Global Biodiversity Outlook 2. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. 89pp. http://antroposofi.org/cbd-gbo2.pdf
Schippmann U, Leaman D, Cunningham AB. 2006. Chapter 6 a comparison of cultivation and wild collection of medicinal and aromatic plants under sustainability aspects. In: Bogers RJ, Craker LE, Lange D (eds) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: 75-95. Springer, the Netherlands. http://edepot.wur.nl/137165
Schneeberger WF. 1945. The Kerayan-Kalabit highland of Central Northeast Borneo. Geographical Review 35(4): 544-562. American Geographical Society. https://www.jstor.org/stable/210795
Schnitzer SA, Bongers F. 2002. The ecology of lianas and their role in forests. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17(5): 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02491-6
Sedjo RA. 2000. Biodiversity: forests, property rights and economic value (pp.106-122). In: Van Kooten GC, Bulte EH, Sinclair ARE (eds) Conserving Nature´s Diversity: Insights from Biology, Ethics and Economics. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Hampshire. 206pp.
Sheldon JW, Balick MJ. 1995. Ethnobotany and the search for balance between use and conservation (pp.45-64). In: Swanson TM (ed) Intellectual Property Rights and Biodiversity Conservation, An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Values of Medicinal Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 271pp.
Townsley P. 1996. 3. What is rapid rural appraisal? Rapid rural appraisal, participatory rural appraisal and aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper – T358. Online document.
www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/W2352E/W2352E03.htm#ch3.3
Turner IM. 2001. The Ecology of Trees in the Tropical Rain Forest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 298 pp.
Velasco-Lezama R, Tapia-Aguilar R, Román-Ramos R, Vega-Avila E, Pérez-Gutiérrez MS. 2006. Effect of Plantago major on cell proliferation in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103(1): 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.050
WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Center).1998. Alstonia scholaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: e.T32295A9688408.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32295A9688408.en.
Wulffrat S. 2005. An ecological overview of Krayan Darat and Krayan Hilir (pp.121-127). In: Topp L, Eghenter C (eds) Kayan Mentarang National Park in the Heart of Borneo. WWF-Indonesia, Jakarta. 176pp.
WWF. 2007. Borneo montane rain forests (Mark McGinley: topic editor). In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Cleveland CJ (ed) (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment).
Yuliarti N. 2008. Hidup Sehat dengan Terapi Herbal. Banyu Media, Yogyakarta. 83pp.
Zuhud EAM. 2007. Tri-Stimulus AMAR (Alamiah, MAnfaat, Religius) pro-konservasi "Three-Stimulus NUR (Natural-Usefulness-Religion) pro-conservation" (suatu konsep teori sikap dan perilaku pro-konservasi yang digali dari budaya masyarakat asli Indonesia). Buku prosiding Lokakarya Pendidikan Konservasi IPB-RARE:112-120. 9pp.
Zuhud EAM, Sofyan K, Prasetyo LB, Kartodihardjo H. 2007. Sikap masyarakat dan konservasi, suatu analisis Kedawung (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) sebagai stimulus tumbuhan obat bagi masyarakat: kasus di Taman Nasional Meru Betiri. Media Konservasi, Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Konservasi Sumberdaya Alam Hayati dan Lingkungan. Vol. XII/2 (September). 20pp.
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