Effects of terrains’ soil and altitude on performance of Abyssinian pea (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum A. Braun) landraces of Ethiopia
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Abstract. Tsegay BA, Gebreegziabher BG. 2019. Effects of terrains’ soil and altitude on performance of Abyssinian pea (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum A.Braun) landraces of Ethiopia. Biodiversitas 20: 3467-3477. Pea production in Ethiopia is mainly located in the highlands. Field-based agronomic performance evaluation of Abyssinian pea landraces at different altitudes and soil types are rarely explored. This study was conducted to assess the effects of soil composition and altitude on morphological and yield traits of three landraces. The experimental investigation used was a completely randomized block design. Morphological and yield traits of the landraces considered in this study varied across agroecology. The variations were due to soil nutrient differences, altitude of the agroecology and their interactions. Soil samples collected from the mid-altitude had the highest pH of 7.71±0.07. Cation exchange capacity of this soil was found to be 45.46±0.71, in covenant with the approximate cation exchange capacity of most soils (>40 CEC meq/100 g soil) around neutral pH. This agroecology was found to be best for overall performance of the landraces. In the highland terrain, the landraces were less vigorous and shorter in height. In the lowland terrain, landraces were taller in height but gave low yield. Gedober 2017 landrace performed best in seed yield (6.00±0.11g/plant) and harvest index (0.32±0.43) at the mid-altitude. From this study, farmers are mindful to cultivate Gedober 2017 landrace at midland and highland pea production potential areas of Ethiopia.
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References
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Berg T. 2009. Landraces and folk varieties: a conceptual reappraisal of terminology. Euphytica 166:423-430.
Bioversity International .2019. Agrobiodiversity Index Report 2019: Risk and Resilience. Rome (Italy): Bioversity International. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/100820.
Buri MM, Issaka RN, Wakatsuki T. 2005. Extent and Management of Low pH Soils in Ghana. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr 51:755-759.
Buri MM, Issaka RN, Wakatsuki T, Otoo E. 2004. Soil organic amendments and mineral fertilizers: options for sustainable lowland rice production in the forest agro ecology of Ghana. Agricultural and Food Science Journal of Ghana 3:237-248.
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Cordell D, Drangert J, White S. 2009. The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought. Glob. Environ. Change 19:292-305.
Coto A, de Sousa K, Fadda C, Gebrehawaryat Y, van de Gevel J, Gotor E, Gupta A, Madriz B, Mathur P, Mengistu DK, Paliwal A, Quirós CF, Scafetti F, Sharma N, Steinke J, van Etten J. 2019. Seeds for Needs: crop diversity for resilience. Poster and handout presented at the 2nd Meeting of the Joint Boards of Bioversity International and CIAT. Maccarese, Italy, May 2019. Rome (Italy) Bioversity International.
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CSA (Central Statistical Agency) .2013. Ethiopia rural socioeconomic survey (ERSS). Central statistical agency and the World Bank, May 7th, 2013.
Difalco S, Chavas JP. 2009. On crop biodiversity, risk exposure, and food security in the highlands of Ethiopia. Am J Agric Econ 91:599-611.
Donald CM. 1962. In search of yield. No. REP-10660. CIMMYT.
Elias SG. 2006. Seed Quality Testing. In A.S. Basra (ed.) Handbook of Seed Science and Technology. p. 561-601. Haworth Press Inc., NY.
Ellis THN, Poyser SJ. 2002. Research review: An integrated and comparative view of pea genetic and cytogenetic maps. New Phytol 153:17-25.
Esen A, Sari H, Erler F, Adak A, Sari D, Eker T, Canci H, ?kten C, Kahraman A, Toker C. 2019. Screening and selection of accessions in the genus Pisum L. for resistance to pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.). Euphytica 215:82. 01234567
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FAO. 2012. Economics of plant genetic resource management for adaptation to climate change. ESA Working paper No. 12-02FAO. 2010. The second report on the state of the World’s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, Rome.
Gebreegziabher BG, Tsegay BA. 2018. Evaluation of farmers’ knowledge on the rare Abyssinian pea (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum) landraces of Ethiopia. Biodiversitas 19:1851-1865.
Gebreegziabher BG, Tsegay BA. 2017. Adaptability of Dekoko (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum) seedlings to salinity stress in vitro culture conditions. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research 12:1054-1064.
Gebreslassie B, Abraha B. 2016. Review: Distribution and productivity of dekoko (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum A. Braun) in Ethiopia. Glob. J Sci. Front. Res. C Biol. Sci 16:45-57.
Gibson AH, Dreyfus BL, Dommergues YR. 1982. Nitrogen fixation by legumes in the tropics. In: Dommergues YR and Diem HG (eds) Microbiology of Tropical Soils and Plant Productivity, pp 37-71. Hague, Holanda: Martinez Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers.
Halbeisen J. 2019. Nutrient Recommendations. Growers Mineral Solutions. Accessed from http://www.growersmineral.com/crops/indepth-articles/out-of-date-nutrient-recommendations. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
Harris D, Hollington P. 2006. Participatory promotion of on-farm seed priming. DFID Plant Science Research Programme, Final Technical Report Project R7438. Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Wales, Bangor, UK.
Hedrick UP. 1928. The Vegetables of New York. Report of the New York state agricultural experiment station for the year ending June 30, 1928. Geneva, New York.
Holden D. 2009. Genetic studies of wide crosses between cultivated pea species, and the domestication of Pisum abyssinicum. [Ph.D. Thesis], School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, John Innes Centre and Unilever Research, Colworth, UK.[UK].
Hue N, Uchida VR, Ho MC. 2004. Testing Your Soil: Why and How to Take a Soil-Test Sample. Department of Agronomy and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawaii.
Hue N, Uchida VR, Ho MC. 1997. Testing Your Soil: Why and How to Take a Soil-Test Sample. Department of Agronomy and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawaii. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_037208.pdf.
IUSS Working Group WRB. 2015. World reference base for soil resources 2014, update 2015 international soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World soil resources reports No. 106. FAO. Rome.
Jha AB, Arganosa G, Tarán B, Diederichsen A, Warkentin TD. 2013. Characterization of 169 diverse pea germplasm accessions for agronomic performance, Mycosphaerella blight resistance and nutritional profile. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol 60:747-761.
Jones JB. 2003. Agronomic handbook: management of crops, soils, and their fertility. CRC Press, Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Lake B. 2000. Understanding soil pH. Acid Soil Action.
Meles K, Nigussie G, Belay T, Manjur K. 2009. Seed system impact on farmers’ income and crop biodiversity in the drylands of southern Tigray. DCG Report 54:1-76.
Miki? A, Mihailovi? V, Dimitrijevi? M, Petrovi? S, ?upina B, Ðor?evi? V, Kosev V, Miloševi? B, Jovanovi? Ž, Milovac Ž. 2013. Evaluation of seed yield and seed yield components in red–yellow (Pisum fulvum) and Ethiopian (Pisum abyssinicum) peas. Genetic Resource and Crop Evolution 60:629-638.
Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MoANR). 2016. Plant Variety Release, Protection and Seed Quality Control Directorate of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Crop Variety Register 19:100-101.
Mugwanya N. 2019. Why agroecology is a dead end for Africa. Outlook on agriculture 48:113-116.
NCR-13 Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Committee. 2011. Recommended chemical soil test procedures for the North Central Region. North Central Regional, Research Publication No. 221. https://bit.ly/2HK7K8t.
Olsen SR, Cole C, Watanabe FSV, Dean LA. 1954. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. U. S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 939. Banderis, A. D., D. H. Barter and K. Anderson. Agricultural and Advisor.
Pal DK, Mandal DK, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal C, Sarkar D. 2009. Revisiting the agro-ecological zones for crop evaluation. Indian J Hum Genet 69: 315-318.
Prasad PVV, Pisipati SR, Mom?ilovic´ I, Ristic Z. 2011. Independent and Combined Effects of High Temperature and Drought Stress During Grain Filling on Plant Yield and Chloroplast EF-Tu Expression in Spring Wheat. J Agron Crop Sci 197: 430-441.
Recha T, Muwanika C, De Jonge B, Mulumba W, Nankya R, Otieno G. 2019. Report of the International Workshop on Registration of Farmers’ Varieties, 4-7 December 2018, Entebbe, Uganda. Rome (Italy): Bioversity International; Oxfam Novib 30 p. ISBN: 978-92-9255-123-0.
Sharma S. 2019. Comparing soil test kits with standard lab-based soil tests for agricultural soils. Crops and Soils magazine 52:18-20.
Smýkal P, Coyne C, Redden R, Maxted N. 2013. Peas. In: Singh M, Upadhyaya HD, Bisht IS (Eds) Genetic and Genomic Resources of Grain Legume Improvement. Birmingham, UK. [UK].
Snapp S, Rahmanian M, Batello C. 2018. Pulse crops for sustainable farms in sub-Saharan Africa, edited by T. Calles. Rome, FAO.
Thiaw S, Hall AE, Parker DR. 1993.Varietal intercropping and the yields and stability of cowpea production in semiarid Senegal. Field Crops Res 33:217-233.
Thom WO, Schwab GJ, Murdock LW, Sikora FJ. 2003. AGR-16: Taking Soil Test Samples. Director of Cooperative Extension Service, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agcomm/pubs/agr/agr16/agr16.pdf.
Uchida R. 2000. Essential Nutrients for Plant Growth: Nutrient Functions and Deficiency Symptoms. In: Silva J. A. and Uchida R. (eds). Plant Nutrient Management in Hawaii’s Soils, Approaches for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture. Chapter 3, pp. 31-55. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Unkovich M, Baldock J, Forbes M. 2010. Variability in Harvest Index of Grain Crops and Potential Significance for Carbon Accounting: Examples from Australian Agriculture. Advan Agron 105:173-219.
UPOV-BMT: BMT/36/10. 2002. Progress report of the 36th session of the technical committee, the technical working parties and working group on biochemical and molecular techniques and DNA profiling in particular. Geneva, Switzerland. [Switzerland].
Vavilov NI. 1951. The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants; Translated from the Russian byK. Starchester; Chronica Botanica: Leyden. The Netherlands 13:1-364.
Winch T. 2006. Growing Food: A guide to food production. https://epdf.pub/growing-food-a-guide-to-food-production.html.
Zaki EMH, Mahmoud MMA, Abd El-Ati1 YY, Hammad MA, Sayed MMR. 2016. Studies on pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth and productivity under agroforestry system: 2. Yield and seed quality of pea under alley cropping system with two types of trees. J. basic appl. Res 3:1-9.
Agegnehu G. 2018. Soil Fertility and Crop Management Research on Cool-season Food Legumes in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 28:95-109.
AOAC. 1960. Official Methods of Analysis. 10th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC.
Berg T. 2009. Landraces and folk varieties: a conceptual reappraisal of terminology. Euphytica 166:423-430.
Bioversity International .2019. Agrobiodiversity Index Report 2019: Risk and Resilience. Rome (Italy): Bioversity International. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/100820.
Buri MM, Issaka RN, Wakatsuki T. 2005. Extent and Management of Low pH Soils in Ghana. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr 51:755-759.
Buri MM, Issaka RN, Wakatsuki T, Otoo E. 2004. Soil organic amendments and mineral fertilizers: options for sustainable lowland rice production in the forest agro ecology of Ghana. Agricultural and Food Science Journal of Ghana 3:237-248.
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). 2009. Ethiopia‘s 4th Country Report to the CBD. Institute of Biodiversity Conservation. November 2009.Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
CIAT. 2017. CIAT in Ethiopia: Science for Impact. Building a sustainable food future since 1967. CIAT 1967-2017, CGIAR Research Center.
Cordell D, Drangert J, White S. 2009. The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought. Glob. Environ. Change 19:292-305.
Coto A, de Sousa K, Fadda C, Gebrehawaryat Y, van de Gevel J, Gotor E, Gupta A, Madriz B, Mathur P, Mengistu DK, Paliwal A, Quirós CF, Scafetti F, Sharma N, Steinke J, van Etten J. 2019. Seeds for Needs: crop diversity for resilience. Poster and handout presented at the 2nd Meeting of the Joint Boards of Bioversity International and CIAT. Maccarese, Italy, May 2019. Rome (Italy) Bioversity International.
?upina B, Mihailovi? V, Mikic´ A, Eri? P, Krsti? Ð. 2008. Evaluation of seed yield components in Ethiopian pea (Pisum sativum subsp. abyssinicum (A. Braun) Govorov). In: Annicchiarico P, Bochard AM, Ellis N, Miki? A, Ramos Monreal Á, Smýkal P, Warkentin T, Winter P (eds) Book of Abstracts of the Second Grain Legumes Technology Transfer Platform (GL-TTP) Workshop, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad-GL-TTP, Paris, pp 36-37.
CSA (Central Statistical Agency) .2013. Ethiopia rural socioeconomic survey (ERSS). Central statistical agency and the World Bank, May 7th, 2013.
Difalco S, Chavas JP. 2009. On crop biodiversity, risk exposure, and food security in the highlands of Ethiopia. Am J Agric Econ 91:599-611.
Donald CM. 1962. In search of yield. No. REP-10660. CIMMYT.
Elias SG. 2006. Seed Quality Testing. In A.S. Basra (ed.) Handbook of Seed Science and Technology. p. 561-601. Haworth Press Inc., NY.
Ellis THN, Poyser SJ. 2002. Research review: An integrated and comparative view of pea genetic and cytogenetic maps. New Phytol 153:17-25.
Esen A, Sari H, Erler F, Adak A, Sari D, Eker T, Canci H, ?kten C, Kahraman A, Toker C. 2019. Screening and selection of accessions in the genus Pisum L. for resistance to pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.). Euphytica 215:82. 01234567
FAO. 2019.The State of Ethiopia’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. Rome.
FAO. 2012. Economics of plant genetic resource management for adaptation to climate change. ESA Working paper No. 12-02FAO. 2010. The second report on the state of the World’s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, Rome.
Gebreegziabher BG, Tsegay BA. 2018. Evaluation of farmers’ knowledge on the rare Abyssinian pea (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum) landraces of Ethiopia. Biodiversitas 19:1851-1865.
Gebreegziabher BG, Tsegay BA. 2017. Adaptability of Dekoko (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum) seedlings to salinity stress in vitro culture conditions. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research 12:1054-1064.
Gebreslassie B, Abraha B. 2016. Review: Distribution and productivity of dekoko (Pisum sativum var. abyssinicum A. Braun) in Ethiopia. Glob. J Sci. Front. Res. C Biol. Sci 16:45-57.
Gibson AH, Dreyfus BL, Dommergues YR. 1982. Nitrogen fixation by legumes in the tropics. In: Dommergues YR and Diem HG (eds) Microbiology of Tropical Soils and Plant Productivity, pp 37-71. Hague, Holanda: Martinez Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers.
Halbeisen J. 2019. Nutrient Recommendations. Growers Mineral Solutions. Accessed from http://www.growersmineral.com/crops/indepth-articles/out-of-date-nutrient-recommendations. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
Harris D, Hollington P. 2006. Participatory promotion of on-farm seed priming. DFID Plant Science Research Programme, Final Technical Report Project R7438. Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University of Wales, Bangor, UK.
Hedrick UP. 1928. The Vegetables of New York. Report of the New York state agricultural experiment station for the year ending June 30, 1928. Geneva, New York.
Holden D. 2009. Genetic studies of wide crosses between cultivated pea species, and the domestication of Pisum abyssinicum. [Ph.D. Thesis], School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, John Innes Centre and Unilever Research, Colworth, UK.[UK].
Hue N, Uchida VR, Ho MC. 2004. Testing Your Soil: Why and How to Take a Soil-Test Sample. Department of Agronomy and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawaii.
Hue N, Uchida VR, Ho MC. 1997. Testing Your Soil: Why and How to Take a Soil-Test Sample. Department of Agronomy and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR), University of Hawaii. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_037208.pdf.
IUSS Working Group WRB. 2015. World reference base for soil resources 2014, update 2015 international soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World soil resources reports No. 106. FAO. Rome.
Jha AB, Arganosa G, Tarán B, Diederichsen A, Warkentin TD. 2013. Characterization of 169 diverse pea germplasm accessions for agronomic performance, Mycosphaerella blight resistance and nutritional profile. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol 60:747-761.
Jones JB. 2003. Agronomic handbook: management of crops, soils, and their fertility. CRC Press, Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Lake B. 2000. Understanding soil pH. Acid Soil Action.
Meles K, Nigussie G, Belay T, Manjur K. 2009. Seed system impact on farmers’ income and crop biodiversity in the drylands of southern Tigray. DCG Report 54:1-76.
Miki? A, Mihailovi? V, Dimitrijevi? M, Petrovi? S, ?upina B, Ðor?evi? V, Kosev V, Miloševi? B, Jovanovi? Ž, Milovac Ž. 2013. Evaluation of seed yield and seed yield components in red–yellow (Pisum fulvum) and Ethiopian (Pisum abyssinicum) peas. Genetic Resource and Crop Evolution 60:629-638.
Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MoANR). 2016. Plant Variety Release, Protection and Seed Quality Control Directorate of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Crop Variety Register 19:100-101.
Mugwanya N. 2019. Why agroecology is a dead end for Africa. Outlook on agriculture 48:113-116.
NCR-13 Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Committee. 2011. Recommended chemical soil test procedures for the North Central Region. North Central Regional, Research Publication No. 221. https://bit.ly/2HK7K8t.
Olsen SR, Cole C, Watanabe FSV, Dean LA. 1954. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. U. S. Department of Agriculture Circular No. 939. Banderis, A. D., D. H. Barter and K. Anderson. Agricultural and Advisor.
Pal DK, Mandal DK, Bhattacharyya T, Mandal C, Sarkar D. 2009. Revisiting the agro-ecological zones for crop evaluation. Indian J Hum Genet 69: 315-318.
Prasad PVV, Pisipati SR, Mom?ilovic´ I, Ristic Z. 2011. Independent and Combined Effects of High Temperature and Drought Stress During Grain Filling on Plant Yield and Chloroplast EF-Tu Expression in Spring Wheat. J Agron Crop Sci 197: 430-441.
Recha T, Muwanika C, De Jonge B, Mulumba W, Nankya R, Otieno G. 2019. Report of the International Workshop on Registration of Farmers’ Varieties, 4-7 December 2018, Entebbe, Uganda. Rome (Italy): Bioversity International; Oxfam Novib 30 p. ISBN: 978-92-9255-123-0.
Sharma S. 2019. Comparing soil test kits with standard lab-based soil tests for agricultural soils. Crops and Soils magazine 52:18-20.
Smýkal P, Coyne C, Redden R, Maxted N. 2013. Peas. In: Singh M, Upadhyaya HD, Bisht IS (Eds) Genetic and Genomic Resources of Grain Legume Improvement. Birmingham, UK. [UK].
Snapp S, Rahmanian M, Batello C. 2018. Pulse crops for sustainable farms in sub-Saharan Africa, edited by T. Calles. Rome, FAO.
Thiaw S, Hall AE, Parker DR. 1993.Varietal intercropping and the yields and stability of cowpea production in semiarid Senegal. Field Crops Res 33:217-233.
Thom WO, Schwab GJ, Murdock LW, Sikora FJ. 2003. AGR-16: Taking Soil Test Samples. Director of Cooperative Extension Service, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. http://www2.ca.uky.edu/agcomm/pubs/agr/agr16/agr16.pdf.
Uchida R. 2000. Essential Nutrients for Plant Growth: Nutrient Functions and Deficiency Symptoms. In: Silva J. A. and Uchida R. (eds). Plant Nutrient Management in Hawaii’s Soils, Approaches for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture. Chapter 3, pp. 31-55. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Unkovich M, Baldock J, Forbes M. 2010. Variability in Harvest Index of Grain Crops and Potential Significance for Carbon Accounting: Examples from Australian Agriculture. Advan Agron 105:173-219.
UPOV-BMT: BMT/36/10. 2002. Progress report of the 36th session of the technical committee, the technical working parties and working group on biochemical and molecular techniques and DNA profiling in particular. Geneva, Switzerland. [Switzerland].
Vavilov NI. 1951. The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants; Translated from the Russian byK. Starchester; Chronica Botanica: Leyden. The Netherlands 13:1-364.
Winch T. 2006. Growing Food: A guide to food production. https://epdf.pub/growing-food-a-guide-to-food-production.html.
Zaki EMH, Mahmoud MMA, Abd El-Ati1 YY, Hammad MA, Sayed MMR. 2016. Studies on pea (Pisum sativum L.) growth and productivity under agroforestry system: 2. Yield and seed quality of pea under alley cropping system with two types of trees. J. basic appl. Res 3:1-9.