The vertical distribution of epiphytic orchids on Schima wallichii trees in a montane forest in West Java, Indonesia
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Abstract. Fardhani I, Torimaru T, Kisanuki H. 2020. The vertical distribution of epiphytic orchids on Schima wallichii trees in a montane forest in West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 290-298. Schima wallichii Choisy. is a mostly montane species native to the island of Java; it grows on degraded land areas and is widely used for forest restoration. We studied the vertical distribution of epiphytic orchids on these trees in montane forest on Mt. Sanggara, West Java, Indonesia. To this end, 40 S. wallichii trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) > 20 cm were chosen haphazardly and their epiphytic orchids were identified The diameter and height of each host tree were measured. The position of each epiphytic orchid on each host tree was allocated to one of five zones using Johansson’s method. In total, 39 epiphytic orchid species were identified on 40 host trees at the study site. There was no significant difference in orchid abundance or species richness between crown zones. However, there were significant differences in orchid abundance and species richness between trunks and crowns. Host tree size (DBH) and the number of branches were positively correlated with orchid abundance and species richness. The numbers of orchids and other epiphytic plants were positively correlated in the mid-crown and outer-crown. S. wallichii trees are essential for the epiphytic orchid community because they produce many branches that are suitable for colonization.
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References
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Bertness MD, Callaway R. 1994. Positive interactions in communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 191-193.
Bloembergen S. 1952. A critical study in the complex-polymorphous genus Schima (Theaceae). Reindwardtia 2: 133-183.
Bolker BM, Brooks ME, Clark CJ, Geange SW, Poulsen JR, Stevens MHH, White JS. 2009. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24: 127-135.
Callaway RM, Reinhart K, Moore GW, Pennings S. 2002. Epiphyte host preferences and host traits: mechanism for species-specific interactions. Oecologia 132: 221-230.
Coble AP, Autio A, Cavaleri MA. 2014. Converging patterns of vertical variability in leaf morphology and nitrogen across seven Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil and Hawaii, USA. Trees 28: 1-15.
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de la Rosa-Manzano E, Andrade JL, Zotz G, Reyes-García C. 2014. Epiphytic orchids in tropical dry forests of Yucatan, Mexico – Species occurrence, abundance and correlations with host tree characteristics and environmental conditions. Flora 209: 100–109.
Enloe HA, Graham RC, Sillet SC. 2006. Arboreal histosols in old-growth redwood forest canopies, Northern California. Soil Sciences Society of America Journal 70: 408-418.
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Flores-Palacios A, García-Franco JG. 2001. Sampling method for vascular epiphytes: Their effectiveness in recording species richness and frequency. Selbyana 22: 181-191.
Flores-Palacios A, García-Franco JG. 2006. The relationship between tree size and epiphyte species richness: Testing four different hypotheses. Journal of Biogeography 33: 323–330.
Garth RE. 1964. The ecology of Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides): its growth and distribution. Ecology 45: 470-481.
Gower ST, Norman JM. 1991. Rapid estimation of leaf-area index in conifer and broad-leaf plantations. Ecology 72:1896–1900.
Gradstein SR, Nadkarni NM, Krömer T, Holz I, Noske N. 2003. A protocol for rapid and representative sampling of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte diversity of tropical rain forest. Selbyana 24: 105–111.
Gravendeel B, Smithson A, Slik FJW, Schuiteman A. 2004. Epiphytism and pollinator specialization: drivers for orchid diversity? Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London B 359: 1523–1535.
Hietz P, Buchberger G, Winkler M. 2006. Effect of forest disturbance on abundance and distribution of epiphytic bromeliads and orchids. Ecotropica 12: 103–112.
Hirata A, Kamijo T, Saito S. 2008. Host traits preferences and distribution of vascular epiphytes in a warm-temperate forest. Plant Ecology 201: 247-254.
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Nadkarni NM, Matelson TJ. 1991. Fine litter dynamics within the tree canopy of a tropical cloud forest. Ecology 72: 2071-2082.
Nadkarni NM, Merwin MC, Nieder J. 2001. Forest canopies, plant diversity. Encyclopaedia of Biodiversity 3: 27-39.
Nieder J, Zotz G. 1998. Methods of analyzing the structure and dynamics of vascular epiphyte communities. Ecotropica 4: 33–39.
Nieder J, Prosperi J, Michaloud G. 2001. Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diversity. Plant Ecology 153: 51–63.
O’Malley K. 2009. Patterns of abundance and diversity in epiphytic orchid on Parashorea malaanonan trees in Danum Valley, Sabah. The Plymouth Student Scientist 2: 38-58.
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Puspitaningtyas D. 2007. Orchid Inventory and the Host in Meru Betiri National Park – East Java. Biodiversitas 8: 210–214. [Indonesian]
R Development Core Team. 2016. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna: Austria. www.Rproject.org
Romanski J, Pharo EJ, Kirkpatrick JB. 2011. Epiphytic bryophytes and habitat variation in montane rainforest, Peru. Bryologist 114: 720–731.
RStudio Team. 2016. RStudio: Integrated development for R. RStudio, Inc. Boston: USA. www.rstudio.com
Rudolph D, Rauer G, Nieder J, Barthlott W. 1998. Distributional patterns of epiphytes in the canopy and phorophyte characteristics in a western Andean rain forest in Ecuador. Selbyana 19: 27–33.
Sanger JC, Kirkpatrick JB. 2015. Moss and vascular epiphyte distribution over host tree and elevation gradients in Australian subtropical rainforest. Australian Journal of Botany 63: 696-704.
Sanger JC, Kirkpatrick JB. 2017. Fine partitioning of epiphyte habitat within Johansson zones in tropical Australian rain forest trees. Biotropica 49: 27–34.
Setyawan AD. 2000. Epiphytic Plants on Stand of Schima wallichii (D.C.) Korth. at Mount Lawu. Biodiversitas 1: 14–20. [Indonesian]
Sporn SG, Bos MM, Kessler M, Gradstein SR. 2009. Vertical distribution of epiphytic bryophytes in an Indonesian rainforest. Biodiversity Conservation 19: 745.
Taylor A, Burns K. 2015. Epiphyte community development throughout tree ontogeny: an island ontogeny framework. Journal of Vegetation Science 26: 902–910.
Ter Steege H, Cornellisen JHC. 1989. Distribution and ecology of vascular epiphytes in lowland rain forest of Guyana. Biotropica 2: 331–339.
Tremblay RL, Zimmerman JK, Lebrón L, Bayman P, Sastre I, Axelrod F, Alers-García J. 1998. Host specificity and low reproductive success in the rare endemic Puerto Rican orchid Lepanthes caritensis. Biology Conservation 85: 297-304.
Tuyama S. 1989. Theaceae. In: Satake Y, Hara H, Watari S, Tominari T (eds) Wild flowers of Japan. Woody plants I. Heibunsha. Tokyo.
van Steenis CGGJ. 1972. The mountain flora of Java. Brill. Leiden.
Vergara-Torres CA, Pacheco-Alvarez MC, Flores-Palacios A. 2010. Host preference and host limitation of vascular epiphytes in a tropical dry forest of central Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology 26: 563-570.
Wagner K, Bogusch W, Zotz G. 2013. The role of the regeneration niche for the vertical strati?cation of vascular epiphytes. Journal of Tropical Ecology 29: 277–290.
Wallace BJ. 1981. The Australian vascular epiphytes: flora and ecology. [PhD thesis]. University of New England.
Winkler M, Hulber K, Hietz P. 2007. Population dynamics of epiphytic bromeliads: life strategies and the role of host branches. Basic and Applied Ecology 8:183-196.
Yamada I. 1975. Forest ecological study of the mountain forest of Mt. Pangrango, West Java. South East Asian Studies 13: 402-426
Zotz G. 2016. Plants on plants – the biology of vascular epiphytes. Berlin: Springer, pp 282.
Zotz G, Hietz P. 2001. The physiological ecology of vascular epiphytes: current knowledge, open questions. Journal of Experimental Botany 52: 2067–2078.
Zotz G, Vollrath B. 2003. The epiphyte vegetation of the palm, Socratea exorrhiza – correlations with tree size, tree age, and bryophyte cover. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19: 81-90.
Bagheri A, Midi H. 2009. Robust estimations as a remedy for multicollinearity caused by multiple high leverage points. Journal of Mathematics and Statistics 5: 311-321.
BAKOSURTANAL. 2001. Peta rupa bumi digital Indonesia 1: 25000: lembar 1209-314 Lembang. BAKOSURTANAL. Bogor.
Benzing DH. 1990. Vascular epiphytes. General biology and related biota. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Bertness MD, Callaway R. 1994. Positive interactions in communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 191-193.
Bloembergen S. 1952. A critical study in the complex-polymorphous genus Schima (Theaceae). Reindwardtia 2: 133-183.
Bolker BM, Brooks ME, Clark CJ, Geange SW, Poulsen JR, Stevens MHH, White JS. 2009. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24: 127-135.
Callaway RM, Reinhart K, Moore GW, Pennings S. 2002. Epiphyte host preferences and host traits: mechanism for species-specific interactions. Oecologia 132: 221-230.
Coble AP, Autio A, Cavaleri MA. 2014. Converging patterns of vertical variability in leaf morphology and nitrogen across seven Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil and Hawaii, USA. Trees 28: 1-15.
Comber JB. 1990. Orchids of Java. The Bentham-moxon Trust, The Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew.
de la Rosa-Manzano E, Andrade JL, Zotz G, Reyes-García C. 2014. Epiphytic orchids in tropical dry forests of Yucatan, Mexico – Species occurrence, abundance and correlations with host tree characteristics and environmental conditions. Flora 209: 100–109.
Enloe HA, Graham RC, Sillet SC. 2006. Arboreal histosols in old-growth redwood forest canopies, Northern California. Soil Sciences Society of America Journal 70: 408-418.
Fardhani I, Kisanuki H, Parikesit. 2015. Diversity of Orchid Species in Mount Sanggarah, West Bandung. 22nd Tri-University International Joint Seminar Symposium, Jiangsu, China, 18-23 October 2015.
Flores-Palacios A, García-Franco JG. 2001. Sampling method for vascular epiphytes: Their effectiveness in recording species richness and frequency. Selbyana 22: 181-191.
Flores-Palacios A, García-Franco JG. 2006. The relationship between tree size and epiphyte species richness: Testing four different hypotheses. Journal of Biogeography 33: 323–330.
Garth RE. 1964. The ecology of Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides): its growth and distribution. Ecology 45: 470-481.
Gower ST, Norman JM. 1991. Rapid estimation of leaf-area index in conifer and broad-leaf plantations. Ecology 72:1896–1900.
Gradstein SR, Nadkarni NM, Krömer T, Holz I, Noske N. 2003. A protocol for rapid and representative sampling of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte diversity of tropical rain forest. Selbyana 24: 105–111.
Gravendeel B, Smithson A, Slik FJW, Schuiteman A. 2004. Epiphytism and pollinator specialization: drivers for orchid diversity? Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London B 359: 1523–1535.
Hietz P, Buchberger G, Winkler M. 2006. Effect of forest disturbance on abundance and distribution of epiphytic bromeliads and orchids. Ecotropica 12: 103–112.
Hirata A, Kamijo T, Saito S. 2008. Host traits preferences and distribution of vascular epiphytes in a warm-temperate forest. Plant Ecology 201: 247-254.
id.climate-data.org. 2018. Climate Lembang. en.climate-data.org/asia/indonesia/west-java/lembang-974703/
Ives AR. 2015. For testing the significance of regression coefficients, go ahead and log-transform count data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 6: 828–835.
Johansson D. 1974. Ecology of vascular epiphytes in West African rain forest. Acta Phytogeography Suecica 59: 1–136.
Kamei A, Miyamoto K, Simbolon H, Suzuki E. 2015. Genetic differentiation in Schima (Theaceae) in West Java, Indonesia, and Amami Islands, Japan. Tropics 24: 47-55.
Krömer T, Kessler M, Gradstein SR. 2007. Vertical stratification of vascular epiphytes in submontane and montane forest of the Bolivian Andes: The importance of the understory. Plant Ecology 189: 261–278.
Kwon Y, Larsen CPS, Lee M. 2018. Tree species richness predicted using a spatial environmental model including forest area and frost frequency, eastern USA. PLoS ONE 13: e0203881.
Mansfield ER, Helms BP. 1982. Detecting Multicollinearity. The American Statistician 36: 158-160.
Marsusi M. 2001. A Study of the Epiphytic Orchids in Jobolarangan Forest. Biodiversitas 2: 153–158. [Indonesian]
Mondragon D, Valverde T, Hernandez-Apolinar M. 2015. Population ecology of epiphytic angiosperms: a review. Tropical Ecology 56: 01-39.
Muhamad D, Okubo S, Harashima K, Parikesit, Gunawan B, Takeuchi K. 2014. Living close to forests enhances people’s perception of ecosystem services in a forest-agricultural landscape of West Java, Indonesia. Ecosystem Services 8: 197-206.
Nadkarni NM, Matelson TJ. 1991. Fine litter dynamics within the tree canopy of a tropical cloud forest. Ecology 72: 2071-2082.
Nadkarni NM, Merwin MC, Nieder J. 2001. Forest canopies, plant diversity. Encyclopaedia of Biodiversity 3: 27-39.
Nieder J, Zotz G. 1998. Methods of analyzing the structure and dynamics of vascular epiphyte communities. Ecotropica 4: 33–39.
Nieder J, Prosperi J, Michaloud G. 2001. Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diversity. Plant Ecology 153: 51–63.
O’Malley K. 2009. Patterns of abundance and diversity in epiphytic orchid on Parashorea malaanonan trees in Danum Valley, Sabah. The Plymouth Student Scientist 2: 38-58.
Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Anthony S. 2009. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp
Puspitaningtyas D. 2007. Orchid Inventory and the Host in Meru Betiri National Park – East Java. Biodiversitas 8: 210–214. [Indonesian]
R Development Core Team. 2016. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna: Austria. www.Rproject.org
Romanski J, Pharo EJ, Kirkpatrick JB. 2011. Epiphytic bryophytes and habitat variation in montane rainforest, Peru. Bryologist 114: 720–731.
RStudio Team. 2016. RStudio: Integrated development for R. RStudio, Inc. Boston: USA. www.rstudio.com
Rudolph D, Rauer G, Nieder J, Barthlott W. 1998. Distributional patterns of epiphytes in the canopy and phorophyte characteristics in a western Andean rain forest in Ecuador. Selbyana 19: 27–33.
Sanger JC, Kirkpatrick JB. 2015. Moss and vascular epiphyte distribution over host tree and elevation gradients in Australian subtropical rainforest. Australian Journal of Botany 63: 696-704.
Sanger JC, Kirkpatrick JB. 2017. Fine partitioning of epiphyte habitat within Johansson zones in tropical Australian rain forest trees. Biotropica 49: 27–34.
Setyawan AD. 2000. Epiphytic Plants on Stand of Schima wallichii (D.C.) Korth. at Mount Lawu. Biodiversitas 1: 14–20. [Indonesian]
Sporn SG, Bos MM, Kessler M, Gradstein SR. 2009. Vertical distribution of epiphytic bryophytes in an Indonesian rainforest. Biodiversity Conservation 19: 745.
Taylor A, Burns K. 2015. Epiphyte community development throughout tree ontogeny: an island ontogeny framework. Journal of Vegetation Science 26: 902–910.
Ter Steege H, Cornellisen JHC. 1989. Distribution and ecology of vascular epiphytes in lowland rain forest of Guyana. Biotropica 2: 331–339.
Tremblay RL, Zimmerman JK, Lebrón L, Bayman P, Sastre I, Axelrod F, Alers-García J. 1998. Host specificity and low reproductive success in the rare endemic Puerto Rican orchid Lepanthes caritensis. Biology Conservation 85: 297-304.
Tuyama S. 1989. Theaceae. In: Satake Y, Hara H, Watari S, Tominari T (eds) Wild flowers of Japan. Woody plants I. Heibunsha. Tokyo.
van Steenis CGGJ. 1972. The mountain flora of Java. Brill. Leiden.
Vergara-Torres CA, Pacheco-Alvarez MC, Flores-Palacios A. 2010. Host preference and host limitation of vascular epiphytes in a tropical dry forest of central Mexico. Journal of Tropical Ecology 26: 563-570.
Wagner K, Bogusch W, Zotz G. 2013. The role of the regeneration niche for the vertical strati?cation of vascular epiphytes. Journal of Tropical Ecology 29: 277–290.
Wallace BJ. 1981. The Australian vascular epiphytes: flora and ecology. [PhD thesis]. University of New England.
Winkler M, Hulber K, Hietz P. 2007. Population dynamics of epiphytic bromeliads: life strategies and the role of host branches. Basic and Applied Ecology 8:183-196.
Yamada I. 1975. Forest ecological study of the mountain forest of Mt. Pangrango, West Java. South East Asian Studies 13: 402-426
Zotz G. 2016. Plants on plants – the biology of vascular epiphytes. Berlin: Springer, pp 282.
Zotz G, Hietz P. 2001. The physiological ecology of vascular epiphytes: current knowledge, open questions. Journal of Experimental Botany 52: 2067–2078.
Zotz G, Vollrath B. 2003. The epiphyte vegetation of the palm, Socratea exorrhiza – correlations with tree size, tree age, and bryophyte cover. Journal of Tropical Ecology 19: 81-90.
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