Antibiotics resistant Escherichia coli isolated from aquatic ecosystems in Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia
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Abstract. Verawaty M, Apriyani N, Tarigan LR, Apriyan ET, Laurenta WC, Apriani N, Muharani. 2020. Antibiotics resistant Escherichia coli isolated from aquatic ecosystems in Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 86-97. Antibiotics-resistant bacteria (ARB) are one of the emerging water contaminants currently gaining serious global concern due to their adverse risk to ecosystems, wildlife, and public health. This study determined antibiotics resistant Escherichia coli isolated from aquatic ecosystems in Palembang. Most probable number (MPN) was used for bacterial estimation and the Kirby-Bauer method was used for susceptibility test against antimicrobial agents. The results indicated that 82% of E. coli isolates from 28 sampling sites were resistant to ampicillin, 57% to tobramycin, and 71% to tetracycline. The isolates showed intermediate profile to kanamycin (50%), 57% to cotrimoxazole, 50% to cefixime, and 54% to gentamycin. These isolates still showed sensitivity towards ciprofloxacin (86%) and chloramphenicol (61%). Total coliform (TC) numbers ranged from 0 to >1600 MPN/100 mL. Sampling sites with high MPN values of ?1600 MPN/100 mL were Sekanak watersheds (SW1, SW8, SW11, SW12, SW13, and SW14) followed by SW2 and SW9 with a value of 1600 MPN/100 mL, while samples from cattle and fish farms (CW) varied from 0 to 170.000 MPN/100 mL. TC of samples collected from retention ponds (RP) ranged from 0 (RPJSC) to 1.600.000 MPN/100 mL (RPSH3). The Escherichia coli (EC) counts varied from 1.7 x 103 (RPSH2) to ?1.6 × 104 MPN/100 mL (SW11, SW12, SW13, and SW14). Several samples (SW3, RPPI, RPTS, RPSB, RPIBA, and RPOPI) have no E. coli. The results indicated some of the sampling locations that exceeds the quality standard of water have been regulated by the Governor of South Sumatra and the Indonesian Government.
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References
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EUCAST, 2003. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibacterial agents by broth dilution. ESCMID, C. 9, 1–7.
Fernandes, B, A, M., 2013. Studi Penggunaan Antibiotik Tanpa Resep di Kabupaten Manggarai dan Manggarai Barat–NTT. J. Ilm. Mhs. Univ. Surabaya. 2, 1–17.
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Guyomard-Rabenirina, S., Dartron, C., Falord, M., Sadikalay, S., Ducat, C., Richard, V., Breurec, S., Gros, O., Talarmin, A., 2017. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs in different surface waters and wastewaters of Guadeloupe. PLoS One 12, 1–17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173155
Hadi, U., Kuntaman, K., Qiptiyah, M., Paraton, H., 2013. Problem of Antibiotic Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Indonesia: Are We Really Making Progress? Indones. J. Trop. Infect. Dis. 4, 5. doi:10.20473/ijtid.v4i4.222
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Jain, A., 2019. Antibiotic resistant bacteria found in river water [WWW Document]. The Hidubussinessline. URL https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-found-in-river-water/article26570260.ece
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Khan, G.A., Berglund, B., Khan, K.M., Lindgren, P.E., Fick, J., 2013. Occurrence and Abundance of Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in Rivers, Canal and near Drug Formulation Facilities - A Study in Pakistan. PLoS One 8, 4–11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062712
Kibret, M., Abera, B., 2011. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of E. coli from clinical sources in northeast Ethiopia. Afr. Health Sci. 11, 40–45.
Kozak, G.K., Boerlin, P., Janecko, N., Reid-Smith, R.J., Jardine, C., 2009. Antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli isolates from Swine and wild small mammals in the proximity of swine farms and in natural environments in Ontario, Canada. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 559–566. doi:10.1128/AEM.01821-08
Kumar, K., C. Gupta, S., Chander, Y., Singh, A.K., 2005. Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Impact on the Terrestrial Environment. Adv. Agron. 87, 1–54. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(05)87001-4
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Levy, S.B., 1998. The challenge of antibiotic resistance [see comments]. Sci Am 278, 46–53.
Li, D., Zeng, S., He, M., Gu, A.Z., 2016. Water disinfection byproducts induce antibiotic resistance-role of environmental pollutants in resistance phenomena. Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 3193–3201.
Li, J., Cheng, W., Xu, L., Strong, P.J., Chen, H., 2015. Antibiotic-resistant genes and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the effluent of urban residential areas, hospitals, and a municipal wastewater treatment plant system. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 4587–4596.
Li, Y.X., Zhang, X.L., Li, W., Lu, X.F., Liu, B., Wang, J., 2013. The residues and environmental risks of multiple veterinary antibiotics in animal faeces. Environ. Monit. Assess. 185, 2211–2220. doi:10.1007/s10661-012-2702-1
Luo, Y., Wang, Q., Lu, Q., Mu, Q., Mao, D., 2014. An ionic liquid facilitates the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes mediated by class I integrons. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 1, 266–270.
Maal-Bared, R., Bartlett, K.H., Bowie, W.R., Hall, E.R., 2013. Phenotypic antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli and E. coli O157 isolated from water, sediment and biofilms in an agricultural watershed in British Columbia. Sci. Total Environ. 443, 315–323. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.106
Martinez-Carballo, E., González-Barreiro, C., Scharf, S., Gans, O., 2007. Environmental monitoring study of selected veterinary antibiotics in animal manure and soils in Austria. Environ. Pollut. 148, 570–579.
Mishra, M., Arukha, A.P., Patel, A.K., Behera, N., Mohanta, T.K., Yadav, D., 2018. Multi-drug resistant coliform: Water sanitary standards and health hazards. Front. Pharmacol. 9, 1–8. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00311
Motoyama, M., Nakagawa, S., Tanoue, R., Sato, Y., Nomiyama, K., Shinohara, R., 2011. Residues of pharmaceutical products in recycled organic manure produced from sewage sludge and solid waste from livestock and relationship to their fermentation level. Chemosphere 84, 432–438. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.048
Nwosu, V.C., 2001. Antibiotic resistance with particular reference to soil microorganisms. Res. Microbiol. 152, 421–430.
Pan, X., Qiang, Z., Ben, W., Chen, M., 2011. Residual veterinary antibiotics in swine manure from concentrated animal feeding operations in Shandong Province, China. Chemosphere 84, 695–700.
Pei, R., Kim, S.C., Carlson, K.H., Pruden, A., 2006. Effect of River Landscape on the sediment concentrations of antibiotics and corresponding antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). Water Res. 40, 2427–2435. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.04.017
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