Physiological, biochemical activities of cherelle wilt on three cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao) under two levels of soil fertilities
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Abstract. Dewi HS ES, Ydono P, Putra ETS, Purwanto BH. 2020. Physiological, biochemical activities of cherelle wilt on three cocoa clones (Theobroma cacao) under two levels of soil fertilities. Biodiversitas 21: 187-194. Cherelle wilt is one of the diseases caused by physiological disorders. It results in loss of young pods by 70-90%. This study aims to reveal the correlation of physiological, biochemical activities of several cocoa clones with two soil fertility status. The study was conducted using a nested design with two blocks as replications. The soil fertility status was classified based on soil chemical status. This obtained two clusters of soil fertility, namely low soil fertility, high soil fertility. The second factor was cocoa clone, consisting of three clones, namely RCC 70, RCC 71, KKM 22. Variables measured were soil character, biochemistry of fresh, wilting cherelles, physiological activities, cherelle wilt, biochemical activities including sucrose content, reducing sugar, invertase activity. The data obtained were analyzed for their variance (ANOVA) with a 95% confidence level, tested using Tukey’s HSD there were significant differences between treatments. The results showed that high soil fertility status could increase contents of N, P, K, boron in leaves, increase nitrate reductase activity, chlorophyll contents, increase photosynthesis rate, suppress transpiration rate, increase assimilate transport from leaves to cherelle, increase enzyme invertase activity. RCC 70 clone indicated better physiological, biochemical activity, had the smallest percentage of cherelle wilt. Soil fertility status can suppress cherelle wilt by up to 60% through increasing physiological, biochemical activity. The RCC 70 clone shows the lowest cherelle wilt values ??compared to RCC 71, KKM 22 clones.
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References
Afoakwa EO, Peterson A and Flower M. 2007. Review: Factor influencing and texture and qualities in chocolate. Trends in food Science & Technology 18: 290- 298.
Andújar I, Recio MC, Giner RM and Ríos JL. 2012. Cocoa polyphenols and their potential benefits for human health — Review article. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. doi:10.1155/2012/906252
Anvoh KYB, Bi ZA and Gnarki D. 2009. Production and characterization of juice from mucilages of cocoa beans and its transformation in to marmalade. Park. J. Nutiion
Astuti YTM. 2011. Alokasi fotosintat dan hormon sebagai penyebab layu buah mudah kakao. Disertasi. Fakultas Biologi. UGM. Yogyakarta. [Indonesia]
Astuti YTM, Prawoto AA and Dewi K. 2011. Effect of flush existence, NAA and GA application on cocoa pod development. Pelita Perkebunan. 27(1): 11– 23. [Indonesia].
Avianto Y. 2017. Pengaruh arah lereng terhadap aktivitas fisiologis dan kualitas minyak daun cengkeh (Syzigium aromaticum) di pegunungan menoreh. Fakultas Pertanian. Universitas Gajdah Mada. Undergraduate Thesis. [Indonesia].
Banyo Y dan Ai NS. 2011. Konsentrasi klorofil daun sebagai indikator kekurangan air pada tanaman. Jurnal Ilmiah dan Sains. 11. (2). [Indonesia]
Botha FC dan Black KG, 2 Sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase activity during maturation of internodal tissue in sugarcane Aust J Plant Physiology 2: 81–8
Balintan. 2005., Jurnal kimia. Balai Penelitian Tanah. Bogor.[Indonesia}
Buijitsse B, Feskens EJM, Kok FJ and Kromhout D. 2006. Cocoa intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular mortality. Journal Archives of Internal medicine Vol 166 (4):411-417. Doi:10.1001/archinte.166.4.411.
Colla G, Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Tullio M, Rivera CM, Rea E. 2008. Alleviation of salt stress by arbuscular mycorrhizal in zucchini plants grown at low and high phosphorus concentration. Biol Fertil Soils 44:501–509
Cristobal JJC and Gonzalez-Fontes A. 1999. Boron deficiency causes a drastic decrease in nitrate content and nitrate reductase activity, and increases the content?of carbohydrates in leaves from tobacco plants. Planta 209: 528-536. .
Eleana Sarafi, Christos Chatzissavvidis & Ioannis Therios (2016): Response of Two Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) Cultivars to Six Boron Concentrations: Growth Performance, Nutrient Status, Gas Exchange Parameters, Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Proline and Carbohydrate Content, Journal of Plant Nutrition, DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2016.1262403.
Engler MB, Engler MM, Chen CY, Malloy MJ, Brownes A, Chiu EY, Kwak HK, Milburry P, Paul SM, Blumberg J and Sndyder M. 2004. Flavonoid-Rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adults. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 23, No. 3, 197–204
Eraslan F, Inal A, Gunes A, and Alpaslan M. 2007. Boron toxicity alters nitrate reductase activity, proline accumulation, membrane permeability, and Mmneral constituents of tomato and pepper plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 30: 981-994. DOI: 10.1080/15226510701373221.
Giri B, dan Mukerji K. 2004. Mycorrhizal inoculant alleviates salt stress in Sesbania aegyptiaca and Sesbania grandiflora under field conditions: evidence for reduced sodium and improved magnesium uptake. Mycorrhiza 14:307–312.
Grassi D, Necozione S, Lippi C, Croce G, Valeri L, Pasqualetti P, Desideri G, Blumberg JB and FerriC. 2005. Cocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives. Journal Hypertension 46:308-405. Doi:10.166/01/hyp.0000174990.46027.70
Guehi TS, Dingkuhn M, Cros E, Fourny G, Ratomahenina R, Moulin G and Clement A. 2007. Identification and lipase-producing abilities of Moulds Isolate from Ivorian raw cocoa beans res. J. Agric Biol. Sci, 3: 838 -843 8: 129-133.
Gunalan, G., R Subhasini, U.S. Mahadeva Rao, P. Sumathi., 2010. A Comparative Phytochemical Analysis of Cocoa and Green Tea. Indian Journal of science and Technology vol 3 no 2.
Hegazi.S, El-Motaium. R. A, Yehia. T. A and M. E. Hashim. 2018. ?Effect of foliar boron application on boron, chlorophyll, phenol, sugars and hormones concentration of olive (Olea europaea L.) buds, leaves, and fruits, Journal of Plant Nutrition, DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1425438
Harbone, J.B, 1987. Metode Fitokimia, Penerbit ITB Bandung.[Indonesia]
Hemantaranjan A and trivedi KA. 2015 Influence of boron and zinc on nitrate and nitrite reductase activity in roots and leaves, and sulfur containing amino acids, protein and oil content in seeds of soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr.) International Journal of Scientific Research in Science And technology, 1 (3) : 30 - 38.
Hu W, Coomer TD, Loka DA, Oosterhuis DM , Zho Z. 2017. Potassium deficiency affects the carbon-nitrogen balance in cotton leaves . Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 155 :408-417 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.04.005
Humphries EC. 1943. Wilt of cacao fruits (Theobroma cacao L.) II. A Preliminary Survey of the carbohydrate metabolism with special reference to wilt susceptibility. Annals of Botany, 7, 45–6.
Humphries EC. 1947. Wilt of cacao fruits (Theobroma cacao) : IV. Seasonal variation in the carbohydrate reserves of the bark and wood of the cacao tree. Annals of Botany, 11 (42) : 221-244
Humphries EC. 1950. Wilt of cacao fruits (Theobroma cacao) : V. Seasonal variation in potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium of the bark and wood of the cacao tree. Annals of Botany, 14 (54) : 149-164.
Jiang H, Yang MJ, Zhang CJF. 2007. Effect of external phosphorus on the cell ultra structure and the chlorophyll content of maize under cadmium and zinc stress. Environmental Pollution. 147; 750-756.
Kastori R and Petrovic N. 1989. Effect of boron on nitrate reductase activity in young sunflower plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 12(5):621-632.
Keen C., Holt RR, Otieza PI, Fraga CG and. Schmitz HH. 2005. Cocoa antioxidant and aardiovascular healt. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81, 298S-303S.
Kim J, Lee K, Wand HJ, Lee, 2011. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) seeds and phytochemicals in human health. Nuts & seeds in health and disease prevention : 351–360. Elsevier Inc
Kitir N, Gunes A, Turan M, Yildirim E, Topcuoglu B, Turker M Ozlu E, Karaman MR and F?r?ldak G. 2018. Bio-Boron fertilizer applications affect amino acid and organic acid content and physiological properties of strawberry plant. Erwerbs-Obstbau-Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-018-0409-3
McKelvie AD. 1956. Cherelle wilt of cacao. I. Pod development and its relation to wilt. Journal of Experimental Botany, 7, 252–263.
McKelvie. 1960. Cherelle wilt of cacao : II. Wilt in relation to yield. Journal of Experimental Botany, 11 (33) : 413-424.
Melnick LR, Strem DM, rozier J, Sicher CR and Bailey BA. 2013. Molecular and metabolic changes of cherelle wilt of cacao and its effect on Moniliophthora roreri. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 84: 153 -162.
Nichols, R. 1961. Xylem occlusions in the fruit of cacao (Theobroma cacao) and their relation to cherelle wilt. Annals of Botany, 25 (100) : 463-475.
Percey WJ, Shabala L, Wu Q, Su N, Breadmore MC, Guijt RM, J Bose J, Shabala S. 2016. Potassium retention in leaf mesophyll as an element of salinity tissue tolerance in halophytes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.011.
Prawoto A. 2000. Kajian morfologis, anatomis dan biokhemis layu pentil kakao serta perkembangan upaya pengendalian. Pelita Perkebunan 16 (1): 11 -29. [Indonesia]
Roventos RML, Perez AIR, Lacueva AA and Torner A. 2005. Review: Health Effects of cocoa flavonoids. Journal food science and Technology International 11:159-176. Doi: 10.1177/1082013205054498.
Ringel P, Krausze J, Heuve JVD, Curth U, Pierik AJ, Herzog S, Mendel RR, and Kruse T. 2013. Biochemical characterization of molibdenum cofactor-free nitrate reductase from Neurospora crassa. Journal of Biology Chemistry, 288 (20); 14657-14671.
Steinberg FM, Bearden MM and Keen CL. 2003. Cocoa and chocolate flavanoids: implications for cardiovascular health. Journal of the American Dietic Association 103, 215-223.
Taiz L and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology. 4th edition online. Sinauer Ass, Inc.
Wachjar A. 2005. Kajian tanggap fisiologis perkembangan buah muda dan layu pentil terhadap Pemberian unsur seng (Zn) dan boron (B) serta pengaruhnya terhadap hasil kakao (Theobroma cacao L.). Institut Pertanian Bogor. Doctoral Dissertation. [Indonesia]
Yu SM, Lo SF and Ho THD. 2015. Source-sing communications : Regulated by hormone, Nutrient, and stress cross-signalin. Trends In Plant Science.20 (12):844-857. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.009.
Zakariyya F and Prawoto AA. 2015. Stomatal Conductance and Chlorophyll Characteristics and Their Relationship with Yield of Some Cocoa Clones Under Tectona grandis, Leucaena sp., and Cassia surattensis. Pelita Perkebunan 31(20:99-108. [Indonesia}
Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang P, Zang QA, Yan C, Yu F, Yu J and Fang J. 2017. Effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on root activity and chlorophyll content in leaves of Brassica oleracea Seedlings grown in vegetable nursery substrate. Horticulture, Environment and biotechnology, 5- 11. DOI 10.1007/s13580-017-0177-2.
Zhao XH, Du Q, Zhao Y, Wang HJ, Li YJ, Wang XG. and Yu HQ. 2016. Effects of different potassium stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in maize (Zea MaysL.) at seedling stage. Agricultural Sciences, 7, 44-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2016.71005.
Andújar I, Recio MC, Giner RM and Ríos JL. 2012. Cocoa polyphenols and their potential benefits for human health — Review article. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. doi:10.1155/2012/906252
Anvoh KYB, Bi ZA and Gnarki D. 2009. Production and characterization of juice from mucilages of cocoa beans and its transformation in to marmalade. Park. J. Nutiion
Astuti YTM. 2011. Alokasi fotosintat dan hormon sebagai penyebab layu buah mudah kakao. Disertasi. Fakultas Biologi. UGM. Yogyakarta. [Indonesia]
Astuti YTM, Prawoto AA and Dewi K. 2011. Effect of flush existence, NAA and GA application on cocoa pod development. Pelita Perkebunan. 27(1): 11– 23. [Indonesia].
Avianto Y. 2017. Pengaruh arah lereng terhadap aktivitas fisiologis dan kualitas minyak daun cengkeh (Syzigium aromaticum) di pegunungan menoreh. Fakultas Pertanian. Universitas Gajdah Mada. Undergraduate Thesis. [Indonesia].
Banyo Y dan Ai NS. 2011. Konsentrasi klorofil daun sebagai indikator kekurangan air pada tanaman. Jurnal Ilmiah dan Sains. 11. (2). [Indonesia]
Botha FC dan Black KG, 2 Sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase activity during maturation of internodal tissue in sugarcane Aust J Plant Physiology 2: 81–8
Balintan. 2005., Jurnal kimia. Balai Penelitian Tanah. Bogor.[Indonesia}
Buijitsse B, Feskens EJM, Kok FJ and Kromhout D. 2006. Cocoa intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular mortality. Journal Archives of Internal medicine Vol 166 (4):411-417. Doi:10.1001/archinte.166.4.411.
Colla G, Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Tullio M, Rivera CM, Rea E. 2008. Alleviation of salt stress by arbuscular mycorrhizal in zucchini plants grown at low and high phosphorus concentration. Biol Fertil Soils 44:501–509
Cristobal JJC and Gonzalez-Fontes A. 1999. Boron deficiency causes a drastic decrease in nitrate content and nitrate reductase activity, and increases the content?of carbohydrates in leaves from tobacco plants. Planta 209: 528-536. .
Eleana Sarafi, Christos Chatzissavvidis & Ioannis Therios (2016): Response of Two Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) Cultivars to Six Boron Concentrations: Growth Performance, Nutrient Status, Gas Exchange Parameters, Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Proline and Carbohydrate Content, Journal of Plant Nutrition, DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2016.1262403.
Engler MB, Engler MM, Chen CY, Malloy MJ, Brownes A, Chiu EY, Kwak HK, Milburry P, Paul SM, Blumberg J and Sndyder M. 2004. Flavonoid-Rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adults. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 23, No. 3, 197–204
Eraslan F, Inal A, Gunes A, and Alpaslan M. 2007. Boron toxicity alters nitrate reductase activity, proline accumulation, membrane permeability, and Mmneral constituents of tomato and pepper plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 30: 981-994. DOI: 10.1080/15226510701373221.
Giri B, dan Mukerji K. 2004. Mycorrhizal inoculant alleviates salt stress in Sesbania aegyptiaca and Sesbania grandiflora under field conditions: evidence for reduced sodium and improved magnesium uptake. Mycorrhiza 14:307–312.
Grassi D, Necozione S, Lippi C, Croce G, Valeri L, Pasqualetti P, Desideri G, Blumberg JB and FerriC. 2005. Cocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives. Journal Hypertension 46:308-405. Doi:10.166/01/hyp.0000174990.46027.70
Guehi TS, Dingkuhn M, Cros E, Fourny G, Ratomahenina R, Moulin G and Clement A. 2007. Identification and lipase-producing abilities of Moulds Isolate from Ivorian raw cocoa beans res. J. Agric Biol. Sci, 3: 838 -843 8: 129-133.
Gunalan, G., R Subhasini, U.S. Mahadeva Rao, P. Sumathi., 2010. A Comparative Phytochemical Analysis of Cocoa and Green Tea. Indian Journal of science and Technology vol 3 no 2.
Hegazi.S, El-Motaium. R. A, Yehia. T. A and M. E. Hashim. 2018. ?Effect of foliar boron application on boron, chlorophyll, phenol, sugars and hormones concentration of olive (Olea europaea L.) buds, leaves, and fruits, Journal of Plant Nutrition, DOI https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1425438
Harbone, J.B, 1987. Metode Fitokimia, Penerbit ITB Bandung.[Indonesia]
Hemantaranjan A and trivedi KA. 2015 Influence of boron and zinc on nitrate and nitrite reductase activity in roots and leaves, and sulfur containing amino acids, protein and oil content in seeds of soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merr.) International Journal of Scientific Research in Science And technology, 1 (3) : 30 - 38.
Hu W, Coomer TD, Loka DA, Oosterhuis DM , Zho Z. 2017. Potassium deficiency affects the carbon-nitrogen balance in cotton leaves . Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 155 :408-417 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.04.005
Humphries EC. 1943. Wilt of cacao fruits (Theobroma cacao L.) II. A Preliminary Survey of the carbohydrate metabolism with special reference to wilt susceptibility. Annals of Botany, 7, 45–6.
Humphries EC. 1947. Wilt of cacao fruits (Theobroma cacao) : IV. Seasonal variation in the carbohydrate reserves of the bark and wood of the cacao tree. Annals of Botany, 11 (42) : 221-244
Humphries EC. 1950. Wilt of cacao fruits (Theobroma cacao) : V. Seasonal variation in potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium of the bark and wood of the cacao tree. Annals of Botany, 14 (54) : 149-164.
Jiang H, Yang MJ, Zhang CJF. 2007. Effect of external phosphorus on the cell ultra structure and the chlorophyll content of maize under cadmium and zinc stress. Environmental Pollution. 147; 750-756.
Kastori R and Petrovic N. 1989. Effect of boron on nitrate reductase activity in young sunflower plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 12(5):621-632.
Keen C., Holt RR, Otieza PI, Fraga CG and. Schmitz HH. 2005. Cocoa antioxidant and aardiovascular healt. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81, 298S-303S.
Kim J, Lee K, Wand HJ, Lee, 2011. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) seeds and phytochemicals in human health. Nuts & seeds in health and disease prevention : 351–360. Elsevier Inc
Kitir N, Gunes A, Turan M, Yildirim E, Topcuoglu B, Turker M Ozlu E, Karaman MR and F?r?ldak G. 2018. Bio-Boron fertilizer applications affect amino acid and organic acid content and physiological properties of strawberry plant. Erwerbs-Obstbau-Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-018-0409-3
McKelvie AD. 1956. Cherelle wilt of cacao. I. Pod development and its relation to wilt. Journal of Experimental Botany, 7, 252–263.
McKelvie. 1960. Cherelle wilt of cacao : II. Wilt in relation to yield. Journal of Experimental Botany, 11 (33) : 413-424.
Melnick LR, Strem DM, rozier J, Sicher CR and Bailey BA. 2013. Molecular and metabolic changes of cherelle wilt of cacao and its effect on Moniliophthora roreri. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 84: 153 -162.
Nichols, R. 1961. Xylem occlusions in the fruit of cacao (Theobroma cacao) and their relation to cherelle wilt. Annals of Botany, 25 (100) : 463-475.
Percey WJ, Shabala L, Wu Q, Su N, Breadmore MC, Guijt RM, J Bose J, Shabala S. 2016. Potassium retention in leaf mesophyll as an element of salinity tissue tolerance in halophytes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.011.
Prawoto A. 2000. Kajian morfologis, anatomis dan biokhemis layu pentil kakao serta perkembangan upaya pengendalian. Pelita Perkebunan 16 (1): 11 -29. [Indonesia]
Roventos RML, Perez AIR, Lacueva AA and Torner A. 2005. Review: Health Effects of cocoa flavonoids. Journal food science and Technology International 11:159-176. Doi: 10.1177/1082013205054498.
Ringel P, Krausze J, Heuve JVD, Curth U, Pierik AJ, Herzog S, Mendel RR, and Kruse T. 2013. Biochemical characterization of molibdenum cofactor-free nitrate reductase from Neurospora crassa. Journal of Biology Chemistry, 288 (20); 14657-14671.
Steinberg FM, Bearden MM and Keen CL. 2003. Cocoa and chocolate flavanoids: implications for cardiovascular health. Journal of the American Dietic Association 103, 215-223.
Taiz L and Zeiger E. 2006. Plant Physiology. 4th edition online. Sinauer Ass, Inc.
Wachjar A. 2005. Kajian tanggap fisiologis perkembangan buah muda dan layu pentil terhadap Pemberian unsur seng (Zn) dan boron (B) serta pengaruhnya terhadap hasil kakao (Theobroma cacao L.). Institut Pertanian Bogor. Doctoral Dissertation. [Indonesia]
Yu SM, Lo SF and Ho THD. 2015. Source-sing communications : Regulated by hormone, Nutrient, and stress cross-signalin. Trends In Plant Science.20 (12):844-857. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.009.
Zakariyya F and Prawoto AA. 2015. Stomatal Conductance and Chlorophyll Characteristics and Their Relationship with Yield of Some Cocoa Clones Under Tectona grandis, Leucaena sp., and Cassia surattensis. Pelita Perkebunan 31(20:99-108. [Indonesia}
Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang P, Zang QA, Yan C, Yu F, Yu J and Fang J. 2017. Effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on root activity and chlorophyll content in leaves of Brassica oleracea Seedlings grown in vegetable nursery substrate. Horticulture, Environment and biotechnology, 5- 11. DOI 10.1007/s13580-017-0177-2.
Zhao XH, Du Q, Zhao Y, Wang HJ, Li YJ, Wang XG. and Yu HQ. 2016. Effects of different potassium stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in maize (Zea MaysL.) at seedling stage. Agricultural Sciences, 7, 44-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2016.71005.
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