Optimization and characterization of enterocin Enterococcus faecalis K2B1 isolated from Toraja’s Belang Buffalo Milk, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Abstract. Alang H, Kusnadi J, Ardyati T, Suharjono. 2020. Optimization and characterization of enterocin Enterococcus faecalis K2B1 isolated from Toraja’s Belang Buffalo Milk, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1236-1242. The growing bacterial resistance needs to be controlled with effective antimicrobials. Bacteriocins are proteinaceous toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of pathogens. Bacteriocin industry has substantially grown, replacing the role of chemical preservatives in enhancing shelf-life and food safety. Bacteriocin produced by genera Enterococcus can be used as an antimicrobial against pathogen. In this study, we used Enterococcus faecalis K2B1 which was first isolated from Toraja’s Belang Buffalo Milk Makassar, Indonesia. The study aimed to optimization and characterization of Enterocinroduced by Enterococcus faecalis K2B1, isolated from Toraja’s Belang buffalo milk. Research Method: including optimization and characterization of antimicrobial metabolite (BLIS) using MRS broth with different initial pH (pH 6, 7 and 8), and partial purification with ammonium sulfate on different concentration (40, 60 and 80 %). Result showed that BLIS production was most optimal on MRS broth at initial pH of 8 after13th hour fermentation, at late exponential phase. BLIS characterization visibly active at high temperatures and very wide range of pH, and disappeared after treating with proteinase-K. Crude had a broad spectrum, was sensitive to Proteinase-K and estimated to have molecular weight of 5 kDa.
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References
Abriouel H, Maqueda M, Gálvez A, Martínez-Bueno M, Valdivia E. 2002. Inhibition of bacterial growth, enterotoxin production, and spore outgrowth in strains of Bacillus cereus by bacteriocin AS-48. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 1473-1477.
Ahmad S, Iqbal A, Rasool SA. 2004. Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Enterocin ESF100 Produced by Enterococcus faecalis ESF100 Isolated From a Patient Suffering From Urinary Tract Infection. Pak. J. Bot. 36 (1): 145-158.
Alang H, Kusnadi J, Ardyati T, Suharjono. 2019. Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria as a Probiotic Candidate Isolated From The Fresh Milk of Toraja Belang Buffalo, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. DIT. 11 (3): 539-547.
Araujo TF and Ferreira CDLF. 2013. The Genus Enterococcus As Probiotic: safety Concerns. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 56 (3): 457 – 466.
Arquest JL, Rodriquez E, Langa S, Landete JM, Medina M. 2015. Antimicrobial Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Dairy Product and Gut: Effect on Pathogens. Biom. Res. Intern. 1 – 9.
Avaiyarasi ND, Ravindran AD, Venkatesh P. 2016. In vitro Selection, Characterization and Cytotoxic Effect of Bacteriocin of Lactobacillus sakei GM3 Isolated From Goat Milk. Food Conttrol. 69: 124 – 133.
Balasubramanyam BV, and Varadaraj MC. 1995. Antibacterial Effect of Lactobacillus spp. On Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria In An Indian Milk-Based Fermented Culinary Food Item. Cultured Dairy Product J. 30 : 22 - 27.
Banwo KA, Sann, Tan H. 2012. Technological Properties and Probiotic Potential of Enterococcus faecum strain Isolated from Cow Milk. J. Appl. Microbiol. 114: 229-241.
Batdorj B, Dalgalarrondo M, Choiset Y, Pedroche J, Metro F, Prevos H, Chobert JM, Heartle T. 2006. Purification and Characterization of Two Bacteriocins Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Mongolian Airag. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101 : 837-848.
Bhardwaj A, Kapila S, Mani J, Malik RK. 2009. Comparison of Susceptibility to Opsonic Killing by in Vitro Human Immune Response of Enterococcus strain Isolated FromDairy Dood, Clinical Samples & Probiotic Preparation. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 128 : 513-515.
Bohle LA, Faergestad EM, Veiseth-kent E, Steinmoen H, Nes IF, Gh-eijsink V, Mathiesen G. 2010. Identification of Proteins Related to The Stress Response in Enterococcus faecalis V583 Caused by Bovine Bile. Proteome Science. 8 (37) : 1-12.
Braiek OB, Ghomrassi H, Cremonesi P, Morandi S, Fleury Y, Le-Chevalier P, Hani K, Bel Hadj O, Ghrairi T. 2017. Isolation and Characterisation of an Enterocin P-Producing Enterococcus lactis strain from a Fresh Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Antonie van Leewenhoek. 110 : 771-786.
Chen YS, Yanagida F, Srionnual S. 2007. Characteristics of Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances from Dochi-isolated Enterococcus faecium D081821 and D081833. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 44 (3) : 320-325.
Cintas LM, Casaus MP, Herranz C, Havarsten LS, Holo H, Hernandez PE, Nes IF. 2000. Biochemical and Genetic Evidence than Enterococcus faecium L50 Produced Enterocin L50A and L50B, the sec-Dependent Enterocin P, and a Novel Bacteriocin Secreted Without an N-Terminal Extention Termed Enterocin Q. J. Bacteriol. 182 : 6806-6814.
Cintas LM, Casaus MP, Herranz C, Nes IF, Hernandez PE. 2006. Review : Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria. Food Sci Tech Int. 7 (4) : 281 - 305.
De Vuyst L, Moreno F, Revets H. 2003. Screening for Enterocis and detection of Hemolysin and vancomycin resistance in Enterococci of Different origins. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 84 : 2999-319.
Dezwaan, DC, Mequio MJ, Littell JS, Allen JP, Rossbach S, Pybus V. 2009. Purification and Characterization of Enterocin 62-6, a two Peptide Bacteriocin Produced by a Vaginal Strain of Enterococcus faecium : Potential Significance in Bacterial Viginosis. Mic. Eco Helat & Dis. 19 : 241-250.
Du-Toit M, Franz CMAP, Dicks LMT, Holzapel WH. 2000. Preliminari Characterization of Bacteriocins produced by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolated From Pig Feces. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88 : 482 -494.
Favaro, Basaglia LM, Casella S, Huel I, Dousset X, Melo-Franco BDG, Todorov SD. 2014. Bacteriocinogenic potential and safety evaluation of non-starter Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from home made white brine cheese. Food Microbiol. 38 : 228-39.
Ferreira AE, Canal N, Morales D, Fuentefria DB, Corcao G. 2007. Characterization of Enterocins Produced by Enterococcus mundtii Isolated From Human Feces. Brazilian Arch. Bio. Technol. 50 (2) : 249-258.
Galvez A, Abriouel H, Lopez RL, Omar NB. 2007. Bacteriocin Based Strategies For Food Biopreservation. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 120 (1-2): 51-70.
Goh HF, and Philip K. 2015. Purification and Characterization of Bacteriocin Produced by Weissella confuse A3 of Dairy Origin. PLOS ONE. 1-17.
Grande MJ, Lucas R, Abriouel H, Valdiva E, Omar NB, Maqueda M, Bueno MB, Martinez-Canamero M, Gavez A. 2006. Inhibiton of Toxigenic Bacillus cereus in Rice-Foods by Enterocin AS-48. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 106 : 185 – 194.
Hosseini SV, Arlido S, Bohme K, Fernandez-No C, Calo-Mata P, Barros-Velazquez J. 2009. Molecular and Probiotic Characterization of Bacteriocin Producing Enterococcus faecium strains Isolated From Nonfermented Animal Food. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1392-1403.
Karthikeyan V, and Santosh SW. 2009. Isolation and Partial Characterization of Bacteriocin Produced From Lactobacillus plantarum. Afr. J. Microbiol Res. 3 (5) : 233 - 239
Kim CH, Ji GE, Ahn C. 2000. Purification anfd Molecular Characterization of a Bacteriocin Frim Pediococcus sp. KCA1303-10 Isolated From Fermented Flatfish. Food Scie. and Biotechnol. 9 (4) : 270 - 276.
Kumar M, and Srivastava S. 2010. Enhanced Production Of Enterocin From Enterococcus Faecium Lr/6 By Statistical Optimization Of The Growth Medium. Trakia J. Sci. 8 (4): 12 -21.
Maky M A, Ishibashi N, Zendo T, Perez RH, Doud JR, M. Karmi M, Sonomoto K. 2015. Enterocin F4-9, a Novel O-Linked Glycosylated Bacteriocin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 81 (14): 4819-4826.
Minahk CJ, Farias ME, Sesma F, Morero RD. 2000. Effect of Enterocin CRL35 on Listeria monocytogenes Cell Membrane. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 192 : 79 – 83.
Moreno MF, Sarantinopoulus P, Tsakalido E, De-Vuyst L. 2006. The Role and Application of Enterococci in Food and Health. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 106, 1-24.
Ogaki MB, Rocha KR, Terra MR, Furlaneto MC, Maia LF. 2016. Screening of the Enterocin-Encoding Genes and Antimicrobial Activity in Enterococcus Species. J. Microbiol Biotechnol. 26 (6) : 1026-1034.
Perez RH, Perez MTM, Elegado FB. 2015. Bacteriocins From lactic Acid Bacteri : A Review of Biosynthesis, Mode of Action, Fermentative Poduction, Uses and Prospects. Int. J. Philipine Sci. Technol. 8 (2) : 61 - 67.
Pingitore EV, Salvucci E, Sesma F, Nader-Macias ME. 2007. Different Strategis for Purification of Antimicrobial Peptides from Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trend in Applied Microbiology A. Mendez-Vilas. 557-568.
Sarra M, Taoufik G, Patrick LC, Benjamin B, Yannick F, Khaled H. 2013. Isolation and Characterization of Enterococci Bacteriocinic Strains from Tunish Fish Viscera. Food Nutr. Sci. 4 : 701-708.
Saelim K, Sohsomboon N, Kaewsuwan S, Maneerat S. 2012. Producing Properties of Enterococcus faecium CE5-1 Producing a Bacteriocin –Like Substance and its Antagonistic Effect Againts Antibiotic-Resistanc Enterococci in Vitro. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 11: 529-539.
Thirumurugan A, Ramachandran S, Gobikrishnan S. 2015. Optimization Of Medium Components For Maximizing The Bacteriocin Production By Lactobacillus Plantarum Atm11 Using Statistical Design. Intern. Food Res. J. 22 (3): 1272 -1279.
Todorov SD, and Dicks LMT. 2005. Optimization of bacteriocin ST311LD Production by Enterococcus faecium STD311LD, Isoated From Spoiled Black Olives. J. Microbiol. 43 (4) : 370-374.
Todorov SD. 2009. Bacteriocins from Lactobacillus plantarum Production, Genetic Organization and Mode of Action. Braz. J. Microbiol. 40 : 209 - 221.
Togay SO, Ay M, Guneser O, Yuceer YK. 2016. Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity and entA and entB Genes in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains Isolated from Naturally Fermented Turkish White Cheeses. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 25 (6) : 1633-1637.
Toit MD, Franz CMAP, Dicks LMT, Holzapel WH. 2000. Preliminary Characterization of Bacteriocins Produced byEenterococcus faecium andEenterococcus faecalis Isolated From Pig Faeces. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88 : 482–494.
Tulini FL, Gomes BC, De-Martinus ECP. 2011. Partial Purification and Characterization of a Bacteriocin Produced by Enterococcus faecium 130 Isolated From Mozzarella Cheese. Science. Technol. Aliment, Campinas. 31 (1) : 155 - 159.
Udhayashree N, Senbagam D, Senthilkumar B. 2012. Production of Bacteriocin and Their Application in Food Products. Asian Pac.Trop. Biomed. 406-410.
Umniyati S, Astuti, Octavia B. 2006. Optimasi Produksi Bakteriosin Oleh Streptococcus sp Dan Aktivitas Anti Bakterinya. Seminar Nasional F. MIPA UNY, Yogyakarta.
Vimont A, Fernandez B, Hammami R, Ababsa A, Daba H, Fliss I. 2017. Bacteriocin-Producing Enterococcus faecium LCW 44 : A High Potential Probiotic Candidate from Raw Camel Milk. Frontiers in Microbiol. 8 : 1- 11.
Yang SC, Lin CH, Sung CT, Fang JY. 2014. Antibacterial Activities of Bacteriocins : Application in Foods and Pharmaceutical. Rront. Microbiol. 5 (241) : 1 - 10.
Yusuf MA, and Hamid THATA. 2013. Lactic Acid Bacteria : Bacteriocin Producer : A Mini Review. IOSR J. Pharm. 3 (4) : 44 - 50.
Zacharof MP and Lovitt RW. 2012. Bacteriocins Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria A Review Article. APCBEE Procedia. 2 : 50 - 56.
Ahmad S, Iqbal A, Rasool SA. 2004. Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Enterocin ESF100 Produced by Enterococcus faecalis ESF100 Isolated From a Patient Suffering From Urinary Tract Infection. Pak. J. Bot. 36 (1): 145-158.
Alang H, Kusnadi J, Ardyati T, Suharjono. 2019. Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria as a Probiotic Candidate Isolated From The Fresh Milk of Toraja Belang Buffalo, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. DIT. 11 (3): 539-547.
Araujo TF and Ferreira CDLF. 2013. The Genus Enterococcus As Probiotic: safety Concerns. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 56 (3): 457 – 466.
Arquest JL, Rodriquez E, Langa S, Landete JM, Medina M. 2015. Antimicrobial Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Dairy Product and Gut: Effect on Pathogens. Biom. Res. Intern. 1 – 9.
Avaiyarasi ND, Ravindran AD, Venkatesh P. 2016. In vitro Selection, Characterization and Cytotoxic Effect of Bacteriocin of Lactobacillus sakei GM3 Isolated From Goat Milk. Food Conttrol. 69: 124 – 133.
Balasubramanyam BV, and Varadaraj MC. 1995. Antibacterial Effect of Lactobacillus spp. On Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria In An Indian Milk-Based Fermented Culinary Food Item. Cultured Dairy Product J. 30 : 22 - 27.
Banwo KA, Sann, Tan H. 2012. Technological Properties and Probiotic Potential of Enterococcus faecum strain Isolated from Cow Milk. J. Appl. Microbiol. 114: 229-241.
Batdorj B, Dalgalarrondo M, Choiset Y, Pedroche J, Metro F, Prevos H, Chobert JM, Heartle T. 2006. Purification and Characterization of Two Bacteriocins Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Mongolian Airag. J. Appl. Microbiol. 101 : 837-848.
Bhardwaj A, Kapila S, Mani J, Malik RK. 2009. Comparison of Susceptibility to Opsonic Killing by in Vitro Human Immune Response of Enterococcus strain Isolated FromDairy Dood, Clinical Samples & Probiotic Preparation. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 128 : 513-515.
Bohle LA, Faergestad EM, Veiseth-kent E, Steinmoen H, Nes IF, Gh-eijsink V, Mathiesen G. 2010. Identification of Proteins Related to The Stress Response in Enterococcus faecalis V583 Caused by Bovine Bile. Proteome Science. 8 (37) : 1-12.
Braiek OB, Ghomrassi H, Cremonesi P, Morandi S, Fleury Y, Le-Chevalier P, Hani K, Bel Hadj O, Ghrairi T. 2017. Isolation and Characterisation of an Enterocin P-Producing Enterococcus lactis strain from a Fresh Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Antonie van Leewenhoek. 110 : 771-786.
Chen YS, Yanagida F, Srionnual S. 2007. Characteristics of Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances from Dochi-isolated Enterococcus faecium D081821 and D081833. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 44 (3) : 320-325.
Cintas LM, Casaus MP, Herranz C, Havarsten LS, Holo H, Hernandez PE, Nes IF. 2000. Biochemical and Genetic Evidence than Enterococcus faecium L50 Produced Enterocin L50A and L50B, the sec-Dependent Enterocin P, and a Novel Bacteriocin Secreted Without an N-Terminal Extention Termed Enterocin Q. J. Bacteriol. 182 : 6806-6814.
Cintas LM, Casaus MP, Herranz C, Nes IF, Hernandez PE. 2006. Review : Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria. Food Sci Tech Int. 7 (4) : 281 - 305.
De Vuyst L, Moreno F, Revets H. 2003. Screening for Enterocis and detection of Hemolysin and vancomycin resistance in Enterococci of Different origins. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 84 : 2999-319.
Dezwaan, DC, Mequio MJ, Littell JS, Allen JP, Rossbach S, Pybus V. 2009. Purification and Characterization of Enterocin 62-6, a two Peptide Bacteriocin Produced by a Vaginal Strain of Enterococcus faecium : Potential Significance in Bacterial Viginosis. Mic. Eco Helat & Dis. 19 : 241-250.
Du-Toit M, Franz CMAP, Dicks LMT, Holzapel WH. 2000. Preliminari Characterization of Bacteriocins produced by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Isolated From Pig Feces. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88 : 482 -494.
Favaro, Basaglia LM, Casella S, Huel I, Dousset X, Melo-Franco BDG, Todorov SD. 2014. Bacteriocinogenic potential and safety evaluation of non-starter Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from home made white brine cheese. Food Microbiol. 38 : 228-39.
Ferreira AE, Canal N, Morales D, Fuentefria DB, Corcao G. 2007. Characterization of Enterocins Produced by Enterococcus mundtii Isolated From Human Feces. Brazilian Arch. Bio. Technol. 50 (2) : 249-258.
Galvez A, Abriouel H, Lopez RL, Omar NB. 2007. Bacteriocin Based Strategies For Food Biopreservation. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 120 (1-2): 51-70.
Goh HF, and Philip K. 2015. Purification and Characterization of Bacteriocin Produced by Weissella confuse A3 of Dairy Origin. PLOS ONE. 1-17.
Grande MJ, Lucas R, Abriouel H, Valdiva E, Omar NB, Maqueda M, Bueno MB, Martinez-Canamero M, Gavez A. 2006. Inhibiton of Toxigenic Bacillus cereus in Rice-Foods by Enterocin AS-48. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 106 : 185 – 194.
Hosseini SV, Arlido S, Bohme K, Fernandez-No C, Calo-Mata P, Barros-Velazquez J. 2009. Molecular and Probiotic Characterization of Bacteriocin Producing Enterococcus faecium strains Isolated From Nonfermented Animal Food. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1392-1403.
Karthikeyan V, and Santosh SW. 2009. Isolation and Partial Characterization of Bacteriocin Produced From Lactobacillus plantarum. Afr. J. Microbiol Res. 3 (5) : 233 - 239
Kim CH, Ji GE, Ahn C. 2000. Purification anfd Molecular Characterization of a Bacteriocin Frim Pediococcus sp. KCA1303-10 Isolated From Fermented Flatfish. Food Scie. and Biotechnol. 9 (4) : 270 - 276.
Kumar M, and Srivastava S. 2010. Enhanced Production Of Enterocin From Enterococcus Faecium Lr/6 By Statistical Optimization Of The Growth Medium. Trakia J. Sci. 8 (4): 12 -21.
Maky M A, Ishibashi N, Zendo T, Perez RH, Doud JR, M. Karmi M, Sonomoto K. 2015. Enterocin F4-9, a Novel O-Linked Glycosylated Bacteriocin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 81 (14): 4819-4826.
Minahk CJ, Farias ME, Sesma F, Morero RD. 2000. Effect of Enterocin CRL35 on Listeria monocytogenes Cell Membrane. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 192 : 79 – 83.
Moreno MF, Sarantinopoulus P, Tsakalido E, De-Vuyst L. 2006. The Role and Application of Enterococci in Food and Health. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 106, 1-24.
Ogaki MB, Rocha KR, Terra MR, Furlaneto MC, Maia LF. 2016. Screening of the Enterocin-Encoding Genes and Antimicrobial Activity in Enterococcus Species. J. Microbiol Biotechnol. 26 (6) : 1026-1034.
Perez RH, Perez MTM, Elegado FB. 2015. Bacteriocins From lactic Acid Bacteri : A Review of Biosynthesis, Mode of Action, Fermentative Poduction, Uses and Prospects. Int. J. Philipine Sci. Technol. 8 (2) : 61 - 67.
Pingitore EV, Salvucci E, Sesma F, Nader-Macias ME. 2007. Different Strategis for Purification of Antimicrobial Peptides from Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trend in Applied Microbiology A. Mendez-Vilas. 557-568.
Sarra M, Taoufik G, Patrick LC, Benjamin B, Yannick F, Khaled H. 2013. Isolation and Characterization of Enterococci Bacteriocinic Strains from Tunish Fish Viscera. Food Nutr. Sci. 4 : 701-708.
Saelim K, Sohsomboon N, Kaewsuwan S, Maneerat S. 2012. Producing Properties of Enterococcus faecium CE5-1 Producing a Bacteriocin –Like Substance and its Antagonistic Effect Againts Antibiotic-Resistanc Enterococci in Vitro. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 11: 529-539.
Thirumurugan A, Ramachandran S, Gobikrishnan S. 2015. Optimization Of Medium Components For Maximizing The Bacteriocin Production By Lactobacillus Plantarum Atm11 Using Statistical Design. Intern. Food Res. J. 22 (3): 1272 -1279.
Todorov SD, and Dicks LMT. 2005. Optimization of bacteriocin ST311LD Production by Enterococcus faecium STD311LD, Isoated From Spoiled Black Olives. J. Microbiol. 43 (4) : 370-374.
Todorov SD. 2009. Bacteriocins from Lactobacillus plantarum Production, Genetic Organization and Mode of Action. Braz. J. Microbiol. 40 : 209 - 221.
Togay SO, Ay M, Guneser O, Yuceer YK. 2016. Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity and entA and entB Genes in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains Isolated from Naturally Fermented Turkish White Cheeses. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 25 (6) : 1633-1637.
Toit MD, Franz CMAP, Dicks LMT, Holzapel WH. 2000. Preliminary Characterization of Bacteriocins Produced byEenterococcus faecium andEenterococcus faecalis Isolated From Pig Faeces. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88 : 482–494.
Tulini FL, Gomes BC, De-Martinus ECP. 2011. Partial Purification and Characterization of a Bacteriocin Produced by Enterococcus faecium 130 Isolated From Mozzarella Cheese. Science. Technol. Aliment, Campinas. 31 (1) : 155 - 159.
Udhayashree N, Senbagam D, Senthilkumar B. 2012. Production of Bacteriocin and Their Application in Food Products. Asian Pac.Trop. Biomed. 406-410.
Umniyati S, Astuti, Octavia B. 2006. Optimasi Produksi Bakteriosin Oleh Streptococcus sp Dan Aktivitas Anti Bakterinya. Seminar Nasional F. MIPA UNY, Yogyakarta.
Vimont A, Fernandez B, Hammami R, Ababsa A, Daba H, Fliss I. 2017. Bacteriocin-Producing Enterococcus faecium LCW 44 : A High Potential Probiotic Candidate from Raw Camel Milk. Frontiers in Microbiol. 8 : 1- 11.
Yang SC, Lin CH, Sung CT, Fang JY. 2014. Antibacterial Activities of Bacteriocins : Application in Foods and Pharmaceutical. Rront. Microbiol. 5 (241) : 1 - 10.
Yusuf MA, and Hamid THATA. 2013. Lactic Acid Bacteria : Bacteriocin Producer : A Mini Review. IOSR J. Pharm. 3 (4) : 44 - 50.
Zacharof MP and Lovitt RW. 2012. Bacteriocins Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria A Review Article. APCBEE Procedia. 2 : 50 - 56.
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