Characterization of soil properties in relation to Shorea macrophylla growth performance under sandy soils at Sabal Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysia
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IZWAIDA CHE ADANAN
♥
MOHD EFFENDI WASLI
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8784-7049
MUGUNTHAN PERUMAL
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0546-8887
HO SOO YING
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1159-7028
Abstract
Abstract. Adanan IC, Wasli ME, Perumal M, Ying HS. 2020. Characterization of soil properties in relation to Shorea macrophylla growth performance under sandy soils at Sabal Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 21: 1467-1475. A study was conducted in the Sabal Forest Reserve, Sarawak, to characterize soil properties in terms of soil morphological and physicochemical properties under sandy soil at the reforestation site in comparison with High Conservation Forest soil as well as to assess growth performance of planted S. macrophylla under the sandy soil. Study sites with the size of 25 m x 25 m were established under reforestation sites (Early Establishment of Reforestation Site (ER) and Late Establishment of Reforestation Site (LR)) as well as the High Conservation Forests (HCF-1 and HCF-2). The results from soil morphological properties showed that the soils in ER and HCF-2 plots resemble Saratok series while soils in LR and HCF-1 plot were classified into Buso series. As for soil physicochemical properties, soil in all study sites were strongly acidic in nature with pH (H2O) value less than 5.00 with sandy (more than 55%) at both surface and subsurface soil. The survival percentage of planted S. macrophylla in ER and LR plot was 65 % and 56%, respectively. Long term monitoring on soil properties and growth performance of planted S.marophylla tree are essential in order to continuously provide information on the status of reforestation activity.
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References
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Andriesse JP 1969. A study of the environment and characteristics of tropical Podzols in Sarawak (East-Malaysia). Geoderma, 2: 201-227.
Arifin A, Tanaka, S, Jusop S, Ibrahim Z, Hattori D, Majid NM, Sakurai K. 2007. Soil characteristics under rehabilitation of degraded forestland in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Japanese Society of Pedology, 51: 76-86.
Arifin A, Tanaka S, Jusop S, Ibrahim Z, Hattori D, Majid NM, Sakurai K. 2008a. Assessment on soil fertility status and growth performance of planted dipterocarp species in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Applied Science, 8: 3795-3805.
Arifin A, Tanaka S, Jusop S, Ibrahim Z, Hattori D, Majid NM, Sakurai K. 2008b. Rehabilitation of degraded tropical rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia with a multi-storied plantation technique of indigenous dipterocarp species. Japanese Journal of Forest Environment, 50(2): 141-152.
Atondo-Bueno EJ, Bonilla-Moheno M, Lopez-Barrere F. 2018. Cost-efficiency analysis of seedling introduction vs direct seedling of Oreomunnea Mexicana for secondary forest enrichment. Forest Ecology and Management, 409: 399-406.
Bebber D, Brown N, Speight M, Moura-Costa P, Wai YS. 2002. Spatial structure of light and dipterocarp seedling growth in a tropical secondary forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 157: 65-75.
Boonyanuphap J, Sakurai K, Tanaka S. 2007. Soil nutrient status under upland farming practice in the Lower Northern Thailand. Tropics, 16(3): 215-231.
Bray RH, Kurtz LT. 1945. Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Science, 59(1): 39-46.
Bremner JM, Mulvaney CS. 1982. Nitrogen total. In: Page AL, Mille RH, Keeney DR. (eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA.
Brunig EF. 1974. Ecological Studies in the Kerangas Forests of Sarawak and Brunei. Forest Department, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Brunig EF. 2016. Conservation and management of Tropical rainforests: An integrated Approach to Sustainability (2nd ed.). Boston: CAB International.
Bunyavejchewin S, LaFrankie JV, Baker PJ, Kanzaki M, Ashton PS, Yamakura T. 2003. Spatial distribution patterns of the dominant canopy dipterocarp species in a seasonal dry ever- green forest in Western Thailand. Forest Ecology and Management, 175: 87-101.
Chai, E.O.K. (1998). Aspect of a Tree Improvement Programme for Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) Ashton in Sarawak, Malaysia. (Dissertation). University of Edinburg. (UK).
Dean Jr WE. 1974. Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition, comparison with other methods. SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 44: 242–248.
Dent DH, Bagchi R, Robinson D, Majalap-Lee N, Burslem DFRP. 2006. Nutrient fluxes via litterfall and leaf litter decomposition vary across a gradient of soil nutrient supply in a lowland tropical rain forest. Plant and Soil, 288: 197–215.
Din H, Metali F, Sukri RS. 2015. Tree diversity and community composition of the Tutong white sands, Brunei Darussalam: a rare tropical heath forest ecosystem. International Journal of Ecology, 2015: 807–876.
Gee GW, Bauder JW. 1986. Particle-size analysis. In: Klute A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA.
Ghazoul J, Sheil D. 2010. Tropical Rain Forest Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation. Oxford University Press, New York.
Hamzah MZ, Arifin A, Zaidey AK, Azirim AN, Zahari I, Hazandy AH, Affendy H, Wasli ME, Shamsuddin J, Muhamad MN. 2009. Characterizing soil nutrient status and growth performance of planted dipterocap and non-dipterocarp species on degraded forest land in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Applied Science, 9: 4125-4223.
Hashim NR. 2010. Analyzing long-term landscape changes in a Borneo Forest Reserve using aerial photographs. The Open Geography Journal, 3: 161-169.
Hattori D, Kenzo T, Yamauchi N, Irino KO, Kendawang JJ, Ninomiya I, Sakurai K. 2013. Effects of environmental factors on growth and mortality of Parashorea macrophylla (Dipterocarpaceae) planted on slopes and valleys in a degraded tropical secondary forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 59 (2): 218-228.
Hattori D, Kenzo T, Shirahama T, Harada Y, Kendawang JJ, Ninomiya I, Sakurai K. 2019. Degradation of soil nutrients and slow recovery of biomass following shifting cultivation in the heath forests of Sarawak, Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management, 432: 467-477.
Irino KO, Iba Y, Ishizuka S, Kenzo T, Ripot S, Kendawang JJ, Miyashita N, Nara K, Hogetsu T, Ninomiya I, Iwasaki K, Sakurai K. 2004. Effects of controlled-release fertilizer on growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of pot-grown seedlings of the dipterocarp Dryohalanops lanceolata in a tropical nursery. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 50: 747-753.
Irino KO, Kang Y, Kenzo T, Hattori D, Ishizuka S, Ninomiya I, Iwasaki K, Kendawang JJ, Sakurai K. 2005. Performance of pot-grown seedling of the dipterocarp Dryobalanops lanceolata with controlled-release fertilizer after transplantation to the shifting cultivation land in Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 51: 369-377.
Jordan, C. F. (1985). Nutrient Cycling in Tropical Forest Ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Katagiri S, Yamakura T, Sen HL. 1991. Properties of soil in Kerangas Forest on sandstone at Bako National Park, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Southeast Asian Studies, 29(1): 35-47.
Keefe KJ. 2008. Enrichment planting of native tree species in the eastern Amazon of Brazil; silvicultural, financial and household assessments. (Dissertation). University of Florida. (US).
Kendawang JJ, Tanaka S, Ishihara J, Shibata K, Sabang J, Ninomiya I, Ishizuka S, Sakurai K. 2004. E?ects of shifting cultivation on soil ecosystems in Sarawak, Malaysia: slash and burning at Balai Ringin and Sabal Experimental Sites and e?ect on soil organic matter. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 50(5): 677–687.
Kenzo T, Ichie T, Ozawa T, Kashimura S, Hattori D, Irino K, Kendawang JJ, Sakurai K, Ninomiya I. 2007. Leaf physiological and morphological responses of seven dipterocarp seedlings to differing degraded forest environments in Sarawak, Malaysia. Tropics, 14: 1-16.
Kenzo T, Yoneda R, Matsumoto Y, Azani AM, Majid MN. 2011. Growth and photosynthesis response of four Malaysian indigenous tree species under different light conditions. Journal of Tropical Science, 23(3): 271-281.
Kenzo T, Furutani R, Hattori D, Tanaka S, Sakurai K, Ninomya I, Kendawang JJ. 2014. Aboveground and belowground biomass in logged-over tropical rain forests under di?erent soil conditions in Borneo. Journal of Forest Research, 20(1): 197–205.
Kobayashi S. 2004. Landscape rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest ecosystems: Case study of the CIFOR/Japan project in Indonesia and Peru. Forest Ecology and Management, 201: 13-22.
Kuusipalo J, Jafarsidik Y, Adjers G, Tuomela K. 1996. Population dynamics of tree seedlings in a mixed dipterocarp rainforest before and after logging and crown liberation. Forest Ecology and Management, 81: 85-94.
Kuo S. 1996. Phosphorus: In Method of Soil Analysis, Part 3, Chemical Methods. In: Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke P, Leoppert RH. (eds.). Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
Lamb D, Erskine PD, Parrotta JA. 2005. Restoration of degraded tropical forest landscape. Science, 310: 1628-1632.
Lamb D. 2010. Regreening the Bare Hill: Tropical Forest Restoration in the Asia-Pacific Region. Springer Science and Business Media, Dordrecht.
MacKinnon K, Hatta G, Halim H, Mangalik A. 2013. The Ecology of Kalimantan: Indonesian Borneo. Volume III. Tuttle Publishing, NY, USA
Meteorological Department. 2014. Weather Data (2004-2013).Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Nik Muhamad M, Azizah H, Idris A. 1994. Rehabilitation of ex-tin mining land by agroforestry practice. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 71: 123-127.
Norisada M, Hitusma G, Kuroda K, Yamanoshita T, Masumori M, Tange T, Yagi H, Nuyim T, Sasaki S, Kojima K. 2005. Acacia mangium, a nurse tree candidate for reforestation on degraded sandy soils in the Malay Peninsula. Forest Science, 51: 498-510.
Okuda T, Suzuki M, Adachi N, Quah ES, Hussein NA, Manokaran N. 2003. Effect of selective logging on canopy and stand structure and tree species composition in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management, 175: 297-320.
Perumal M, Wasli ME, Ho SY, Lat J, Sani H. 2015. Soil morphological and physicochemical properties at reforestation sites after enrichment planting of Shorea macrophylla in Sampadi Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysia. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, 5(2): 28-43.
Perumal M, Wasli ME, Ho SY, Lat J, Sani H. 2017a. Association between soil fertility and growth performance of planted Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) after enrichment planting at rehabilitation sites of Sampadi Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysia. International Journal of Forestry Research, 2017: 1-16.
Perumal M, Wasli ME, Ho SY, Lat J, Sani H. 2017b. Survivorship and growth performance of Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) after enrichment planting for reforestation purpose at Sarawak, Malaysia. OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences, 17(1): 7-17.
Schulze PC, Leighton M. Peart DR. 1994. Enrichment planting in selectively logged rainforest: A combined ecological and economic analysis. Ecological applications, 4: 581-592.
Soil Survey Sta?. 1966. A classi?cation of Sarawak soils. Technical Paper No. 2. Department of Agricultural Sarawak, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Soil Survey Sta?. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy (12thed.). United State Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Washington, DC, USA.
Stark NM, Jordan CF. 1978. Nutrient retention by the root mat of an Amazonian rain forest. Ecology, 59(3): 434-437.
Suhaili R, Majid NM, Hamzah MZ, Paudyal BK. 1998. Initial growth performance of indigenous timber species by open planting technique on degraded forest land. Malaysian Forester, 61: 232-242.
Syuhada AB, Shamsuddin J, Fauziah CI, Arifin A, Rosenani AB. 2014. Formation and characteristics of Spodosols formed on Sandstone in the Extremely High Rainfall area of Sarawak, Malaysia. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 2: 115-128.
Tanaka S, Tachibe S, Wasli ME, Lat J, Seman L, Kendawang JJ, Iwasaki K, Sakurai K. 2009. Soil characteristics under cash crop farming in upland areas of Sarawak, Malaysia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 129: 293-301.
Tanaka S, Wasli ME, Kendawang JJ, Sakurai K. 2014. The impacts of alteration in agriculture on the environment and ecosystem in Sarawak, Malaysia. Kuroshio Science, 8: 7-14.
Taylor HM, Brar GS. 1991. Effect of soil compaction on root development. Soil and Tillage Research: 19, 111-119.
Teng SC. 2004. Keys to soil classification of Sarawak. Agriculture Department of Sarawak.
Thornthwaite, C.W. (1948). An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review, 38, 55-94.
Turner IM, Lucas PW, Becker P, Wong SC, Yong WH, Choong MF, Tyree MT. 2000. Tree leaf form in Brunei: a heath forest and a mixed dipterocarp forest compared. Biotropica 32(1): 53-61.
USDA-NRCS. 2012. Field book for describing and sampling soils, Version 3.0. In: Schoeneberger PJ, Wysocki DA, Benham EC, Broderson WD. (eds.), Natural Resources Conservation Service. Lincoln, NE, National Soil Survey Center.
Vincent, A. & Davies, S.J. (2003). Effects of nutrient addition, mulching and planting hole size on early performance of Dryobalanops aromatic and Shorea parvifolia planted in secondary forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management, 180, 261-271.
Yoneda, R., Matsumoto, Y., Kenzo, T., Alias, M.A. & Majid, N.K. (2005). The short-term gas exchange and photo inhibition response in planted Dyera costulala seedlings under artificial shading shelter in open condition. Japanese Journal of forest environment, 47, 113-118.
Wasli, ME, Sani, H, Ho, SY, Perumal, M, Zainudin, ZA, Lat J, Lee PS. 2014. Preliminary assessment on the growth performance of Dryobalanops beccarii dyer planted under enrichment planting technique at Gunung Apeng Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysia. Kuroshio Science, 8: 45-52.
Andriesse JP 1969. A study of the environment and characteristics of tropical Podzols in Sarawak (East-Malaysia). Geoderma, 2: 201-227.
Arifin A, Tanaka, S, Jusop S, Ibrahim Z, Hattori D, Majid NM, Sakurai K. 2007. Soil characteristics under rehabilitation of degraded forestland in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Japanese Society of Pedology, 51: 76-86.
Arifin A, Tanaka S, Jusop S, Ibrahim Z, Hattori D, Majid NM, Sakurai K. 2008a. Assessment on soil fertility status and growth performance of planted dipterocarp species in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Applied Science, 8: 3795-3805.
Arifin A, Tanaka S, Jusop S, Ibrahim Z, Hattori D, Majid NM, Sakurai K. 2008b. Rehabilitation of degraded tropical rainforest in Peninsular Malaysia with a multi-storied plantation technique of indigenous dipterocarp species. Japanese Journal of Forest Environment, 50(2): 141-152.
Atondo-Bueno EJ, Bonilla-Moheno M, Lopez-Barrere F. 2018. Cost-efficiency analysis of seedling introduction vs direct seedling of Oreomunnea Mexicana for secondary forest enrichment. Forest Ecology and Management, 409: 399-406.
Bebber D, Brown N, Speight M, Moura-Costa P, Wai YS. 2002. Spatial structure of light and dipterocarp seedling growth in a tropical secondary forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 157: 65-75.
Boonyanuphap J, Sakurai K, Tanaka S. 2007. Soil nutrient status under upland farming practice in the Lower Northern Thailand. Tropics, 16(3): 215-231.
Bray RH, Kurtz LT. 1945. Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Science, 59(1): 39-46.
Bremner JM, Mulvaney CS. 1982. Nitrogen total. In: Page AL, Mille RH, Keeney DR. (eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA.
Brunig EF. 1974. Ecological Studies in the Kerangas Forests of Sarawak and Brunei. Forest Department, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Brunig EF. 2016. Conservation and management of Tropical rainforests: An integrated Approach to Sustainability (2nd ed.). Boston: CAB International.
Bunyavejchewin S, LaFrankie JV, Baker PJ, Kanzaki M, Ashton PS, Yamakura T. 2003. Spatial distribution patterns of the dominant canopy dipterocarp species in a seasonal dry ever- green forest in Western Thailand. Forest Ecology and Management, 175: 87-101.
Chai, E.O.K. (1998). Aspect of a Tree Improvement Programme for Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) Ashton in Sarawak, Malaysia. (Dissertation). University of Edinburg. (UK).
Dean Jr WE. 1974. Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition, comparison with other methods. SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 44: 242–248.
Dent DH, Bagchi R, Robinson D, Majalap-Lee N, Burslem DFRP. 2006. Nutrient fluxes via litterfall and leaf litter decomposition vary across a gradient of soil nutrient supply in a lowland tropical rain forest. Plant and Soil, 288: 197–215.
Din H, Metali F, Sukri RS. 2015. Tree diversity and community composition of the Tutong white sands, Brunei Darussalam: a rare tropical heath forest ecosystem. International Journal of Ecology, 2015: 807–876.
Gee GW, Bauder JW. 1986. Particle-size analysis. In: Klute A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods. American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA.
Ghazoul J, Sheil D. 2010. Tropical Rain Forest Ecology, Diversity, and Conservation. Oxford University Press, New York.
Hamzah MZ, Arifin A, Zaidey AK, Azirim AN, Zahari I, Hazandy AH, Affendy H, Wasli ME, Shamsuddin J, Muhamad MN. 2009. Characterizing soil nutrient status and growth performance of planted dipterocap and non-dipterocarp species on degraded forest land in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Applied Science, 9: 4125-4223.
Hashim NR. 2010. Analyzing long-term landscape changes in a Borneo Forest Reserve using aerial photographs. The Open Geography Journal, 3: 161-169.
Hattori D, Kenzo T, Yamauchi N, Irino KO, Kendawang JJ, Ninomiya I, Sakurai K. 2013. Effects of environmental factors on growth and mortality of Parashorea macrophylla (Dipterocarpaceae) planted on slopes and valleys in a degraded tropical secondary forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 59 (2): 218-228.
Hattori D, Kenzo T, Shirahama T, Harada Y, Kendawang JJ, Ninomiya I, Sakurai K. 2019. Degradation of soil nutrients and slow recovery of biomass following shifting cultivation in the heath forests of Sarawak, Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management, 432: 467-477.
Irino KO, Iba Y, Ishizuka S, Kenzo T, Ripot S, Kendawang JJ, Miyashita N, Nara K, Hogetsu T, Ninomiya I, Iwasaki K, Sakurai K. 2004. Effects of controlled-release fertilizer on growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of pot-grown seedlings of the dipterocarp Dryohalanops lanceolata in a tropical nursery. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 50: 747-753.
Irino KO, Kang Y, Kenzo T, Hattori D, Ishizuka S, Ninomiya I, Iwasaki K, Kendawang JJ, Sakurai K. 2005. Performance of pot-grown seedling of the dipterocarp Dryobalanops lanceolata with controlled-release fertilizer after transplantation to the shifting cultivation land in Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 51: 369-377.
Jordan, C. F. (1985). Nutrient Cycling in Tropical Forest Ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Katagiri S, Yamakura T, Sen HL. 1991. Properties of soil in Kerangas Forest on sandstone at Bako National Park, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Southeast Asian Studies, 29(1): 35-47.
Keefe KJ. 2008. Enrichment planting of native tree species in the eastern Amazon of Brazil; silvicultural, financial and household assessments. (Dissertation). University of Florida. (US).
Kendawang JJ, Tanaka S, Ishihara J, Shibata K, Sabang J, Ninomiya I, Ishizuka S, Sakurai K. 2004. E?ects of shifting cultivation on soil ecosystems in Sarawak, Malaysia: slash and burning at Balai Ringin and Sabal Experimental Sites and e?ect on soil organic matter. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 50(5): 677–687.
Kenzo T, Ichie T, Ozawa T, Kashimura S, Hattori D, Irino K, Kendawang JJ, Sakurai K, Ninomiya I. 2007. Leaf physiological and morphological responses of seven dipterocarp seedlings to differing degraded forest environments in Sarawak, Malaysia. Tropics, 14: 1-16.
Kenzo T, Yoneda R, Matsumoto Y, Azani AM, Majid MN. 2011. Growth and photosynthesis response of four Malaysian indigenous tree species under different light conditions. Journal of Tropical Science, 23(3): 271-281.
Kenzo T, Furutani R, Hattori D, Tanaka S, Sakurai K, Ninomya I, Kendawang JJ. 2014. Aboveground and belowground biomass in logged-over tropical rain forests under di?erent soil conditions in Borneo. Journal of Forest Research, 20(1): 197–205.
Kobayashi S. 2004. Landscape rehabilitation of degraded tropical forest ecosystems: Case study of the CIFOR/Japan project in Indonesia and Peru. Forest Ecology and Management, 201: 13-22.
Kuusipalo J, Jafarsidik Y, Adjers G, Tuomela K. 1996. Population dynamics of tree seedlings in a mixed dipterocarp rainforest before and after logging and crown liberation. Forest Ecology and Management, 81: 85-94.
Kuo S. 1996. Phosphorus: In Method of Soil Analysis, Part 3, Chemical Methods. In: Sparks DL, Page AL, Helmke P, Leoppert RH. (eds.). Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
Lamb D, Erskine PD, Parrotta JA. 2005. Restoration of degraded tropical forest landscape. Science, 310: 1628-1632.
Lamb D. 2010. Regreening the Bare Hill: Tropical Forest Restoration in the Asia-Pacific Region. Springer Science and Business Media, Dordrecht.
MacKinnon K, Hatta G, Halim H, Mangalik A. 2013. The Ecology of Kalimantan: Indonesian Borneo. Volume III. Tuttle Publishing, NY, USA
Meteorological Department. 2014. Weather Data (2004-2013).Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Nik Muhamad M, Azizah H, Idris A. 1994. Rehabilitation of ex-tin mining land by agroforestry practice. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 71: 123-127.
Norisada M, Hitusma G, Kuroda K, Yamanoshita T, Masumori M, Tange T, Yagi H, Nuyim T, Sasaki S, Kojima K. 2005. Acacia mangium, a nurse tree candidate for reforestation on degraded sandy soils in the Malay Peninsula. Forest Science, 51: 498-510.
Okuda T, Suzuki M, Adachi N, Quah ES, Hussein NA, Manokaran N. 2003. Effect of selective logging on canopy and stand structure and tree species composition in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management, 175: 297-320.
Perumal M, Wasli ME, Ho SY, Lat J, Sani H. 2015. Soil morphological and physicochemical properties at reforestation sites after enrichment planting of Shorea macrophylla in Sampadi Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysia. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, 5(2): 28-43.
Perumal M, Wasli ME, Ho SY, Lat J, Sani H. 2017a. Association between soil fertility and growth performance of planted Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) after enrichment planting at rehabilitation sites of Sampadi Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysia. International Journal of Forestry Research, 2017: 1-16.
Perumal M, Wasli ME, Ho SY, Lat J, Sani H. 2017b. Survivorship and growth performance of Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) after enrichment planting for reforestation purpose at Sarawak, Malaysia. OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences, 17(1): 7-17.
Schulze PC, Leighton M. Peart DR. 1994. Enrichment planting in selectively logged rainforest: A combined ecological and economic analysis. Ecological applications, 4: 581-592.
Soil Survey Sta?. 1966. A classi?cation of Sarawak soils. Technical Paper No. 2. Department of Agricultural Sarawak, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Soil Survey Sta?. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy (12thed.). United State Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Washington, DC, USA.
Stark NM, Jordan CF. 1978. Nutrient retention by the root mat of an Amazonian rain forest. Ecology, 59(3): 434-437.
Suhaili R, Majid NM, Hamzah MZ, Paudyal BK. 1998. Initial growth performance of indigenous timber species by open planting technique on degraded forest land. Malaysian Forester, 61: 232-242.
Syuhada AB, Shamsuddin J, Fauziah CI, Arifin A, Rosenani AB. 2014. Formation and characteristics of Spodosols formed on Sandstone in the Extremely High Rainfall area of Sarawak, Malaysia. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 2: 115-128.
Tanaka S, Tachibe S, Wasli ME, Lat J, Seman L, Kendawang JJ, Iwasaki K, Sakurai K. 2009. Soil characteristics under cash crop farming in upland areas of Sarawak, Malaysia. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 129: 293-301.
Tanaka S, Wasli ME, Kendawang JJ, Sakurai K. 2014. The impacts of alteration in agriculture on the environment and ecosystem in Sarawak, Malaysia. Kuroshio Science, 8: 7-14.
Taylor HM, Brar GS. 1991. Effect of soil compaction on root development. Soil and Tillage Research: 19, 111-119.
Teng SC. 2004. Keys to soil classification of Sarawak. Agriculture Department of Sarawak.
Thornthwaite, C.W. (1948). An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review, 38, 55-94.
Turner IM, Lucas PW, Becker P, Wong SC, Yong WH, Choong MF, Tyree MT. 2000. Tree leaf form in Brunei: a heath forest and a mixed dipterocarp forest compared. Biotropica 32(1): 53-61.
USDA-NRCS. 2012. Field book for describing and sampling soils, Version 3.0. In: Schoeneberger PJ, Wysocki DA, Benham EC, Broderson WD. (eds.), Natural Resources Conservation Service. Lincoln, NE, National Soil Survey Center.
Vincent, A. & Davies, S.J. (2003). Effects of nutrient addition, mulching and planting hole size on early performance of Dryobalanops aromatic and Shorea parvifolia planted in secondary forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. Forest Ecology and Management, 180, 261-271.
Yoneda, R., Matsumoto, Y., Kenzo, T., Alias, M.A. & Majid, N.K. (2005). The short-term gas exchange and photo inhibition response in planted Dyera costulala seedlings under artificial shading shelter in open condition. Japanese Journal of forest environment, 47, 113-118.
Wasli, ME, Sani, H, Ho, SY, Perumal, M, Zainudin, ZA, Lat J, Lee PS. 2014. Preliminary assessment on the growth performance of Dryobalanops beccarii dyer planted under enrichment planting technique at Gunung Apeng Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysia. Kuroshio Science, 8: 45-52.
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