Assessment on the growth performance of planted Dryobalanops beccarii at reforestation sites after implementation of selective girdling
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Abstract. Wasli ME, Ambun DB, Kalu M, Sidi M, Nahrawi H, Elias H. 2020. Assessment on the growth performance of planted Dryobalanops beccarii at reforestation sites after implementation of selective girdling. Biodiversitas 21: 1880-1889. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of planted Dryobalanops beccarii Dyer at reforestation sites after silvicultural practices in Gunung Apeng National Park (GANP), Sarawak. The assessed area was planted with D. beccarii in 2005 and undergo silvicultural treatment by understory clearing which implemented annually. Due to the suppressed growth rate of the planted trees, an additional silvicultural treatment, the selective girdling on selected pioneer species, was implemented once, in 2012. In this study, study plots with two treatments were established: T1: understory clearing only (control plot), and T2: additional selective girdling of existing pioneer species in addition to the understory clearing practice applied in T1. The growth performance of the planted D. beccarii in terms of DBH, height, survival and mean annual increments in diameter (MaiD) and height (MaiH) were assessed and monitored at the initial stage when the selective girdling treatment was applied and 4, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 months after girdling. Our findings showed that the survival rates of planted trees at 72 months under treatments T1 and T2 were 82.9% and 79.2%, respectively. The average tree DBH in T2 was significantly higher than that in T1, and the average tree DBH values for T1 and T2 were 7.5 cm and 9.4 cm, respectively. The average tree heights for T1 and T2 were 8.3 m and 9.2 m, respectively. In terms of the mean annual increments in height (MaiH) and diameter (MaiD), those in T2 were significantly higher than those in T1. Our findings indicated that T2 started to show better growth performance than T1 after a period of 36 months. In conclusion, the additional silvicultural treatment by selective girdling at the reforestation site had a long-term, progressive effect on the growth performance of the planted trees.
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References
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Akindale SO, Onyekwelu JC. 2011. Silviculture in secondary forests. In: S. Gunter, M. Weber, B. Stimm & R. Mosandl (eds), Silviculture in the Tropics. Springer-Verlag, London Berlin Heidelberg.
Ashton PS. 2004. Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak (Vol. Five). In: E. Soepadmo, L. G. Saw and R. C. K. Chung (eds). Dipterocarpaceae. Kuala Lumpur: Government of Malaysia.
Agyeman, VK. 1994. Environmental Influences On Tropical Tree Seedling Growth. [PhD dissertation]. University of Aberdeen, UK.
Appanah, S, Weinland G. 1993. Planting Quality Timber Trees in Peninsular Malaysia. Kepong: Forest Research Institute Malaysia.
Arifin A, Tanaka S, Jusop S, Majid N, Ibrahim Z. 2008. Assessment on soil fertility status and growth performance of planted dipterocarp species in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Applied Sciences 8: 3795-3805.
Aoyagi, R., Imai, N. and Kitayam, K. 2012. Ecological significance of the patches dominated by pioneer trees for the regeneration of dipterocarps in a Bornean logged-over secondary forest. Forest Ecology and Management 289: 378–384
Brown, N. 1993. The implications of climate and gap microclimate for seedling growth conditions in a Bornean lowland rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 9(2): 153-168.
Carandang WM, Paelmo RF, Lee DK and Carandang VQ. 2007. Assisted natural regeneration as affected by lodging and slashing vegetation in a grassland in the Philippines, Forest Science and Technology, 3(1): 47-52
Chai DNP and Udarbe, MP. 1977. The effectiveness of current silvicultural practice in Sabah. Malaysian Forester 40: 27-35.
Chazdon RL and Pearcy RW. 1991. The importance of sunflecks for forest understorey plants. BioScience 41: 760-766.
Colin TM, Cara RN, Andrew JL, Anna S. 2018. Ecological effects and effectiveness of silvicultural restoration treatments in whitebark pine forests. Forest Ecology and Management 429: 534–548
Davies SJ. 2001. Tree mortality and growth in 11 sympatric Macaranga species in Borneo. Ecology 82: 920–932.
Fredericksen TS, Putz FE. 2003. Silvicultural intensification for tropical forest conservation. Biodiversity Conservation 12: 1445–1453.
Fredericksen TS, Mostacedo B. 2000. Regeneration of timber species following selection logging in a Bolivian tropical dry forest. Forest Ecology and Management 131: 47–55.
Gaveau DLA, Sloan S, Molidena E, Yaen H, Sheil D. 2014. Four Decades of Forest Persistence, Clearance and Logging on Borneo. PLoS ONE 9:7.
Graaf NR. 1986. A silvicultural system for natural regeneration of tropical rain forest in Surinam. In: Ecology and Management of Tropical Rain Forests in Surinam, Wageningen. Agricultural University, The Netherlands.
Hattori D, Kenzo T, Kendawang JJ, Ninomiya I, Sakurai K. 2013. Rehabilitation of degraded Tropical Rainforest using Dipterocarp trees in Sarawak, Malaysia. International Journal of Forestry Research Volume 2013.
Hattori D, Kenzo T, Kendawang JJ, Ifino KO, Tanaka S, Ichie T, Ninomiya I, Sakurai, K. 2009. Effect of light intensity and soil physico-chemical properties on seedling mortality and growth of six Dipterocarp species planted for rehabilitation of degraded grassland, secondary forest and logged forest of Sarawak, Malaysia. Japanese Journal of Forest Environment 51(2) 105 ?115.
Jackson SM, Fredericksen TS, Malcolm JR. 2002. Area disturbed and residual stand damage following logging in a Bolivian tropical forest. Forest Ecology and Management 166: 271–283.
Jaffar ANN, Wasli ME, Perumal M, Lat J, Sani H. 2018. Effects of Soil Compaction and Relative Light Intensity on Survival and Growth Performance of Planted Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) in Riparian Forest along Kayan Ulu River, Sarawak, Malaysia. International Journal of Forestry Research Volume 2018.
Jaya H. 2002. Management standards of hill dipterocarp forest in Sarawak. ITTO Project PD26/96 Rev 4(F): Final Project Report.
Kammesheidt L. 2002. Perspectives on secondary forest management in tropical humid Lowland America. Ambio 31:243-250
Lamprecht H. 1989. Silviculture in the Tropics. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Techiche Zusammearbeit (GTZ) Germany. 296 pp.
Leakey ADB, Press MC, Scholes JD. 2003. High-temperature inhibition of photosynthesis is greater under sunflecks than uniform irradiance in a tropical rain forest tree seedling. Plant Cell and Environment 26: 1681-1690.
Mauricio FP. 1987. Enrichment planting improves logged over Dipterocarp forests: the Philippine experience. In: A.J.G.H. Kostermans (Editor), Proc. of the 3rd Round-Table Conference on Dipterocarps, MAB, UNESCO, pp. 39-56. [Indonesia]
McNamara S, Tinh DV, Erskine PD, Lamb D, Yates D, Brown S. 2006. “Rehabilitating degraded forestland in central Vietnam with mixed forestland in central Vietnam with mixed native species plantings,” Forest Ecology and Management 233: 358-365
Nicholson DJ. 1960. Light requirements of seedlings of live species of Dipterocarpaceae. Malaysian Forester 23: 344-356.
Nyland RD. (1996). Silviculture. United States, America: McGraw- Hill.
Oliver CD. 1992. Similarities od stand structures and stand development processes throughout the world – dome evidence and applications to silviculture through adaptation management. In M. J. Kelty, B. C Larson, & C. D. Oliver (Eds.). The ecology and silviculture of mixed-species forests (pp. 11-26). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Osborne PL. 2012. Tropical Ecosystems and Ecological Concepts (2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press
Otsamo R. 2000. Early development of three planted indigenous tree species and natural understorey vegetation in artificial gaps in an Acacia mangium stand on an Imperata cylindrica grassland site in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. New Forest 19: 51–68.
Paquette A, Bouchard A, Cogliastro A. 2006. Survival and growth of under-planted trees: a meta-analysis across four biomes. Ecological Applications 16: 1575–1589.
Peña-Claros M., Boot RGA, Dorado-Lora J, Zonta A. 2002. Enrichment planting of Bertholletia excels in secondary forest in Bolivian Amazon: Effect of cutting line width on survival, growth, and crown traits. Forest Ecology and Management 161: 159-168.
Perumal M., Wasli ME, Ho SY, Lat J, and Sani H. 2017. Survivorship and growth performance of Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) after enrichment planting for reforestation purpose at Sarawak, Malaysia. Journal of Biological Sciences 17(1): 7-17.
Phillips P, Brash T, Yasman I. 2003. An individual-based spatially explicit tree growth model for forests in East Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Ecological Modelling 159: 1–26.
Poorter H. 1989. Interspecific variation in relative growth rate: on ecological causes and physiological consequences. In: Lambers H, Cambride ML, Konings H, Pons TL (eds) Causes and consequences of variation in growth rate and productivity of higher plants. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp 45–68
Priasukmana S. 1991. Planting experiments ofdipterocarps in East Kalimantan. In: I. Soerianegara, S.S. Tjitrosomo, R.C. LJmaly and I. LJmboh (Editors). Proc. of the 4th Round-Table Conference on Dipterocarps, Riotrop Spec. Pub. No. 4 1, Bogor., pp. 417-427 [Indonesia]
Ramos JM, del Amo S. 1992. Enrichment planting in a tropical secondary forest in Veracruz, Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 54: 289-304.
Rijkers T, de Vries PJ, Pons TL, Bongers F. 2000. Photosynthetic induction in saplings of three shade-tolerant tree species: Comparing understory and gap habitats in a French Guiana rain forest. Oecologia 125: 331-340.
Romell E. 2007. Artificial canopy gaps and the establishment of planted dipterocarp seedlings in Macaranga spp.-dominated secondary tropical rain forests of Sabah, Borneo. Licentiate PhD Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå
Romell E, Hallsby G, Karlsson A, Garcia C. 2008. Artificial canopy gaps in a Macaranga spp. dominated secondary tropical rain forest – effects on survival and above ground increment of four under-planted dipterocarp species. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 1452-1460.
Romell E, Hallsby G, Karlsson A. 2009. Forest floor light conditions in a secondary tropical rain forest after artificial gap creation in northern Borneo. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 149: 929-937.
Slik JWF, Priyono, van Welzen PC. 2000. Key to the Macaranga and Mallotus species (Euphorbiaceae) of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Garden’s Bulletin Singapore 52: 11– 87
Sovu TM, Savadogo P, Odén PC. (2010). Enrichment planting in a logged-over tropical mixed deciduous forest of Laos. Journal of Forestry Research 21(3): 273-280
Tagawa H. 1988. Change of vegetation in Kutai National park, East Kalimantan. Kagosima University Research Centre for the South Pacific.
Van Gardingen PR, McLeish M, Phillips PD, Fadilah D, Tyrie G, Yasman, I. 2003. Financial and ecological analysis of management options for logged-over dipterocarp forests in Indonesian Borneo. Forest Ecology and Management 183: 1–29.
Villages Z, Pena-Claros M, Mostacedo B, Alarcon A, Licona, JC, Leano C, Pariona W, Choque U. 2009. Silvicultural treatments enhance growth rates of future crop tress in a tropical dry forest. Forest Ecology and Management 258: 971-977
Wasli ME, Sani H, Ho SY, Perumal M, Zainuddin ZA, Lat J, Lee PS. 2014. Preliminary assessment on the growth performance of Dryobalanops beccarii Dyer planted under enrichment planting technique at Gunung Apeng Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysia. Kuroshio Science 8(1): 45-52.
Weidelt HJ. Banaag VS. 1982. Aspects of management and silviculture of Philippine dipterocarp forest. Publ. No. 132, GTZ, Eschborn, Germany.
Weidelt HJ. 1976. Improvement of overlogged areas by enrichment planting. In: H.J. Weidelt (Editor), Manual of Reforestation and Erosion Control for the Philippines. GTZ, Eschborn, Germany, pp. 130- 135.
Wermer S. 1997. The impact of management practices on species richness within productive rubber agroforestry in Indonesia. In P. Sist, C, Sabogal, and Y. Byron, Management of Secondary and Logged-Over Forests in Indonesia. Selected Proceedings of an International Workshop 17-19 November 1997 (pp 45-49). Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.
Whitmore TC. 1998. An introduction to tropical rainforest (2nd ed.). Clarendon, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Widiyatno, Nai’em, Moh, Kanzaki Mamoru, Purnomo Susilo, Jatmoko. 2013. Application of silviculture treatment to Support Rehabilitation on Logged Over Area (LOA) of Tropical Rainforest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. J-SustaiN 1(2): 50-55.
Wyatt-Smith J. 1963. Manual of Malayan Silviculture for Inland Forests. Volume (23), Malaysian Forest Records. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Akindale SO, Onyekwelu JC. 2011. Silviculture in secondary forests. In: S. Gunter, M. Weber, B. Stimm & R. Mosandl (eds), Silviculture in the Tropics. Springer-Verlag, London Berlin Heidelberg.
Ashton PS. 2004. Tree flora of Sabah and Sarawak (Vol. Five). In: E. Soepadmo, L. G. Saw and R. C. K. Chung (eds). Dipterocarpaceae. Kuala Lumpur: Government of Malaysia.
Agyeman, VK. 1994. Environmental Influences On Tropical Tree Seedling Growth. [PhD dissertation]. University of Aberdeen, UK.
Appanah, S, Weinland G. 1993. Planting Quality Timber Trees in Peninsular Malaysia. Kepong: Forest Research Institute Malaysia.
Arifin A, Tanaka S, Jusop S, Majid N, Ibrahim Z. 2008. Assessment on soil fertility status and growth performance of planted dipterocarp species in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Applied Sciences 8: 3795-3805.
Aoyagi, R., Imai, N. and Kitayam, K. 2012. Ecological significance of the patches dominated by pioneer trees for the regeneration of dipterocarps in a Bornean logged-over secondary forest. Forest Ecology and Management 289: 378–384
Brown, N. 1993. The implications of climate and gap microclimate for seedling growth conditions in a Bornean lowland rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 9(2): 153-168.
Carandang WM, Paelmo RF, Lee DK and Carandang VQ. 2007. Assisted natural regeneration as affected by lodging and slashing vegetation in a grassland in the Philippines, Forest Science and Technology, 3(1): 47-52
Chai DNP and Udarbe, MP. 1977. The effectiveness of current silvicultural practice in Sabah. Malaysian Forester 40: 27-35.
Chazdon RL and Pearcy RW. 1991. The importance of sunflecks for forest understorey plants. BioScience 41: 760-766.
Colin TM, Cara RN, Andrew JL, Anna S. 2018. Ecological effects and effectiveness of silvicultural restoration treatments in whitebark pine forests. Forest Ecology and Management 429: 534–548
Davies SJ. 2001. Tree mortality and growth in 11 sympatric Macaranga species in Borneo. Ecology 82: 920–932.
Fredericksen TS, Putz FE. 2003. Silvicultural intensification for tropical forest conservation. Biodiversity Conservation 12: 1445–1453.
Fredericksen TS, Mostacedo B. 2000. Regeneration of timber species following selection logging in a Bolivian tropical dry forest. Forest Ecology and Management 131: 47–55.
Gaveau DLA, Sloan S, Molidena E, Yaen H, Sheil D. 2014. Four Decades of Forest Persistence, Clearance and Logging on Borneo. PLoS ONE 9:7.
Graaf NR. 1986. A silvicultural system for natural regeneration of tropical rain forest in Surinam. In: Ecology and Management of Tropical Rain Forests in Surinam, Wageningen. Agricultural University, The Netherlands.
Hattori D, Kenzo T, Kendawang JJ, Ninomiya I, Sakurai K. 2013. Rehabilitation of degraded Tropical Rainforest using Dipterocarp trees in Sarawak, Malaysia. International Journal of Forestry Research Volume 2013.
Hattori D, Kenzo T, Kendawang JJ, Ifino KO, Tanaka S, Ichie T, Ninomiya I, Sakurai, K. 2009. Effect of light intensity and soil physico-chemical properties on seedling mortality and growth of six Dipterocarp species planted for rehabilitation of degraded grassland, secondary forest and logged forest of Sarawak, Malaysia. Japanese Journal of Forest Environment 51(2) 105 ?115.
Jackson SM, Fredericksen TS, Malcolm JR. 2002. Area disturbed and residual stand damage following logging in a Bolivian tropical forest. Forest Ecology and Management 166: 271–283.
Jaffar ANN, Wasli ME, Perumal M, Lat J, Sani H. 2018. Effects of Soil Compaction and Relative Light Intensity on Survival and Growth Performance of Planted Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) in Riparian Forest along Kayan Ulu River, Sarawak, Malaysia. International Journal of Forestry Research Volume 2018.
Jaya H. 2002. Management standards of hill dipterocarp forest in Sarawak. ITTO Project PD26/96 Rev 4(F): Final Project Report.
Kammesheidt L. 2002. Perspectives on secondary forest management in tropical humid Lowland America. Ambio 31:243-250
Lamprecht H. 1989. Silviculture in the Tropics. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Techiche Zusammearbeit (GTZ) Germany. 296 pp.
Leakey ADB, Press MC, Scholes JD. 2003. High-temperature inhibition of photosynthesis is greater under sunflecks than uniform irradiance in a tropical rain forest tree seedling. Plant Cell and Environment 26: 1681-1690.
Mauricio FP. 1987. Enrichment planting improves logged over Dipterocarp forests: the Philippine experience. In: A.J.G.H. Kostermans (Editor), Proc. of the 3rd Round-Table Conference on Dipterocarps, MAB, UNESCO, pp. 39-56. [Indonesia]
McNamara S, Tinh DV, Erskine PD, Lamb D, Yates D, Brown S. 2006. “Rehabilitating degraded forestland in central Vietnam with mixed forestland in central Vietnam with mixed native species plantings,” Forest Ecology and Management 233: 358-365
Nicholson DJ. 1960. Light requirements of seedlings of live species of Dipterocarpaceae. Malaysian Forester 23: 344-356.
Nyland RD. (1996). Silviculture. United States, America: McGraw- Hill.
Oliver CD. 1992. Similarities od stand structures and stand development processes throughout the world – dome evidence and applications to silviculture through adaptation management. In M. J. Kelty, B. C Larson, & C. D. Oliver (Eds.). The ecology and silviculture of mixed-species forests (pp. 11-26). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Osborne PL. 2012. Tropical Ecosystems and Ecological Concepts (2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press
Otsamo R. 2000. Early development of three planted indigenous tree species and natural understorey vegetation in artificial gaps in an Acacia mangium stand on an Imperata cylindrica grassland site in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. New Forest 19: 51–68.
Paquette A, Bouchard A, Cogliastro A. 2006. Survival and growth of under-planted trees: a meta-analysis across four biomes. Ecological Applications 16: 1575–1589.
Peña-Claros M., Boot RGA, Dorado-Lora J, Zonta A. 2002. Enrichment planting of Bertholletia excels in secondary forest in Bolivian Amazon: Effect of cutting line width on survival, growth, and crown traits. Forest Ecology and Management 161: 159-168.
Perumal M., Wasli ME, Ho SY, Lat J, and Sani H. 2017. Survivorship and growth performance of Shorea macrophylla (de Vriese) after enrichment planting for reforestation purpose at Sarawak, Malaysia. Journal of Biological Sciences 17(1): 7-17.
Phillips P, Brash T, Yasman I. 2003. An individual-based spatially explicit tree growth model for forests in East Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Ecological Modelling 159: 1–26.
Poorter H. 1989. Interspecific variation in relative growth rate: on ecological causes and physiological consequences. In: Lambers H, Cambride ML, Konings H, Pons TL (eds) Causes and consequences of variation in growth rate and productivity of higher plants. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp 45–68
Priasukmana S. 1991. Planting experiments ofdipterocarps in East Kalimantan. In: I. Soerianegara, S.S. Tjitrosomo, R.C. LJmaly and I. LJmboh (Editors). Proc. of the 4th Round-Table Conference on Dipterocarps, Riotrop Spec. Pub. No. 4 1, Bogor., pp. 417-427 [Indonesia]
Ramos JM, del Amo S. 1992. Enrichment planting in a tropical secondary forest in Veracruz, Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 54: 289-304.
Rijkers T, de Vries PJ, Pons TL, Bongers F. 2000. Photosynthetic induction in saplings of three shade-tolerant tree species: Comparing understory and gap habitats in a French Guiana rain forest. Oecologia 125: 331-340.
Romell E. 2007. Artificial canopy gaps and the establishment of planted dipterocarp seedlings in Macaranga spp.-dominated secondary tropical rain forests of Sabah, Borneo. Licentiate PhD Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå
Romell E, Hallsby G, Karlsson A, Garcia C. 2008. Artificial canopy gaps in a Macaranga spp. dominated secondary tropical rain forest – effects on survival and above ground increment of four under-planted dipterocarp species. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 1452-1460.
Romell E, Hallsby G, Karlsson A. 2009. Forest floor light conditions in a secondary tropical rain forest after artificial gap creation in northern Borneo. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 149: 929-937.
Slik JWF, Priyono, van Welzen PC. 2000. Key to the Macaranga and Mallotus species (Euphorbiaceae) of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Garden’s Bulletin Singapore 52: 11– 87
Sovu TM, Savadogo P, Odén PC. (2010). Enrichment planting in a logged-over tropical mixed deciduous forest of Laos. Journal of Forestry Research 21(3): 273-280
Tagawa H. 1988. Change of vegetation in Kutai National park, East Kalimantan. Kagosima University Research Centre for the South Pacific.
Van Gardingen PR, McLeish M, Phillips PD, Fadilah D, Tyrie G, Yasman, I. 2003. Financial and ecological analysis of management options for logged-over dipterocarp forests in Indonesian Borneo. Forest Ecology and Management 183: 1–29.
Villages Z, Pena-Claros M, Mostacedo B, Alarcon A, Licona, JC, Leano C, Pariona W, Choque U. 2009. Silvicultural treatments enhance growth rates of future crop tress in a tropical dry forest. Forest Ecology and Management 258: 971-977
Wasli ME, Sani H, Ho SY, Perumal M, Zainuddin ZA, Lat J, Lee PS. 2014. Preliminary assessment on the growth performance of Dryobalanops beccarii Dyer planted under enrichment planting technique at Gunung Apeng Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysia. Kuroshio Science 8(1): 45-52.
Weidelt HJ. Banaag VS. 1982. Aspects of management and silviculture of Philippine dipterocarp forest. Publ. No. 132, GTZ, Eschborn, Germany.
Weidelt HJ. 1976. Improvement of overlogged areas by enrichment planting. In: H.J. Weidelt (Editor), Manual of Reforestation and Erosion Control for the Philippines. GTZ, Eschborn, Germany, pp. 130- 135.
Wermer S. 1997. The impact of management practices on species richness within productive rubber agroforestry in Indonesia. In P. Sist, C, Sabogal, and Y. Byron, Management of Secondary and Logged-Over Forests in Indonesia. Selected Proceedings of an International Workshop 17-19 November 1997 (pp 45-49). Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.
Whitmore TC. 1998. An introduction to tropical rainforest (2nd ed.). Clarendon, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Widiyatno, Nai’em, Moh, Kanzaki Mamoru, Purnomo Susilo, Jatmoko. 2013. Application of silviculture treatment to Support Rehabilitation on Logged Over Area (LOA) of Tropical Rainforest, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. J-SustaiN 1(2): 50-55.
Wyatt-Smith J. 1963. Manual of Malayan Silviculture for Inland Forests. Volume (23), Malaysian Forest Records. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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