Environmental factors influence on flowering and fruiting period of selected essential oil plants from Annonaceae
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Abstract. Lestari DA, Fiqa AP. 2020. Environmental factors influence on flowering and fruiting period of selected essential oil plants from Annonaceae. Biodiversitas 21: 910-921. Many species of Annonaceae family in tropics produce fragrances, due to the active ingredients for essential oils. Since the abundant of flower and fruit production, basic knowledge of flowering and fruiting periods needs to be known. The aim of this study was to determine influence of environmental factors to selected essential oil plants flowering and fruiting period from Annonaceae family, i.e. Artabotrys suaveolens, Cananga odorata, Desmos chinensis, Dasymaschalon borneense, Fissistigma latifolium, and Xylopia malayana. Observations were made throughout the year during dry and rainy season, with each phase carried out scoring qualitatively based on its abundance in plant canopy. Data on environmental factors (temperature, humidity, and rainfall intensity) were obtained from Registration Unit, Purwodadi Botanic Garden (PBG). Data of flowering and fruiting period were analyzed descriptively using Microsoft Excel, while the influence of environmental factors to flowering and fruiting period was analyzed by Biplot with Past 3.0. statistic program. Flowering period occurred in wet months at the end of year (November-December), while fruiting period occurred in long dry month. Initiation and bloom of flowering were influenced by temperature, while fruiting period was largely influenced by humidity and rainfall intensity, except for C. odorata whose fruiting period was influenced by temperature.
Key words: Annonaceae, environmental factors, essential oils, flowering, fruiting
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References
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Rusli MS. 2010. Success in Producing Essential Oils. PT Agro Media Pustaka, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Syamsuwida D, Aminah A, Nurochman N, Sumarni EB, Ginting J. 2014. Flowering and fruiting development cycle and fruit set of Kemenyan (Styrax benzoin) at Aek Nauli. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan Tanaman 11(2): 89-98. [Indonesian]
Tabla VP, Vargas CF. 2004. Phenology and phenotypic natural selection on the flowering time of a deceit-pollinated tropical orchid, Myrmecophila christinae. Ann. Bot. 94(2): 243-250.
Thang TD, Dai DN, Hoi TM, Ogunwande IA. 2013. Chemical compositions of the leaf essential oils of some Annonaceae from Vietnam. J. Essent. Oil Res. 25(2): 85-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2012.755475.
Wahyuni R, Handoko C, Agustarini R. 2012. Preliminary study on the flowering and fruiting behaviours of Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum Linn.). J. For. Res. 9(1): 1-10.
Winarni NL, Kurniasari DR, Hartiningtias D, Nusalawo M, Sakuntaladewi N. 2016. Phenology, climate, and adaptation: How does dipterocarps respond to climate? IJFR 3(2): 129-141.
Bawa KS, Kang H, Grayum M. 2003. Relationships among time, frequency, and duration of flowering in tropical rain forest trees. Am. J. Bot. 6: 877-887.
Brennan K. 1996. Flowering and Fruiting Phenology of Native Plants in The Alligator Rivers Region with Particular Reference to The Ranger Uranium Mine Lease Area. Tourism House, Australia.
Brophy JJ, Goldsack RJ, Hook JM. 2004. The leaf essential oils of the Australian species of Pseuduvaria (Annonaceae). J. Essent. Oil Res. 16: 362-366.
Cleland EE, Allen JM, Crimmins TM, Dunne JA, Pau S, Travers SE, et al. 2012. Phenological tracking enables positive species res ponsesto climate change. Ecology 93(8): 1765-1771.
Dai DN, Hoi TM, Thang TD, Ogunwande IA. 2012. The leaf essential oils of five Vietnamese Desmos species (Annonaceae). Nat Prod Commun 7(2): 231-234.
Danarto SA. 2013. Phenological leaves senescence of Fabaceae during dry season in PBG (case study of fabaceae adaptation to water limited). In: Aruminingtyas EL, Yanuwiadi B, Sumitro SB, et al. (eds); Proceeding of 4th International Conference on Global Resource Conservation & 10th Indonesian Society for Plant Taxonomy Congress. Brawijaya University, Malang.
Duarte MCT, Duarte RMT, Rodrigues RAF, Rodrigues MVN. 2018. Essential Oils and Their Characteristics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., USA.
Fournier G, Hadjiakhoondi M, Leboeuf M, Cave A, Charles B. 1997. Essential oils of Annonaceae. Part VII. Essential oils of Monanthotaxis diclina (Sprague) Verdcourt and Unonopsis guatterioides R.E. Fries . Flavour and Fragrance Journal 12: 95 – 98 .
Fournier G, Leboeuf M, Cave A. 2011. Annonaceae Essential Oils: A Review. J. Essent. Oil Res. 11(2). 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1999.9701092.
Handayani T. 2016. Flowering and fruiting time of Annonaceae species in Bogor Botanic Garden. Buletin Kebun Raya 19(2): 91-104. [Indonesian]
Hatta H, Darnaedi D. 2005. Phenology and Growth Habits of Tropical Trees: Long-term Observations in The Bogor and Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Indonesia. National Science Museum Tokyo, Japan.
Janzen DH. 1974. Tropical black water rivers, animals and mast fruiting by Dipterocarpaceae. Biotropica 6: 69-103.
Karioti A, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Mensah MLK, Fleischer TC, Skaltsa H. 2004. Composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Xylopia aethiopica (Dun) A. Rich. (Annonaceae) leaves, stem bark, root bark, and fresh and dried fruits, growing in Ghana. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52(26): 8094-8098.
Khanduri VP, Sharma CM, Kumar KS, Ghildiyal SK. 2013. Annual variation in flowering phenology, pollination, mating system, and pollen yield in two natural populations of Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. Sci. World J. 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/350157.
Kurten EL, Bunyavejchewin S, Davies SJ. 2018. Phenology of a dipterocarp forest with seasonal drought: insights into the origin of general flowering. J. Ecol 106: 126-136.
Lestari DA. 2019. Evaluation of flowering and fruiting periods of selected Annonaceae species in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2120: 030023. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115627.
Mangun. 2006. Nilam. PT Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Micheloud NG, Castro DC, Buyatti MA, Gabriel PM, Gariglio NF. 2018. Factors influenceing phenology of different Citrus varieties under the temperate climate conditions of Santa Fe, Argentina. Rev. Bras. Frutic. 40(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452018315.
Nanda A, Krishnamurthy YL, Suresh HS. 2014. Phenology of a tropical dry deciduous forest of Bhadra wildlife sanctuary, southern India. Ecol. Process. 3(1): 1-12.
Nanda A, Suresh HS, Krishnamurthy YL. 2017. Phenology of tree species in a tropical evergreen forest of Southern India. Glob Ecol Conserv 6(1): 1-12.
Panchen Z. 2016. Impact of climate change on flowering and fruiting times of Nunavut Arctic Plants. InfoNorth 69(4): 444-449.
Phan GM, Phan ST, Konig WA. 2011. Chemical composition of the flower essential of Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari of Vietnam. J. Essent. Oil Res. 19(6): 523-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2007.9699321.
Powo.science.kew.org. 2019. Artabotrys suaveolens, Cananga odorata and Desmos chinensis. Accessed on 5 December 2019.
Putri DKY, Dewi IEP, Kusuma HS, Mahfud M. 2019. Extraction of an essential oil from fresh cananga flowers (Cananga odorata) using solvent-free microwave method. J. Chem. Technol. Metall. 54(4): 793-802.
Rusli MS. 2010. Success in Producing Essential Oils. PT Agro Media Pustaka, Jakarta. [Indonesian]
Syamsuwida D, Aminah A, Nurochman N, Sumarni EB, Ginting J. 2014. Flowering and fruiting development cycle and fruit set of Kemenyan (Styrax benzoin) at Aek Nauli. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan Tanaman 11(2): 89-98. [Indonesian]
Tabla VP, Vargas CF. 2004. Phenology and phenotypic natural selection on the flowering time of a deceit-pollinated tropical orchid, Myrmecophila christinae. Ann. Bot. 94(2): 243-250.
Thang TD, Dai DN, Hoi TM, Ogunwande IA. 2013. Chemical compositions of the leaf essential oils of some Annonaceae from Vietnam. J. Essent. Oil Res. 25(2): 85-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2012.755475.
Wahyuni R, Handoko C, Agustarini R. 2012. Preliminary study on the flowering and fruiting behaviours of Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum Linn.). J. For. Res. 9(1): 1-10.
Winarni NL, Kurniasari DR, Hartiningtias D, Nusalawo M, Sakuntaladewi N. 2016. Phenology, climate, and adaptation: How does dipterocarps respond to climate? IJFR 3(2): 129-141.
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