Influence of furrow with organic material and Chromolaena odorata compost on upland rice productivity in an agroforestry system with Melaleuca cajuputi
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Abstract. Suryanto P, Kurniasih B, Faridah E, Nurjanto HH, Rogomulyo R, Handayani S, Kastono D, Muttaqien AS, Alam T. 2020. Influence of furrow with organic material and Chromolaena odorata compost on upland rice productivity in an agroforestry system with Melaleuca cajuputi. Biodiversitas 21: 780-791. The main problems of rainfed areas for upland rice cultivation in agroforestry system with Melaleuca cajuputi (kayu putih) were limited to soil moisture availability and low fertility of the soil. The experiment was conducted from March to August 2018 in Menggoran Forest Resort, Playen Forest Section, Yogyakarta Forest Management District, Indonesia. The experiment was arranged in strip plot design with three blocks as replications. The vertical plots were rainwater harvesting technique (RHT) consist of without furrow (WF) and furrow with organic material (FWOM). The horizontal plot was Chromolaena odorata (siam weed) compost (SWC) applications consist of 0, 5, 10, and 15 tons ha-1. The data analyzed by ANCOVA, ANOVA, SEM, and stepwise regression. The results of the study informed that the FWOM with SWC of 10 tons ha-1 showed the highest yield of upland rice per hectare was 2.97 tons ha-1 and yields increased by 91.75% compared to the WF without SWC. The environmental variables that significantly affected the yield of upland rice were WUE and Tsoil. The growth variables that significantly affected the yield of upland rice were SDW, RSA, and RDW. The yield component that had a very significant affected on the yield of upland rice was NP.
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References
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Akhtar A, Attila Y. 2007. Effect of micro-catchment water harvesting on soil water storage and shrub establishment in the arid environment. Int J Agric Biol 9-2: 302-306.
Alam T. 2012. Tanggapan Jagung terhadap Parit dengan Pembenaman Bahan Organik dan Dosis Kalium di Lahan Kering pada Tanah Bersifat Vertik. [Skripsi]. Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. [Indonesia]
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Alam T, Kurniasih B, Suryanto P, Basunanda P, Supriyanta, Ambarwati E, Widyawan MH, Handayani S, Taryono. 2019. Stability analysis for soybean in agroforestry system with kayu putih. Sabrao J Plant Breed Gent 51(4) 405-418.
Anggraini F, Suryanto A, Aini N. 2013. Sistem tanam dan umur bibit pada tanaman padi sawah (Oryza sativa L.) varietas inpari 13. Jurnal Produksi Tanaman 1: 2. [Indonesia]
Arai-Sanoh Y, Ishimaru T, Ohsumi A, Kondo M. 2010. Effects of soil temperature on growth and root function in rice. Plant Prod Sci 13(3): 235-242.
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Boettinger J, Chiaretti J, Ditzler C, Galbraith J, Kerschen K, Loerch C, McDanie P, McVey S, Monger C, Owens P, Ransom M, Scheffe K, Shaw J, Stolt M, Weindorf D. 2015. Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy. Version 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
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Edy. 2012. Pengaruh Pengelolaan Air, Pemupukan Kalium, Pola Tanam terhadap Hasil Jagung dan Kacang Hijau di Lahan Kering. [Disertasi]. Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. [Indonesia]
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FAO. 2017. Water Use Efficiency; Emerging Practices from Agricultural Water Management in Africa and the Near East. FAO, Roma, Italy.
Fernandes AAR. 2008. Structural Equation Modeling Approach PLS and SEM; Application of Smart PLS and AMOS Software. Laboratory of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
Flis SA. 2008. The Effects of High Copper Dairy Manure on Manure Storage, Soil, and Plant Growth and Composition. [Dissertation]. University of Vermont. [USA]
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Hao HP, Jiang CD, Zhang SR, Tang YD, Shi L. 2012. Enhanced thermal-tolerance of photosystem II by elevating root zone temperature in Prunus mira Koehne seedlings. Plant Soil 353: 367–378.
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Huang B, Rachmilevitch S, Xu J. 2012. Root carbon and protein metabolism associated with heat tolerance. J Exp Bot 63: 3455-3465.
Hussain G, Al-Jaloud AA. 1995. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen on ef?ciency of wheat in Saudi Arabia. Agric Wat Manage 27: 143-153.
Jones. 1984. Laboratory Guide of Exercises in Conducting Soil Test and Plant Analysis. Benton Laboratories Inc., Athens, GA, USA.
Krall JM, Uthoff VA, Harley JB. 1975. A step-up procedure for selecting variables associated with survival. Biometrics 31: 49-57.
Kramer PJ. 1969. Plant and Soil Water Relationship. Mc Graw-Hill, India.
Kusaka M, Ohta M, Fujimura T. 2005. Contribution of inorganic components to osmotic adjustment and leaf folding for drought tolerance in pearl millet. Physiol Plant 125: 474-489.
Li FM, Guo AH, Wei H. 1999. Effects of plastic ?lm mulch on the yield of spring wheat. Field Crops Res 63: 79-86.
Li FR. 1997. A strategic way for developing agricultural water conservancy in semiarid zone of China. Res Agric Mod 18: 166-170.
LMNO. 2013. Hydrologic Calculation for Peak Discharge, Runoff Depth, Runoff Curve Number, Time of Concentration, and Travel Times. LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ohio, USA.
Magray MM, Jabeen N, Chattoo MA, Parray FA, Shabir A, Kirmani SN. 2014. Various problems of dryland agriculture and suggested agro-techniques suitable for dryland vegetable production. Int J App Sc and Eng 2(2): 45-57.
Misra RV, Roy RN, Hiroka N. 2003. On–Farm Composting Methods. FAO, Roma, Italy.
Mocanda MP, Gabriels D, Cornelis WM. 2014. Data-driven analysis of soil quality parameters using limited data. Geoderma 235-236: 271-278.
Moussadek R, Laghrour M, Mrabet R, Van Ranst E, Badraoui M, Mekkaoui M. 2017. Morocco’s vertisol characterization (Tirs). J Mater Environ Sci 8(11): 3932-3942.
Mulyani A, Nursyamsi D, Syakir M. 2017. Strategi pemanfaatan sumberdaya lahan untuk pencapaian swasembada beras berkelanjutan. Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan 11(1): 11-22. [Indonesia]
Muniappan R, Bamba J. 1999. Biological control of chromolaena odorata; successes and failures. In: Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Montana State University, Montana, 4-14 July 1999. [USA]
Olabode OS, Ogunyemi S, Akanbi WB, Adesina GO, Babajide PA. 2007. Evaluation of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) a gray for soil improvement. World J Agric Sci 3(4): 503-507.
Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanabe FS, Dean LA. 1954. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA.
Ong CK, Huxley PA. 1996. Tree-Crop Interactions; A Physiological Approach. CAB International in association with The International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Wallingford, UK.
Oweis TY, Hachum A. 2006. Water-harvesting and supplemental irrigation for improved water productivity of dry farming systems in West Asia and North Africa. Agric Wat Manage 80: 57-73.
Pavan MA, Bingham FT, Pratt PF. 1984. Redistribution of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and aluminum following lime or gypsum applications to a Brazilian Oxisol Soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 48(1): 33-38.
Qin S, Zhang J, Dai H, Wang D, Li D. 2014. Effect of ridge-furrow and plastic-mulching planting patterns on yield formation and water potato in a semi-arid area. Agric Wat Manage 131: 87-94.
Qin SH, Li LL. 2005. Accumulation and distribution of dry matter and grain ?lling of spring wheat postanthesis under supplementary irrigation catchments rainfall. J Soil Wat Conserv 19: 173-177.
Qin SH, Li LL, Wang D, Zhang JL, Pu YL. 2013. Effects of limited supplemental irrigation with catchment rainfall on rain-fed potato in semi-arid areas on the Western Loess Plateau, China. Am J Potato Res 90: 33-42.
Quampah A, Wang RM, ShamsiI H, Jilani G, Zhang Q, Hua S, Xu H. 2011. Improving water productivity by potassium application in various rice genotypes. Int J Agric Biol 13: 9-17.
Raes D. 2012. The ETo Calculator: Evapotranspiration from a Reference Surface. The United Nations Land and Water Division, FAO, Roma, Italy.
Rennenberg H, Loreto F, Polle A, Brilli F, Fares S, Beniwal R, Gessler A. 2006. Physiological responses of forest trees to heat and drought. Plant Biol 8: 556-571.
SAS Institute. 2013. SAS System for Windows 9.4. SAS Institute, Inc., North Carolina, USA.
Scherer TF, Franzen D, Cihacek L. 2017. Soil, Water, and Plant Characteristics Important to Irrigation. NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University, USA.
Scholes RJ, Walker BH. 1993. An African Savanna; Synthesis of The Nylsvley Study. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA.
Shan L, Xu M. 1991. Water-saving agriculture and its physio-ecological bases. Chinese J App Ecol 2: 70-76.
Shao HB, Chu LY, Shao MA, Jaleel CA, Hong-Mei M. 2008. Higher plant antioxidants and redox signaling under environmental stresses. Comp Rend Biol 331: 433-441.
Shuman LM. 1991. Chemical forms of micronutrients in the soil. In: Mortvedt JJ, Cox FR, Shuman LM, Welch RM (eds) Micronutrients in Agriculture. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, USA.
Sillanpaa M. 1982. Micronutrients and the Nutrient Status of Soils; A Global Study. FAO, Roma, Italy.
Singh S, Prasad S, Yadav V, Kumar A, Jaiswal B, Khan NA Dwivedi DK. 2018. Effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 7: 2752-2759.
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. 1967. Statistical Methods. 6th eds. Iowa State University Press, USA.
Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Key to Soil Taxonomy. Version 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Stenholm A, Holmstrom S, Ragnarsson A. 2009. Total nitrogen in wastewater analysis; comparison of devarda's alloy method and high-temperature oxidation followed by chemiluminescence detection. J Anal Chem 64: 1047-1053.
Sukartono WH, Utomo WH, Nugroho, Kusuma Z. 2011. Simple biochar production generated from cattle dung and coconut shell. J Basic App Sci Res 1: 1680-1685.
Suntoro, Syekhfani, Handayanto E, Soemarno. 2001. Penggunaan bahan pangkasan krinyu (Chromolaena odorata) untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan P, K, Ca, dan Mg pada Oxic Dystrudepth di Jumapolo, Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah. Agrivita 28(1): 20-26. [Indonesia]
Suryanto P, Tohari, Putra ETS, Alam T. 2017. Minimum soil quality determinant for rice and ‘kayu putih’ yield under hilly areas. J Agron 16: 115-123.
Suwignyo B, Suryanto P, Putra ETS, Alam T, Prianto SDA. 2015. Potential of corn as forage on alfisol and vertisol soil in agrosilvopastoral system with kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendron Linn). J Agric Sci 7: 268-276.
Tanhan P, Pokethitiyook P, Kruatrachue M, Chaiyarat R. 2007. Uptake and accumulation of cadmium, lead, and zinc by siam weed (Chromolaene odorata (L) King and Robinson). Chemosphere 68: 323-329.
Van Reeuwijk LP.1993. Procedures for Soil Analysis. International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Vohland K, Barry B. 2009. A review of in situ rainwater harvesting (RWH) practices modifying landscape function in African dryland. J Agric Ecosys Environ 131: 119-127.
Wahid A, Gelani S, Ashraf M, Foolad M. 2007. Heat tolerance in plants; an overview. Environ Exp Bot 61: 199-223.
Wang Q, Zhang EH, Li FM, Li FR. 2008. Runoff ef?ciency and the technique of microwater harvesting with ridges and furrows, for potato production in semiarid areas. Wat Resour Management 22: 1431-1443.
Welch RM, Allaway WH, House WA, Kubota J. 1991. Geographic distribution of trace element problems. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, USA.
Wise RM, Van Wilgen BW, Hill MP, Schulthess F, Tweddle D, Chabi-Olay A, Zimmermann HG. 2007. The economic impact and appropriate management of selected invasive alien species on the African continent. Global Invasive Species Programme 19(2): 282-295.
Xu Q, Huang B. 2000. Growth and physiological responses of creeping bentgrass to changes in shoot and root temperatures. Crop Sci 40: 1365-1368.
Yuliani N, Napisah K, Darmawan A. 2014. Produktivitas pada padi gogo melalui penerapan pengelolaan tanaman terpadu (PTT) di Kabupaten Balangan Kalimantan Selatan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional “Inovasi Teknologi Pertanian Spesifik Lokasi”. Banjarbaru, 6-7 Agustus 2014. [Indonesia]
Zachariades, Day CM, Muniappan R, Reddy GVP. 2009. Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Asteraceae). In: Muniappan R, Reddy GVP, Raman (eds) A Biological Control of Tropical Weeds using Arthropods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, USA.
Akhtar A, Attila Y. 2007. Effect of micro-catchment water harvesting on soil water storage and shrub establishment in the arid environment. Int J Agric Biol 9-2: 302-306.
Alam T. 2012. Tanggapan Jagung terhadap Parit dengan Pembenaman Bahan Organik dan Dosis Kalium di Lahan Kering pada Tanah Bersifat Vertik. [Skripsi]. Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. [Indonesia]
Alam T. 2014. Optimasi Pengelolaan Agroforestri Cengkeh, Kakao dan Kapulaga di Pegunungan Menoreh. [Tesis]. Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. [Indonesia]
Alam T, Kurniasih B, Suryanto P, Basunanda P, Supriyanta, Ambarwati E, Widyawan MH, Handayani S, Taryono. 2019. Stability analysis for soybean in agroforestry system with kayu putih. Sabrao J Plant Breed Gent 51(4) 405-418.
Anggraini F, Suryanto A, Aini N. 2013. Sistem tanam dan umur bibit pada tanaman padi sawah (Oryza sativa L.) varietas inpari 13. Jurnal Produksi Tanaman 1: 2. [Indonesia]
Arai-Sanoh Y, Ishimaru T, Ohsumi A, Kondo M. 2010. Effects of soil temperature on growth and root function in rice. Plant Prod Sci 13(3): 235-242.
Aubert G, Ollat C, Pinta M. 1954. Analytical methods currently used at IDERT soil laboratories. Proceedings of the International Conference of African Soil. Leopoldville, 9-11 August 1954. [Congo]
BPS. 2015. Produksi, luas panen dan produktivitas padi dan palawija di Indonesia. www.bps.go.id/brs/view/id/1122. [Indonesia]
Blake GR, Hartge KH. 1986. Bulk density. In: Klute A (eds) Methods of Soil Analysis Part I; Physical and Mineralogical Methods. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, USA.
Boettinger J, Chiaretti J, Ditzler C, Galbraith J, Kerschen K, Loerch C, McDanie P, McVey S, Monger C, Owens P, Ransom M, Scheffe K, Shaw J, Stolt M, Weindorf D. 2015. Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy. Version 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Burt M. 2004. Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Soil Survey Investigations Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Dwidjopuspito T. 1986. Soil Moisture Prediction. [Dissertation]. University of The Philippines, Los Banos. [Philippines]
Edy. 2012. Pengaruh Pengelolaan Air, Pemupukan Kalium, Pola Tanam terhadap Hasil Jagung dan Kacang Hijau di Lahan Kering. [Disertasi]. Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. [Indonesia]
Eghbal IB, Maranville JW. 1993. Root development and nitrogen influx of corn genotypes grown under combined drought and nitrogen stress. Agron J 85: 147-152.
FAO. 2017. Water Use Efficiency; Emerging Practices from Agricultural Water Management in Africa and the Near East. FAO, Roma, Italy.
Fernandes AAR. 2008. Structural Equation Modeling Approach PLS and SEM; Application of Smart PLS and AMOS Software. Laboratory of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia.
Flis SA. 2008. The Effects of High Copper Dairy Manure on Manure Storage, Soil, and Plant Growth and Composition. [Dissertation]. University of Vermont. [USA]
Ghozali I. 2008. Structural Equation Modeling: Alternative Method with Partial Least Square (PLS). 2nd eds. Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.
Hajek BF, Adams F, Cope Jr JT. 1972. Rapid determination of exchangeable bases, acidity, and base soil characterization. Soil Sci Soc Am J 36: 436-438.
Hao HP, Jiang CD, Zhang SR, Tang YD, Shi L. 2012. Enhanced thermal-tolerance of photosystem II by elevating root zone temperature in Prunus mira Koehne seedlings. Plant Soil 353: 367–378.
Hesse PR. 1971. A Textbook of Soil Chemical Analysis. John Murray, London.
Hinkelman K. Kempthorne O. 2008. Design and Analysis of Experiments. 2nd eds. John Wiley and Sons, USA.
Huang B, Rachmilevitch S, Xu J. 2012. Root carbon and protein metabolism associated with heat tolerance. J Exp Bot 63: 3455-3465.
Hussain G, Al-Jaloud AA. 1995. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen on ef?ciency of wheat in Saudi Arabia. Agric Wat Manage 27: 143-153.
Jones. 1984. Laboratory Guide of Exercises in Conducting Soil Test and Plant Analysis. Benton Laboratories Inc., Athens, GA, USA.
Krall JM, Uthoff VA, Harley JB. 1975. A step-up procedure for selecting variables associated with survival. Biometrics 31: 49-57.
Kramer PJ. 1969. Plant and Soil Water Relationship. Mc Graw-Hill, India.
Kusaka M, Ohta M, Fujimura T. 2005. Contribution of inorganic components to osmotic adjustment and leaf folding for drought tolerance in pearl millet. Physiol Plant 125: 474-489.
Li FM, Guo AH, Wei H. 1999. Effects of plastic ?lm mulch on the yield of spring wheat. Field Crops Res 63: 79-86.
Li FR. 1997. A strategic way for developing agricultural water conservancy in semiarid zone of China. Res Agric Mod 18: 166-170.
LMNO. 2013. Hydrologic Calculation for Peak Discharge, Runoff Depth, Runoff Curve Number, Time of Concentration, and Travel Times. LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ohio, USA.
Magray MM, Jabeen N, Chattoo MA, Parray FA, Shabir A, Kirmani SN. 2014. Various problems of dryland agriculture and suggested agro-techniques suitable for dryland vegetable production. Int J App Sc and Eng 2(2): 45-57.
Misra RV, Roy RN, Hiroka N. 2003. On–Farm Composting Methods. FAO, Roma, Italy.
Mocanda MP, Gabriels D, Cornelis WM. 2014. Data-driven analysis of soil quality parameters using limited data. Geoderma 235-236: 271-278.
Moussadek R, Laghrour M, Mrabet R, Van Ranst E, Badraoui M, Mekkaoui M. 2017. Morocco’s vertisol characterization (Tirs). J Mater Environ Sci 8(11): 3932-3942.
Mulyani A, Nursyamsi D, Syakir M. 2017. Strategi pemanfaatan sumberdaya lahan untuk pencapaian swasembada beras berkelanjutan. Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan 11(1): 11-22. [Indonesia]
Muniappan R, Bamba J. 1999. Biological control of chromolaena odorata; successes and failures. In: Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Montana State University, Montana, 4-14 July 1999. [USA]
Olabode OS, Ogunyemi S, Akanbi WB, Adesina GO, Babajide PA. 2007. Evaluation of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) a gray for soil improvement. World J Agric Sci 3(4): 503-507.
Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanabe FS, Dean LA. 1954. Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA.
Ong CK, Huxley PA. 1996. Tree-Crop Interactions; A Physiological Approach. CAB International in association with The International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, Wallingford, UK.
Oweis TY, Hachum A. 2006. Water-harvesting and supplemental irrigation for improved water productivity of dry farming systems in West Asia and North Africa. Agric Wat Manage 80: 57-73.
Pavan MA, Bingham FT, Pratt PF. 1984. Redistribution of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and aluminum following lime or gypsum applications to a Brazilian Oxisol Soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 48(1): 33-38.
Qin S, Zhang J, Dai H, Wang D, Li D. 2014. Effect of ridge-furrow and plastic-mulching planting patterns on yield formation and water potato in a semi-arid area. Agric Wat Manage 131: 87-94.
Qin SH, Li LL. 2005. Accumulation and distribution of dry matter and grain ?lling of spring wheat postanthesis under supplementary irrigation catchments rainfall. J Soil Wat Conserv 19: 173-177.
Qin SH, Li LL, Wang D, Zhang JL, Pu YL. 2013. Effects of limited supplemental irrigation with catchment rainfall on rain-fed potato in semi-arid areas on the Western Loess Plateau, China. Am J Potato Res 90: 33-42.
Quampah A, Wang RM, ShamsiI H, Jilani G, Zhang Q, Hua S, Xu H. 2011. Improving water productivity by potassium application in various rice genotypes. Int J Agric Biol 13: 9-17.
Raes D. 2012. The ETo Calculator: Evapotranspiration from a Reference Surface. The United Nations Land and Water Division, FAO, Roma, Italy.
Rennenberg H, Loreto F, Polle A, Brilli F, Fares S, Beniwal R, Gessler A. 2006. Physiological responses of forest trees to heat and drought. Plant Biol 8: 556-571.
SAS Institute. 2013. SAS System for Windows 9.4. SAS Institute, Inc., North Carolina, USA.
Scherer TF, Franzen D, Cihacek L. 2017. Soil, Water, and Plant Characteristics Important to Irrigation. NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University, USA.
Scholes RJ, Walker BH. 1993. An African Savanna; Synthesis of The Nylsvley Study. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA.
Shan L, Xu M. 1991. Water-saving agriculture and its physio-ecological bases. Chinese J App Ecol 2: 70-76.
Shao HB, Chu LY, Shao MA, Jaleel CA, Hong-Mei M. 2008. Higher plant antioxidants and redox signaling under environmental stresses. Comp Rend Biol 331: 433-441.
Shuman LM. 1991. Chemical forms of micronutrients in the soil. In: Mortvedt JJ, Cox FR, Shuman LM, Welch RM (eds) Micronutrients in Agriculture. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, USA.
Sillanpaa M. 1982. Micronutrients and the Nutrient Status of Soils; A Global Study. FAO, Roma, Italy.
Singh S, Prasad S, Yadav V, Kumar A, Jaiswal B, Khan NA Dwivedi DK. 2018. Effect of drought stress on yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 7: 2752-2759.
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. 1967. Statistical Methods. 6th eds. Iowa State University Press, USA.
Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Key to Soil Taxonomy. Version 2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Stenholm A, Holmstrom S, Ragnarsson A. 2009. Total nitrogen in wastewater analysis; comparison of devarda's alloy method and high-temperature oxidation followed by chemiluminescence detection. J Anal Chem 64: 1047-1053.
Sukartono WH, Utomo WH, Nugroho, Kusuma Z. 2011. Simple biochar production generated from cattle dung and coconut shell. J Basic App Sci Res 1: 1680-1685.
Suntoro, Syekhfani, Handayanto E, Soemarno. 2001. Penggunaan bahan pangkasan krinyu (Chromolaena odorata) untuk meningkatkan ketersediaan P, K, Ca, dan Mg pada Oxic Dystrudepth di Jumapolo, Karanganyar, Jawa Tengah. Agrivita 28(1): 20-26. [Indonesia]
Suryanto P, Tohari, Putra ETS, Alam T. 2017. Minimum soil quality determinant for rice and ‘kayu putih’ yield under hilly areas. J Agron 16: 115-123.
Suwignyo B, Suryanto P, Putra ETS, Alam T, Prianto SDA. 2015. Potential of corn as forage on alfisol and vertisol soil in agrosilvopastoral system with kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendron Linn). J Agric Sci 7: 268-276.
Tanhan P, Pokethitiyook P, Kruatrachue M, Chaiyarat R. 2007. Uptake and accumulation of cadmium, lead, and zinc by siam weed (Chromolaene odorata (L) King and Robinson). Chemosphere 68: 323-329.
Van Reeuwijk LP.1993. Procedures for Soil Analysis. International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Vohland K, Barry B. 2009. A review of in situ rainwater harvesting (RWH) practices modifying landscape function in African dryland. J Agric Ecosys Environ 131: 119-127.
Wahid A, Gelani S, Ashraf M, Foolad M. 2007. Heat tolerance in plants; an overview. Environ Exp Bot 61: 199-223.
Wang Q, Zhang EH, Li FM, Li FR. 2008. Runoff ef?ciency and the technique of microwater harvesting with ridges and furrows, for potato production in semiarid areas. Wat Resour Management 22: 1431-1443.
Welch RM, Allaway WH, House WA, Kubota J. 1991. Geographic distribution of trace element problems. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, USA.
Wise RM, Van Wilgen BW, Hill MP, Schulthess F, Tweddle D, Chabi-Olay A, Zimmermann HG. 2007. The economic impact and appropriate management of selected invasive alien species on the African continent. Global Invasive Species Programme 19(2): 282-295.
Xu Q, Huang B. 2000. Growth and physiological responses of creeping bentgrass to changes in shoot and root temperatures. Crop Sci 40: 1365-1368.
Yuliani N, Napisah K, Darmawan A. 2014. Produktivitas pada padi gogo melalui penerapan pengelolaan tanaman terpadu (PTT) di Kabupaten Balangan Kalimantan Selatan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional “Inovasi Teknologi Pertanian Spesifik Lokasi”. Banjarbaru, 6-7 Agustus 2014. [Indonesia]
Zachariades, Day CM, Muniappan R, Reddy GVP. 2009. Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (Asteraceae). In: Muniappan R, Reddy GVP, Raman (eds) A Biological Control of Tropical Weeds using Arthropods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, USA.
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