Species density and shell morphology of gold ring cowry (Monetaria annulus, Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) in the coastal waters of Ambon Island, Indonesia
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Abstract. Latupeirissa LN, Leiwakabessy F, Rumahlatu D. 2020. Species density and shell morphology of gold ring cowry
(Monetaria annulus, Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) in the coastal waters of Ambon Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1391-1400. The purpose of this research was to examine environmental factors, species density, and the shell morphology of Monetaria annulus. The samples were collected by using the line transect method at 6 research stations. The data of the environmental factors (temperature, salinity, and pH of seawater) as well as species density of M. annulus were collected with in-situ technique, while the shell morphology of M. annulus was measured at Laboratory of the Deep-Sea Research Center, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Ambon. The results of the measurements of the environmental factors in the coastal waters of Ambon Island showed some fluctuations in the measurement values. The seawater temperature ranged between 29.78-30.05 ºC, the salinity of seawater ranged from 32.12-32.33‰, and the pH of the seawater ranged from 8.34-8.49. The density of M. annulus at the research stations from the highest to the lowest was at Tanjung Tiram station, Suli station, Seri station, Hutumuri station, Halong station, and Latuhalat station (0.27 > 0.24 > 0.23 > 0.19 > 0.14 > 0.12 ind/m2). The results of the measurement of the shell morphology showed many variations in the size and shape of the shell of M. annulus with a total number (N) of 294 individuals. The length, the width, and the height of the shell, the length of the blotches, the width of the blotches, and the total weight of M. annulus from each research station were significantly different (p<0.005). These results indicate that the differences in the shell morphology of M. annulus at each research station were influenced by waves, the strength of the currents sea waves, and the different substrate of water. In addition, the variation of shell morphology can be a reason for characterization in the taxonomy of the Cypraeidae family.
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References
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Foin TC. 1989. Significance of Shell Thickness in Cowries (Mesogastropoda: Cypraeidae). Bulletin of Marine Science 45 (2): 505-518.
Irawan A, Nganro NR. 2016. Distribution of Seagrasses in inner Ambon Bay. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 8 (1): 99-114.
Irie T. 2006. Geographical variation of shell morphology in Cypraea annulus (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae). Journal of Mulluscan Studies 72: 31-38.
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Jellison BM, Ninokawa AT, Hill TM, Sanford E, Gaylord B. 2016. Ocean acidification alters the response of intertidal snails to a key sea star predator. Proc. R. Soc. B 283: 20160890.
Jordaens K, De Wolf H, Vandecasteele B, Blust R, Backeljau T. 2006. Associations between shell strength, shell morphology and heavy metals in the land snail Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda, Helicidae). Science of the Total Environment 363 (1-3): 285-293.
Kho DN. 2017. Hubungan antara faktor fisik-kimia lingkungan dan substrat dengan komposisi jenis makrozoobenthos di daerah mangrove pantai pulau Ambon [The Correlation between physical-chemical environmental factors and substrate with the composition of macrozoobenthos species in the coastal mangrove area of Ambon island]. Thesis. Universitas Pattimura. (In Indonesian).
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Laimeheriwa BM, Khouw AS, Natan YN, Limmon GV, Hiariey J. 2018a. Phenotypic classification of moluccas ring cowrie, Cypraea annulus linn., 1758 (gastropod: cypraeidae), based on shell meristical. Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology 7 (2): 80-90.
Laimeheriwa BM, Bideyesa I, de Gospel M. 2018b. The Phenotype Expression, Taxa Level and Traits Configuration of Moluccas Ring Cowrie, Cypraea Annulus (Gastropod: Cypraeidae) Based on Morphometric Traits data. International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture 2 (5): 1-25.
Laimeheriwa BM. 2017. Phenetic Relationship Study of Gold Ring Cowry, Cypraea Annulus (Gastropods: Cypraeidae) in Mollucas Islands Based on Shell Morphological. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal 8 (3): 1-15.
Limmon GV, Rijoly F, Ongkers OTS, Loupatty SR, Pattikawa JA. 2018. Community structure of reef fish in the southern waters of Ambon Island, eastern Indonesia. AACL Bioflux 11 (3): 919-924.
Limmon GV, Rijoly F, Khouw A, Manuputty G, Pattikawa JA. 2017. The Diversity of Grouper (Epinephelinae) in Ambon Island, Maluku, Indonesia. Occasional Papers 58: 23-29.
Madeira C, Alves MJ, Mesquita N, Silva SE, Paula J. 2012. Tracing geographical patterns of population differentiation in a widespread mangrove gastropod: genetic and geometric morphometrics surveys along the eastern African coast. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 107 (3): 647-663.
Manullang T, Bakti D, Leidonald R. 2018. Structure of gastropod communities at mangrove ecosystem in Lubuk Kertang village, West Berandan District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatera Province. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 122: 1-6.
Marshall DJ, Santos JH, Leung KMY, Chak WH. 2008. Correlations between gastropod shell dissolution and water chemical properties in a tropical estuary. Marine Environmental Research 66 (4): 422-429.
Márquez F, Vilela RAN, Lozada M, Bigatti G. 201). Morphological and behavioral differences in the gastropod Trophon geversianus associated to distinct environmental conditions, as revealed by a multidisciplinary approach. Journal of Sea Research 95: 239-247.
Medeiros C, Caldeira RL, Mendonça CLF, dos Santos Carvalho O, D'ávila S. 2015. Ontogeny and morphological variability of shell in populations of Leptinaria unilamellata (d'Orbigny, 1835) (Mollusca, Pulmonata, Subulinidae). SpringerPlus 4 (191): 1-13.
Minton G, Collins T, Pomilla C, Findlay K, Rosenbaum H, Baldwin R, Brownell RLJr. 2008. Megaptera novaeangliae (Arabian Sea sub-population). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved from http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/132835
Ode I. 2014. Kandungan alginat rumput laut Sargassum crassifolium dari perairan pantai desa Hutumuri, Kecamatan Leitimur Selatan, Kota Ambon [Alginate content of Sargassum crassifolium seaweed from the coastal waters of Hutumuri village, Leitimur Selatan District, Ambon City]. Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis dan Perikanan 6 (3): 47-54. (In Indonesian).
Odum EP. 1971. Fundamental of Ecology. Philadelph-ia London Toronto: WB Souders Company.
Parker LM, Ross PM, O'Connor WA, Portner HO, Scanes E, Wright JM. 2013. Predicting the Response of Molluscs to the Impact of Ocean Acidification. Biology 2: 651-692.
Portner HO, Peck LS, Somero G. 2007. Thermal Limits and Adaptation in Marine Antartic Ectotherms: An Integrative view. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences 362: 2233-2258.
Primost MA, Bigatti G, Marquez F. 2015. Shell shape as indicator of pollution in marine gastropods affected by imposex. Marine and Freshwater Research 67 (12): A-G.
Pyron M, Brown KM. 2015. Introduction to Mollusca and the Class Gastropoda. Elsevier Inc Chapter 18.
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