Structure and composition of trees in Mount Tilu Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia
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Abstract. Cahyanto T, Efendi M, Ramdan DM. 2020. Structure and composition of trees in Mount Tilu Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2674-2680. An understanding of the structure and composition of stands in a conservation area is needed to support sustainable management strategy. However, this information in the Mount Tilu Nature Reserve, Bandung District, West Java area is still lacking. This research was aimed to analyze the structure and composition of tree species in the block of Malagembol forest, Mt. Tilu NR. Data collection was carried out through vegetation analysis using sampling plot method with size of 10x100 m2 at three-level altitudes of 1530 m, 1745 m, and 1950 m asl. Observation parameters included species names, number of individuals, and diameter at breast height (dbh). Data were analyzed to determine the floristic composition, species structure based on their diameter class, relative basal area, diversity indices, and analysis of the importance of the main components of trees species through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A total of 32 tree species from 23 families was found in the observation plots which was dominated by Fagaceae, Lauraceae, and Myrtaceae families. Some pioneer plants covered the gap in vegetation due to minor disturbance and residual damage in the past. Nonetheless, the dominance of stands with small diameters indicated good regeneration status following such disturbance. Based on these findings, we recommend protecting the vegetation in Mt. Tilu NR by limiting community activities that can disturb the forest.
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References
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Beecha E, Riversa M, Old?eld S, Smith PP. 2017. Global Tree Search: The ?rst complete global database of tree species and country distributions. Journal of Sustainable Forestry: 1-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2017.1310049
Berliana K. 2009. Pemetaan kesesuaian habitat Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798) di Cagar Alam Gunung Tilu Kabupaten Bandung dengan aplikasi Sistem Informasi Geografis. [Skripsi]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia.
Cahyanto T, Paujiah E, Yuliandiana V. 2018. Anggrek epifit di Kawasan Konservasi Cagar Alam Gunung Tilu, Jawa Barat: Komposisi spesies dan jenis pohon inangnya. Bioma 7(1): 82 - 94.
Canham CD, Le Page PT, Coates KD. 2004. A neighborhood analysis of canopy tree competition: Effects of shading versus crowding. Can. J. For. Res, 34: 778–787.
Coomes DA, Allen RB. 2007. Effects of size, competition and altitude on tree growth. Journal of Ecology 95(5): 1084–1097. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01280.x.
de Carvalho AL, d’Oliveira MVN, Putz FE, de Oliveira LC. 2017. Natural regeneration of trees in selectively logged forest in western Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 392(2017): 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.049
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Junaedi DI, Mutaqien Z. 2010. Diversity of tree communities in Mount Patuha Region, West Java. Biodiversitas 11(2): 75–81. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d110205
Junaedi D I. 2014. Exotic plants in the Cibodas Botanic Gardens remnant forest: Inventory and cluster analysis of several environmental factors. Buletin Kebun Raya 17(1): 1–8.
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Lindenmayer DB, Laurance WF, Franklin JF. 2012. Global decline in large old trees. Science 338(6112): 1305–1306. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1231070
Mehrjardi RT, Akbarzadeh A, Biniyaz M, Mahmoodi S, Chahouki MAZ. 2009. Studying the effect of elevation and edaphic variables on vegetation composition in Khezrabad Rangelands using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Analele Universit??ii Din Oradea, Fascicula Biologie, Tom. XVI(2): 155–161.
Mogea JP, Gandawidjaja D, Wiriadinata H, Nasution RE, Irawati. 2001. Tumbuhan Langka Indonesia. Puslitbang Biologi, Bogor, Indonesia.
Mulyana D, Kusmana C. 2017. Species and structure compopsition of nature disturbed forest stand in Papandayan Mountain, West Java Indonesia. International Journal of Sciences 31(2): 286–296.
Mutaqien Z, Santoso P, Kusmoro J. 2008. Studi vegetasi hutan hujan tropis pegunungan di Gunung Manglayang. Widyariset 11 (22): 157-164.
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. NATURE 403: 853–858.
Ng FSP. (Ed.). 1978. Tree Flora of Malaya, A manual for foresters .Vol. 3. Kuala Lumpur Longman, Malasya.
Ng FSP. (Ed.). 1989. Tree Flora of Malaya, A manual for foresters. Vol. 4. Kuala Lumpur Longman, Malasya.
Poorter L, Bongers F, Sterck FJ, Woll H. 2005. Beyond the regeneration phase: Differentiation of height-light trajectories among tropical tree species. Journal of Ecology 93(2): 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2004.00956.x.
Purwaningsih, Polosakan R, Yusuf R, Kartawinata K. 2017. Phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of Mt. Wilis, East Java, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 16(1): 31–45.
Rasnovi S. 2006. Ekologi Regenerasi Tumbuhan Berkayu pada Sistem Agroforest Karet. Institut Pertanian Bogor. [Indonesia].
R Core Team. 2017. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. http://www..R-project.org/
Richards PW. 1998. The tropical rain forest an ecological study. Cambridge University Pres. New York, USA.
Rosleine D, Suzuki E, Sundawiati A, Septiana W, Ekawati D. 2014. The efeect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of Gunung Salak Halimun National Park, West Java Indonesia. Reinwardtia 14(1): 85–99.
Rozak AH, Astutik S, Mutaqien Z, Widyatmoko D, Sulistyawati, E. 2016. Kekayaan jenis pohon di hutan Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 13(1): 1–14.
Rozak AH, Astutik S, Mutaqien Z, Widyatmoko D, Sulistyawati, E. 2017. Hiperdominansi jenis dan biomassa pohon di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 11(1): 85–96. https://doi.org/10.22146/jik.24903
Rozak AH, Gunawan H. 2015. Altitudinal gradient affects on trees and stand attributes in Mount Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 4(2): 93-99. https://doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2015.vol4iss2pp93-99.
Sagar R, Singh JS. 2006. Tree density, basal area and species diversity in a disturbed dry tropical forest of northern India: Implications for conservation. Environmental Conservation 33(3): 256–262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892906003237
Sekercioglu CH. 2010. Ecosystem functions and services. In Sodhi NS, Ehrlich PR (Eds.), Conservation Biology for All (p. 32). Oxford University Press. https://conbio.org/images/content_publications/Chapter3.pdf
Slik JWF, Aiba SI, Brearley FQ, Cannon CH, Forshed O, Kitayama K, Nagamasu H, Nilus R, Payne J, Paoli G, Poulsen AD, Raes N, Sheil D, Sidiyasa K, Suzuki E, van Valkenburg JLCH. 2010. Environmental correlates of tree biomass, basal area, wood specific gravity and stem density gradients in Borneo’s tropical forests: Forest carbon and structure gradients. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19(1): 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00489.x
Smiet A. 1990. Forest ecology on Java: Conversion and usage in a hitorical perspective. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2(4): 129-152.
Smiet A. 1992. Forest ecology on Java: Human impact and vegetation of montane forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1992(8): 129–152.
Soepadmo E. 1960. A monograph of Genus Neesia* Blume (Bombacaceae). Reinwardtia 5(4): 481–508.
Soepadmo E. 1968. Florae Malesianae Praecursores XLVII. Census of Malesian Castanopsis (Fagaceae). Reinwardtia, 7(383–411): 383-410.
Soepadmo E. 1970. Florae Malesianae Praecursores XLIX. Malesian species of Lithocarpus Bl. (Fagaceae). Reinwardtia 8(1): 197–308.
Sulistyawati E, Nasution T, Rosleine D, Putra DC. 2018. Tree community structure and composition of a one- hectare permanent Plot in the Montane Zone of Mount Kerinci, Kerinci Seblat National Park, Jambi. Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences 50(3): 315–331. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2018.50.3.7
Sunaryo, Uji T, Tihurua EF. 2012. Komposisi jenis dan potensi ancaman tumbuhan asing invasif di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak, Jawa Barat. Berita Biologi 11(2): 231–239.
Susanti S. 2014. Komposisi dan struktur tegakan regenerasi alami di Hutan Pendidikan Gunung Walat, Sukabumi. [Skripsi]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia.
Susilo A. 2018. Asosiasi jenis-jenis pohon dominan di Cagar Alam Gunung Tilu. Procceding Biology Education Conference 15(1): 813–817 [Indonesia].
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181(1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385.
Trimanto. 2014. Analisis vegetasi dan stok karbon pohon pada tujuh hutan Gunung, Suaka Alam Pulau Bawean Jawa Timur. Berita Biologi 13(3): 321–332.
Tsujino R, Yumoto T, Kitamura S, Djamaluddin I, Darnaedi D. 2016. History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia. Land Use Policy 57: 335–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.034.
van Steenis CGGJ. 2006. Flora Pegunungan Jawa. Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Bogor, Indonesia.
Whitemore T. (Ed.). 1972. Tree flora of Malaya: A manual for foresters. Vol. 1. Kuala Lumpur Longman, Kuala Lumpur. Malasya.
Whitemore T. (Ed.). 1973. Tree flora of Malaya: A manual for foresters. Vol. 2. Kuala Lumpur Longman, Kuala Lumpur, Malasya.
Yamamoto SI. 2000. Forest gap dynamics and tree regeneration. Journal of Forest Research 5(4): 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02767114.
Zuhri M, Mutaqien Z. 2011. Perubahan komposisi vegetasi dan struktur pohon pada Plot Meijer (1959- 2009) di Gunung Gede, Jawa Barat. Buletin Kebun Raya 14(1): 37 - 45.
Zuhri M, Mutaqien Z, Nurdiana DR., Destri, Nudin, Djuanda. 2018. Vegetasi tumbuhan pada kawasan tepi hutan Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango yang berbatasan dengan Kebun Raya Cibodas. Biogenesis: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 6(2): 105-114. https://doi.org/10.24252/bio.v6i2.5010
Aiba S, Kitayama K. 1999. Structure, composition and species diversity in an altitude-substrate matrix of rain forest tree communities on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Plant Ecology 140: 139–159.
Arrijani A. 2008. Vegetation structure and composition of the montane zone of Mount Gede Pangrango National Park. Biodiversitas 9(2): 134–141. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d090212
Backer CA, van den Brink Jr. RCB. 1963. Flora of Java (Spermatophytes only): Vol. I. NVP Noordhoff, Groningen, The Netherland.
Backer CA, van den Brink Jr. RCB. 1965. Flora of Java (Spermatophytes only): Vol. II. NVP Noordhoff, Groningen, The Netherland.
Backer CA, van den Brink Jr. RCB. 1968. Flora of Java (Spermatophytes only): Vol. III. NVP Noordhoff, Groningen, The Netherland.
Beecha E, Riversa M, Old?eld S, Smith PP. 2017. Global Tree Search: The ?rst complete global database of tree species and country distributions. Journal of Sustainable Forestry: 1-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2017.1310049
Berliana K. 2009. Pemetaan kesesuaian habitat Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798) di Cagar Alam Gunung Tilu Kabupaten Bandung dengan aplikasi Sistem Informasi Geografis. [Skripsi]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia.
Cahyanto T, Paujiah E, Yuliandiana V. 2018. Anggrek epifit di Kawasan Konservasi Cagar Alam Gunung Tilu, Jawa Barat: Komposisi spesies dan jenis pohon inangnya. Bioma 7(1): 82 - 94.
Canham CD, Le Page PT, Coates KD. 2004. A neighborhood analysis of canopy tree competition: Effects of shading versus crowding. Can. J. For. Res, 34: 778–787.
Coomes DA, Allen RB. 2007. Effects of size, competition and altitude on tree growth. Journal of Ecology 95(5): 1084–1097. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01280.x.
de Carvalho AL, d’Oliveira MVN, Putz FE, de Oliveira LC. 2017. Natural regeneration of trees in selectively logged forest in western Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 392(2017): 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.049
Fujii S, Nishimura S, Yoneda T. 2006. Altitudinal distribution of Fagaceae in West Sumatra. Tropics 15(2): 153–163. https://doi.org/10.3759/tropics.15.153
Gunawan W, Basuni S, Indrawan A, Prasetyo LB, Soedjito H. 2011. Analisis komposisi dan struktur vegetasi terhadap upaya restorasi kawasan hutan Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango. JPSL 1(2): 93–105.
Harvey AL, Gericke N. 2011. Bioprospecting: Creating a Value for Biodiversity. In I. Pavlinov (Ed.), Research in Biodiversity—Models and Applications (p. 17). InTech. http://www.intechopen.com/books/research-in-biodiversity-models-and-applications/bioprospecting- creating-a-value-for-biodiversity
Irfani E. 2016. Pola penyebaran dan regenerasi jenis Saninten (Castanopsis argentea Blume) di Resort Selabintana, Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango. [Thesis]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia.
Junaedi DI, Mutaqien Z. 2010. Diversity of tree communities in Mount Patuha Region, West Java. Biodiversitas 11(2): 75–81. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d110205
Junaedi D I. 2014. Exotic plants in the Cibodas Botanic Gardens remnant forest: Inventory and cluster analysis of several environmental factors. Buletin Kebun Raya 17(1): 1–8.
Kartawinata K. 1990. A review of natural vegetation studies Malesia, with special reference to Indonesia. In P. Baas (Ed.), The Plant Diversity of Malesia (pp. 121–132). Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, USA.
Laumonier Y. 1997. The Vegetation and Physiography of Sumatra. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, USA.
Laurance WF. 1997. Biomass collapse in Amazonian forest fragments. Science 278(5340): 1117–1118. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5340.1117
Lindenmayer DB, Laurance WF, Franklin JF. 2012. Global decline in large old trees. Science 338(6112): 1305–1306. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1231070
Mehrjardi RT, Akbarzadeh A, Biniyaz M, Mahmoodi S, Chahouki MAZ. 2009. Studying the effect of elevation and edaphic variables on vegetation composition in Khezrabad Rangelands using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Analele Universit??ii Din Oradea, Fascicula Biologie, Tom. XVI(2): 155–161.
Mogea JP, Gandawidjaja D, Wiriadinata H, Nasution RE, Irawati. 2001. Tumbuhan Langka Indonesia. Puslitbang Biologi, Bogor, Indonesia.
Mulyana D, Kusmana C. 2017. Species and structure compopsition of nature disturbed forest stand in Papandayan Mountain, West Java Indonesia. International Journal of Sciences 31(2): 286–296.
Mutaqien Z, Santoso P, Kusmoro J. 2008. Studi vegetasi hutan hujan tropis pegunungan di Gunung Manglayang. Widyariset 11 (22): 157-164.
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. NATURE 403: 853–858.
Ng FSP. (Ed.). 1978. Tree Flora of Malaya, A manual for foresters .Vol. 3. Kuala Lumpur Longman, Malasya.
Ng FSP. (Ed.). 1989. Tree Flora of Malaya, A manual for foresters. Vol. 4. Kuala Lumpur Longman, Malasya.
Poorter L, Bongers F, Sterck FJ, Woll H. 2005. Beyond the regeneration phase: Differentiation of height-light trajectories among tropical tree species. Journal of Ecology 93(2): 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2004.00956.x.
Purwaningsih, Polosakan R, Yusuf R, Kartawinata K. 2017. Phytosociological study of the montane forest on the south slope of Mt. Wilis, East Java, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 16(1): 31–45.
Rasnovi S. 2006. Ekologi Regenerasi Tumbuhan Berkayu pada Sistem Agroforest Karet. Institut Pertanian Bogor. [Indonesia].
R Core Team. 2017. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. http://www..R-project.org/
Richards PW. 1998. The tropical rain forest an ecological study. Cambridge University Pres. New York, USA.
Rosleine D, Suzuki E, Sundawiati A, Septiana W, Ekawati D. 2014. The efeect of land use history on natural forest rehabilitation at corridor area of Gunung Salak Halimun National Park, West Java Indonesia. Reinwardtia 14(1): 85–99.
Rozak AH, Astutik S, Mutaqien Z, Widyatmoko D, Sulistyawati, E. 2016. Kekayaan jenis pohon di hutan Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam 13(1): 1–14.
Rozak AH, Astutik S, Mutaqien Z, Widyatmoko D, Sulistyawati, E. 2017. Hiperdominansi jenis dan biomassa pohon di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 11(1): 85–96. https://doi.org/10.22146/jik.24903
Rozak AH, Gunawan H. 2015. Altitudinal gradient affects on trees and stand attributes in Mount Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 4(2): 93-99. https://doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2015.vol4iss2pp93-99.
Sagar R, Singh JS. 2006. Tree density, basal area and species diversity in a disturbed dry tropical forest of northern India: Implications for conservation. Environmental Conservation 33(3): 256–262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892906003237
Sekercioglu CH. 2010. Ecosystem functions and services. In Sodhi NS, Ehrlich PR (Eds.), Conservation Biology for All (p. 32). Oxford University Press. https://conbio.org/images/content_publications/Chapter3.pdf
Slik JWF, Aiba SI, Brearley FQ, Cannon CH, Forshed O, Kitayama K, Nagamasu H, Nilus R, Payne J, Paoli G, Poulsen AD, Raes N, Sheil D, Sidiyasa K, Suzuki E, van Valkenburg JLCH. 2010. Environmental correlates of tree biomass, basal area, wood specific gravity and stem density gradients in Borneo’s tropical forests: Forest carbon and structure gradients. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19(1): 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00489.x
Smiet A. 1990. Forest ecology on Java: Conversion and usage in a hitorical perspective. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2(4): 129-152.
Smiet A. 1992. Forest ecology on Java: Human impact and vegetation of montane forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1992(8): 129–152.
Soepadmo E. 1960. A monograph of Genus Neesia* Blume (Bombacaceae). Reinwardtia 5(4): 481–508.
Soepadmo E. 1968. Florae Malesianae Praecursores XLVII. Census of Malesian Castanopsis (Fagaceae). Reinwardtia, 7(383–411): 383-410.
Soepadmo E. 1970. Florae Malesianae Praecursores XLIX. Malesian species of Lithocarpus Bl. (Fagaceae). Reinwardtia 8(1): 197–308.
Sulistyawati E, Nasution T, Rosleine D, Putra DC. 2018. Tree community structure and composition of a one- hectare permanent Plot in the Montane Zone of Mount Kerinci, Kerinci Seblat National Park, Jambi. Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences 50(3): 315–331. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2018.50.3.7
Sunaryo, Uji T, Tihurua EF. 2012. Komposisi jenis dan potensi ancaman tumbuhan asing invasif di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak, Jawa Barat. Berita Biologi 11(2): 231–239.
Susanti S. 2014. Komposisi dan struktur tegakan regenerasi alami di Hutan Pendidikan Gunung Walat, Sukabumi. [Skripsi]. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia.
Susilo A. 2018. Asosiasi jenis-jenis pohon dominan di Cagar Alam Gunung Tilu. Procceding Biology Education Conference 15(1): 813–817 [Indonesia].
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181(1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385.
Trimanto. 2014. Analisis vegetasi dan stok karbon pohon pada tujuh hutan Gunung, Suaka Alam Pulau Bawean Jawa Timur. Berita Biologi 13(3): 321–332.
Tsujino R, Yumoto T, Kitamura S, Djamaluddin I, Darnaedi D. 2016. History of forest loss and degradation in Indonesia. Land Use Policy 57: 335–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.034.
van Steenis CGGJ. 2006. Flora Pegunungan Jawa. Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Bogor, Indonesia.
Whitemore T. (Ed.). 1972. Tree flora of Malaya: A manual for foresters. Vol. 1. Kuala Lumpur Longman, Kuala Lumpur. Malasya.
Whitemore T. (Ed.). 1973. Tree flora of Malaya: A manual for foresters. Vol. 2. Kuala Lumpur Longman, Kuala Lumpur, Malasya.
Yamamoto SI. 2000. Forest gap dynamics and tree regeneration. Journal of Forest Research 5(4): 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02767114.
Zuhri M, Mutaqien Z. 2011. Perubahan komposisi vegetasi dan struktur pohon pada Plot Meijer (1959- 2009) di Gunung Gede, Jawa Barat. Buletin Kebun Raya 14(1): 37 - 45.
Zuhri M, Mutaqien Z, Nurdiana DR., Destri, Nudin, Djuanda. 2018. Vegetasi tumbuhan pada kawasan tepi hutan Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango yang berbatasan dengan Kebun Raya Cibodas. Biogenesis: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 6(2): 105-114. https://doi.org/10.24252/bio.v6i2.5010
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