Calophyllum inophyllum extract as a natural enhancer for improving physical properties of bioplastics and natural antimicrobial
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Abstract. Umiyati R, Millati R, Ariyanto T, Hidayah C. 2020. Calophyllum inophyllum extracts as a natural enhancer for improving physical properties of bioplastics and antimicrobial activity. Biodiversitas 21: 3294-3302. The utilization of Calophyllum inophyllum (or nyamplung) cake (NC) is still limited, only as fertilizer and animal feed. This research aimed to evaluate C. inophyllum (or nyamplung) cake extract (NCE) and its utilization as an antimicrobial agent in packaging material. Bioplastics were prepared by the thermo-compression method. The results showed that the NC and NCE contained tannins and amide groups. They had antimicrobial activities toward Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Only NCE had antifungal toward Aspergillus nigger. Therefore, HPS bioplastic containing NCE exhibited antibacterial. Besides, NCE and NC contained carbonyl and amide groups. As a result, NCE addition was able to significantly increase tensile strength (?) of bioplastic, in which it was about 1.5 times higher compared to control. But NCE did not have a significant effect on elongation at break (?) and modulus of elasticity (Y). Water solubility (WS) and water vapor permeability (WVP) were reduced with an increase in NCE concentration. HPS-NCE bioplastics show a finer and more homogeneous texture compared to control bioplastic. The NCE shows the ability as a natural enhancer for improving bioplastics properties as well as function as an antibacterial agent against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in bioplastics.
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References
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Aguirre A., Borneo R., and A. E. Leon A. E.. 2013. Antimicrobial, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Triticale Protein Films Incorporated with Oregano Essential Oil. Food Bioscience 1: 2-9.
Ajuong E A. and Breese M C. 1998. Fourier Transform Infrared Characterization of Pai Wood (Afzelia Africana Smith) Extractives. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 56: 139-142.
Al-Balakocy N.G. and Shalaby S.E. 2018. Imparting Antimicrobial Properties to Polyester and Polyamide Fibers-State of the Art. Journal of the Textile Association: 179-201.
Balouiri M., Sadiki M., and Ibnsouda S. K. 2016. Methods for in Vitro Evaluating Antimicrobial Activity: A Review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 6(2): 71-79.
Böhm R., Hauptmann M., Pizzi A., Friedrich C., and Laborie M. P. 2016. The Chemical , Kinetic and Mechanical Characterization of Tannin-Based Adhesives with Different Crosslinking Systems. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 68: 1-8.
Chana-Thaworn J., Chanthachum S., and Wittaya T. 2011. Properties and Antimicrobial Activity of Edible Films Incorporated with Kiam Wood (Cotyleobium Lanceotatum) Extract. LWT - Food Science and Technology 44(1): 284–292.
Chlebek J. and Jun D. 2014. ‘Tannins and Their Influence on Health’. In Recent Advances in Medicinal Chemistry, ed. Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary and George Perry Atta-ur-Rahman. Bentham Science, Hradec Kralove.
Detduangchan N., Sridach W and Wittaya T. 2014. Enhancement of the Properties of Biodegradable Rice Starch Films by Using Chemical Crosslinking Agents. International Food Research Journal 21(3): 1225-1235.
Dos Santos C., Vargas A., Fronza N., and dos Santos J. H. Z.. 2017. Structural, Textural and Morphological Characteristics of Tannins from Acacia Mearnsii Encapsulated Using Sol-Gel Methods: Applications as Antimicrobial Agents. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 151: 26-33.
Elfirta R. R., Fallah S., Andrianto D., and Lastini T. 2018. Identification of Active Compounds and Antifungal Activity of Toona sinensis Leaves Fractions Againts Wood Rot Fungi. Biodiversitas 19: 1313-1318.
El-Tahlawy K., Venditti R. A., and Pawlak J. J.. 2007. Aspects of the Preparation of Starch Microcellular Foam Particles Crosslinked with Glutaraldehyde Using a Solvent Exchange Technique. Carbohydrate Polymers 67(3): 319-331.
Espinel R. A., Flores S. K., and Gerschenson L. N. 2014. Biopolymeric Antimicrobial Films?: Study of the in Fl Uence of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose , Tapioca Starch and Glycerol Contents on Physical Properties. Materials Science & Engineering C 36: 108-117.
Falcão L. and Araújo M. E. M.. 2011. Tannins Characterisation in New and Historic Vegetable Tanned Leathers Fibres by Spot Tests. Journal of Cultural Heritage 12(2): 149–156.
Gallstedt M., Hedenqvist M. S., and Ture H. 2011. ‘Production, Chemistry and Properties of Proteins’. Biopolymers - New Materials for Sustainable Films and Coatings. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
Gonultas O. and Ucar M. B. 2012. ‘Chemical Composition of Some Commercial Tannins Produced in Turkey’. Proceedings of the 55th International Convention of Society of Wood Science and Technology, Beijing 27-31 August 2012. (China)
Grasel F. dS. and Wolf C. R. 2016. Development of Methodology for Identification the Nature of the Polyphenolic Extracts by FTIR Associated with Multivariate Analysis. Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 153: 94–101.
Hassannia-kolaee M., Khodaiyan F., Pourahmad R., and Ghahfarrokhi I. S. 2016. Development of Ecofriendly Bionanocomposite?: Whey Protein Isolate / Pullulan Films with Nano-SiO2. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 86: 139-144.
Hien M., Nguyen V. T., Quynh K., and Nguyen C. 2009. Antimicrobial Activity of Calophyllum Inophyllum Crude Extracts Obtained by Pressurized Liquid Extraction. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines 4(4): 141-146.
Kim H. Y., Jane J. L., and Lamsal B. 2017. Hydroxypropylation Improves Film Properties of High Amylose Corn Starch. Industrial Crops & Products 95: 175-183.
Kumari M., Mahajan H., Joshi R., and Gupta M. 2017. Development and Structural Characterization of Edible Fi Lms for Improving Fruit Quality. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 12: 42–50.
Malhotra B., Keshwani A., and Kharkwal H. 2015. Antimicrobial Food Packaging: Potential and Pitfalls. Frontiers in Microbiology 6(JUN): 1-9.
Manoi K. and Rizvi S. S. H. 2010. Physicochemical Characteristics of Phosphorylated Cross-Linked Starch Produced by Reactive Supercritical Fluid Extrusion. Carbohydrate Polymers 81: 687-694.
McMurry J. 2004. Organic Chemistry (International Edition). 8th ed. eds. Thomson Learning, Belmont, CA.
Mishra U. S., Murthy P. N., Choudhury P. K., Panigrahi G., Mohapatra S., and Pradhan D. 2010. Antibacterial and Analgesic Effects of the Stem Barks of Calophyllum Inophyllum. International Journal of ChemTech Research 2(2): 973-979.
Peelman N., Ragaerta P., Meulenaer B. D., Adons D., Peeters R., Cardond L., Impe F. V. and Devlieghere F. 2013. Application of Bioplastics for Food Packaging. Trends in Food Science & Technology 32(2): 128-141.
Piermaria J., Bosch A., Pinotti A., Yantorno O., Garcia M. A., and Abraham A. G. 2011. Kefiran Films Plasticized with Sugars and Polyols?: Water Vapor Barrier and Mechanical Properties in Relation to Their Microstructure Analyzed by ATR / FT-IR Spectroscopy. Food hydrocolloids 25(5): 1261-1269.
Pinazo A., Manresa M.A., Marques A.M., Bustelo M., Espuny M.J., and Pérez L. 2016. Amino Acid-Based Surfactants: New Antimicrobial Agents. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 228: 17-39.
Plackett D. 2011. ‘Biopolymers - New Materials for Sustainable Films and Coatings’. Biopolymers - New Materials for Sustainable Films and Coatings. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
Radebe N., Rode K., Pizzi A., Giovando S., and Pasch H.. 2012. MALDI-TOF-CID for the Microstructure Elucidation of Polymeric Hydrolysable Tannins. Journal Applied Polymer Science: 1-11.
Rana R., Amin N. I., An Naser A., and Islam N. 2017. Screening of Calophyllum Inophyllum L . Leaf Extracts for Cytotoxic , Larvicidal , Insect Repellent and Antimicrobial Activities. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 6(3): 612–616.
Rasheeda F., Hedenqvist M. S., Kuktaite R., Plivelic T. S., Gällstedt M., and Johansson E. 2015. Mild Gluten Separation – A Non-Destructive Approach to Fine Tune Structure and Mechanical Behavior of Wheat Gluten Films. Industrial Crops & Products 73: 90–98.
Rath, S. C., Nayak K. C., Pradhan C., Mohanty T. K., Sarkar S., Toppo S., Mohanta K. N., and Giri S.S. 2017. Evaluation of Polanga (Calophyllum Inophyllum) Oil Cake as a Non- Conventional Ingredient in Labeo Rohita ( Hamilton , 1822 ) Fingerling Feed. Indian Journal of Fisheries 64(76207): 75-82.
Ricci A., Olejar K. J., Parpinello G. P., Kilmartin P. A. and Versari A. 2015. Application of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy in the Characterization of Tannins. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 50(5): 407-442.
Seelig J. 2010. 13C NMR Spectroscopy. In Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy. (report). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/13c-nmr-spectroscopy
Shahat A. A. and Marzouk M. S. 2013. Tannins and Related Compounds from Medicinal Plants of Africa. In Medicinal Plant Research in Africa Tannins and Related Compounds from Medicinal Plants of Africa. Elsevier Inc , Amsterdam.
Sionkowska A., Kaczmarek B., and Lewandowska K. 2014. Characteritation Of Chitosan After Cross-Linking By Tannic Acid. Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and Its Derivatives XIX: 135-138.
Socrates G. 2004. ‘Infrared and Raman Characterisitc Group Frequencies. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
Spec-Chem Ind. 2014. Sodium Hyaluronate. : 1–15. (patent).
Sulianti S. B., Kuncari E. S., and Chairul S. M. 2005. Pemeriksaan Farmakognosi dan Penapisan Fitokimia dari Daun dan Kulit Batang Calophyllum inophyllum dan Calophyllum soulatri. Biodiversitas 7 (1): 25-29.
Sundur S., Shrivastava B., Sharma P., Raj S. S., and V.L.Jayasekhar. 2014. A Review Article of Pharmacological Activities and Biological Importance of Calophyllum Inophyllum. International Journal of Advanced Research 2(12): 599–603.
Sung S.Y., Sin L. T., Tee T. T., Bee S. T., Rahmat A.R., Rahman W.A., Tan A. C. and Vikhraman M.. 2013. Antimicrobial Agents for Food Packaging Applications. Trends in Food Science and Technology 33(2): 110–123.
Umiyati R., Hidayat C., Millati R., and Ariyanto T. 2019. ‘Physical and Antimicrobial Properties of Hydroxypropyl Starch Bio-Plastics Incorporated with Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum) Cake Extract as an Environmentally Friendly Food Packaging’. Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Energy, Environment, Epidemiology and Information System, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 7-8 Agustust 2019. (Indonesia)
Wang L. 2015. ‘Properties of Flexible Films Made of Hemicellulose’(Dissertation). Michigan State University. (USA)
Wirawan S. K., Prasetya A., and Ernie E.. 2012. Pengaruh Plasticizer Pada Karakteristik Edible Film Dari Pektin. Reaktor 14(1): 61–67.
Xiang H., Li L., Wang S., Wang R., Cheng Y., Zhou Z., and Zhu M. 2015. Natural Polyphenol Tannic Acid Reinforced Composite Films With Enhanced Tensile Strength and Fracture Toughness. Polymer Composites 36: 2303-2308.
Zubeldía F., Ansorena M. R., and Marcovich N. E. 2015. Wheat Gluten Fi Lms Obtained by Compression Molding. Polymer Testing 43: 68-77.
Agbor V. B., Cicek N., Sparling R., Berlin A., and Levin D. B. 2011. Biomass Pretreatment?: Fundamentals toward Application. Biotechnology Advances 29(6): 675–685.
Aguirre A., Borneo R., and A. E. Leon A. E.. 2013. Antimicrobial, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Triticale Protein Films Incorporated with Oregano Essential Oil. Food Bioscience 1: 2-9.
Ajuong E A. and Breese M C. 1998. Fourier Transform Infrared Characterization of Pai Wood (Afzelia Africana Smith) Extractives. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 56: 139-142.
Al-Balakocy N.G. and Shalaby S.E. 2018. Imparting Antimicrobial Properties to Polyester and Polyamide Fibers-State of the Art. Journal of the Textile Association: 179-201.
Balouiri M., Sadiki M., and Ibnsouda S. K. 2016. Methods for in Vitro Evaluating Antimicrobial Activity: A Review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 6(2): 71-79.
Böhm R., Hauptmann M., Pizzi A., Friedrich C., and Laborie M. P. 2016. The Chemical , Kinetic and Mechanical Characterization of Tannin-Based Adhesives with Different Crosslinking Systems. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 68: 1-8.
Chana-Thaworn J., Chanthachum S., and Wittaya T. 2011. Properties and Antimicrobial Activity of Edible Films Incorporated with Kiam Wood (Cotyleobium Lanceotatum) Extract. LWT - Food Science and Technology 44(1): 284–292.
Chlebek J. and Jun D. 2014. ‘Tannins and Their Influence on Health’. In Recent Advances in Medicinal Chemistry, ed. Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary and George Perry Atta-ur-Rahman. Bentham Science, Hradec Kralove.
Detduangchan N., Sridach W and Wittaya T. 2014. Enhancement of the Properties of Biodegradable Rice Starch Films by Using Chemical Crosslinking Agents. International Food Research Journal 21(3): 1225-1235.
Dos Santos C., Vargas A., Fronza N., and dos Santos J. H. Z.. 2017. Structural, Textural and Morphological Characteristics of Tannins from Acacia Mearnsii Encapsulated Using Sol-Gel Methods: Applications as Antimicrobial Agents. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 151: 26-33.
Elfirta R. R., Fallah S., Andrianto D., and Lastini T. 2018. Identification of Active Compounds and Antifungal Activity of Toona sinensis Leaves Fractions Againts Wood Rot Fungi. Biodiversitas 19: 1313-1318.
El-Tahlawy K., Venditti R. A., and Pawlak J. J.. 2007. Aspects of the Preparation of Starch Microcellular Foam Particles Crosslinked with Glutaraldehyde Using a Solvent Exchange Technique. Carbohydrate Polymers 67(3): 319-331.
Espinel R. A., Flores S. K., and Gerschenson L. N. 2014. Biopolymeric Antimicrobial Films?: Study of the in Fl Uence of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose , Tapioca Starch and Glycerol Contents on Physical Properties. Materials Science & Engineering C 36: 108-117.
Falcão L. and Araújo M. E. M.. 2011. Tannins Characterisation in New and Historic Vegetable Tanned Leathers Fibres by Spot Tests. Journal of Cultural Heritage 12(2): 149–156.
Gallstedt M., Hedenqvist M. S., and Ture H. 2011. ‘Production, Chemistry and Properties of Proteins’. Biopolymers - New Materials for Sustainable Films and Coatings. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
Gonultas O. and Ucar M. B. 2012. ‘Chemical Composition of Some Commercial Tannins Produced in Turkey’. Proceedings of the 55th International Convention of Society of Wood Science and Technology, Beijing 27-31 August 2012. (China)
Grasel F. dS. and Wolf C. R. 2016. Development of Methodology for Identification the Nature of the Polyphenolic Extracts by FTIR Associated with Multivariate Analysis. Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 153: 94–101.
Hassannia-kolaee M., Khodaiyan F., Pourahmad R., and Ghahfarrokhi I. S. 2016. Development of Ecofriendly Bionanocomposite?: Whey Protein Isolate / Pullulan Films with Nano-SiO2. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 86: 139-144.
Hien M., Nguyen V. T., Quynh K., and Nguyen C. 2009. Antimicrobial Activity of Calophyllum Inophyllum Crude Extracts Obtained by Pressurized Liquid Extraction. Asian Journal of Traditional Medicines 4(4): 141-146.
Kim H. Y., Jane J. L., and Lamsal B. 2017. Hydroxypropylation Improves Film Properties of High Amylose Corn Starch. Industrial Crops & Products 95: 175-183.
Kumari M., Mahajan H., Joshi R., and Gupta M. 2017. Development and Structural Characterization of Edible Fi Lms for Improving Fruit Quality. Food Packaging and Shelf Life 12: 42–50.
Malhotra B., Keshwani A., and Kharkwal H. 2015. Antimicrobial Food Packaging: Potential and Pitfalls. Frontiers in Microbiology 6(JUN): 1-9.
Manoi K. and Rizvi S. S. H. 2010. Physicochemical Characteristics of Phosphorylated Cross-Linked Starch Produced by Reactive Supercritical Fluid Extrusion. Carbohydrate Polymers 81: 687-694.
McMurry J. 2004. Organic Chemistry (International Edition). 8th ed. eds. Thomson Learning, Belmont, CA.
Mishra U. S., Murthy P. N., Choudhury P. K., Panigrahi G., Mohapatra S., and Pradhan D. 2010. Antibacterial and Analgesic Effects of the Stem Barks of Calophyllum Inophyllum. International Journal of ChemTech Research 2(2): 973-979.
Peelman N., Ragaerta P., Meulenaer B. D., Adons D., Peeters R., Cardond L., Impe F. V. and Devlieghere F. 2013. Application of Bioplastics for Food Packaging. Trends in Food Science & Technology 32(2): 128-141.
Piermaria J., Bosch A., Pinotti A., Yantorno O., Garcia M. A., and Abraham A. G. 2011. Kefiran Films Plasticized with Sugars and Polyols?: Water Vapor Barrier and Mechanical Properties in Relation to Their Microstructure Analyzed by ATR / FT-IR Spectroscopy. Food hydrocolloids 25(5): 1261-1269.
Pinazo A., Manresa M.A., Marques A.M., Bustelo M., Espuny M.J., and Pérez L. 2016. Amino Acid-Based Surfactants: New Antimicrobial Agents. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 228: 17-39.
Plackett D. 2011. ‘Biopolymers - New Materials for Sustainable Films and Coatings’. Biopolymers - New Materials for Sustainable Films and Coatings. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
Radebe N., Rode K., Pizzi A., Giovando S., and Pasch H.. 2012. MALDI-TOF-CID for the Microstructure Elucidation of Polymeric Hydrolysable Tannins. Journal Applied Polymer Science: 1-11.
Rana R., Amin N. I., An Naser A., and Islam N. 2017. Screening of Calophyllum Inophyllum L . Leaf Extracts for Cytotoxic , Larvicidal , Insect Repellent and Antimicrobial Activities. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 6(3): 612–616.
Rasheeda F., Hedenqvist M. S., Kuktaite R., Plivelic T. S., Gällstedt M., and Johansson E. 2015. Mild Gluten Separation – A Non-Destructive Approach to Fine Tune Structure and Mechanical Behavior of Wheat Gluten Films. Industrial Crops & Products 73: 90–98.
Rath, S. C., Nayak K. C., Pradhan C., Mohanty T. K., Sarkar S., Toppo S., Mohanta K. N., and Giri S.S. 2017. Evaluation of Polanga (Calophyllum Inophyllum) Oil Cake as a Non- Conventional Ingredient in Labeo Rohita ( Hamilton , 1822 ) Fingerling Feed. Indian Journal of Fisheries 64(76207): 75-82.
Ricci A., Olejar K. J., Parpinello G. P., Kilmartin P. A. and Versari A. 2015. Application of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy in the Characterization of Tannins. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 50(5): 407-442.
Seelig J. 2010. 13C NMR Spectroscopy. In Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy. (report). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/13c-nmr-spectroscopy
Shahat A. A. and Marzouk M. S. 2013. Tannins and Related Compounds from Medicinal Plants of Africa. In Medicinal Plant Research in Africa Tannins and Related Compounds from Medicinal Plants of Africa. Elsevier Inc , Amsterdam.
Sionkowska A., Kaczmarek B., and Lewandowska K. 2014. Characteritation Of Chitosan After Cross-Linking By Tannic Acid. Progress on Chemistry and Application of Chitin and Its Derivatives XIX: 135-138.
Socrates G. 2004. ‘Infrared and Raman Characterisitc Group Frequencies. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.
Spec-Chem Ind. 2014. Sodium Hyaluronate. : 1–15. (patent).
Sulianti S. B., Kuncari E. S., and Chairul S. M. 2005. Pemeriksaan Farmakognosi dan Penapisan Fitokimia dari Daun dan Kulit Batang Calophyllum inophyllum dan Calophyllum soulatri. Biodiversitas 7 (1): 25-29.
Sundur S., Shrivastava B., Sharma P., Raj S. S., and V.L.Jayasekhar. 2014. A Review Article of Pharmacological Activities and Biological Importance of Calophyllum Inophyllum. International Journal of Advanced Research 2(12): 599–603.
Sung S.Y., Sin L. T., Tee T. T., Bee S. T., Rahmat A.R., Rahman W.A., Tan A. C. and Vikhraman M.. 2013. Antimicrobial Agents for Food Packaging Applications. Trends in Food Science and Technology 33(2): 110–123.
Umiyati R., Hidayat C., Millati R., and Ariyanto T. 2019. ‘Physical and Antimicrobial Properties of Hydroxypropyl Starch Bio-Plastics Incorporated with Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum) Cake Extract as an Environmentally Friendly Food Packaging’. Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Energy, Environment, Epidemiology and Information System, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 7-8 Agustust 2019. (Indonesia)
Wang L. 2015. ‘Properties of Flexible Films Made of Hemicellulose’(Dissertation). Michigan State University. (USA)
Wirawan S. K., Prasetya A., and Ernie E.. 2012. Pengaruh Plasticizer Pada Karakteristik Edible Film Dari Pektin. Reaktor 14(1): 61–67.
Xiang H., Li L., Wang S., Wang R., Cheng Y., Zhou Z., and Zhu M. 2015. Natural Polyphenol Tannic Acid Reinforced Composite Films With Enhanced Tensile Strength and Fracture Toughness. Polymer Composites 36: 2303-2308.
Zubeldía F., Ansorena M. R., and Marcovich N. E. 2015. Wheat Gluten Fi Lms Obtained by Compression Molding. Polymer Testing 43: 68-77.
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